Recombinant interferon-gamma promotes immunoglobulin G and cytokine memory responses to cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase of Hyalomma asiaticum and the efficacy of anti-tick

Comparative analysis of the anticoagulant activities and immunogenicity of HSC70 and HSC70TKD of Haemaphysalis flava

BACKGROUND

Haemaphysalis flava is a hematophagous ectoparasite that acquires the nutrition needed for development and reproduction by sucking blood and digesting the blood meal. During blood-sucking and blood-meal digestion, the prevention of blood coagulation is important for this tick. Previous studies have shown that heat shock cognate 70 (HSC70) protein has certain anticoagulant activities, but its immunogenicity remains unclear. Also, whether the mutation of individual bases of the TKD-like peptide of HSC70 through the overlap extension method can change its anticoagulant activities and immunogenicity remains to be investigated.

METHODS

The gene encoding the HSC70 protein was cloned from a complementary DNA library synthesized from H. flava. The coding gene of the TKD-like peptide of HSC70 was mutated into a TKD peptide coding gene (HSC70^TKD) using the overlap extension method. Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression plasmids were constructed to obtain the recombinant proteins of HSC70 (rHSC70) and HSC70^TKD (rHSC70^TKD). The purified rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD were evaluated at different concentrations for anticoagulant activities using four in vitro clotting assays. Emulsifying recombinant proteins with complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvants were subcutaneously immunized in Sprague Dawley rats. The serum antibody titers and serum concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess the immunogenicity of rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD.

RESULTS

The open reading frame of HSC70 was successfully amplified and found to have a length of 1958 bp. The gene encoding the TKD-like peptide of HSC70 was artificially mutated, with the 1373-position adenine (A) of the original sequence mutated into guanine (G), the 1385-position cytosine (C) mutated into G and the 1386-position G mutated into C. rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD that fused with His-tag were obtained using the expression plasmids pET-28a-HSC70 and pET-28a-HSC70^TKD, respectively. rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD prolonged the thrombin time (TT) and reduced the fibrinogen (FIB) content in the plasma, but did not affect the prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) when compared to the negative control. Interestingly, the ability of rHSC70^TKD to prolong the TT and reduce the FIB content in the plasma was better than that of rHSC70. The specific antibody titers of both rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD in rat serum reached 1:124,000 14 days after the third immunization. The serum concentration of IFN-γ in the rHSC70^TKD group was higher than that in the rHSC70 group. The rHSC70 group has the highest serum concentration of IL-4, and the serum concentration of IL-4 in the rHSC70^TKD group was higher than that in the negative group.

CONCLUSIONS

rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD exhibited anticoagulant activities by prolonging the TT and reducing the FIB content in vitro. rHSC70^TKD had better anticoagulant activities than rHSC70. Both rHSC70 and rHSC70^TKD had good immunogenicity and induced humoral and cellular immunity.

Recent Progress on Tick-Borne Animal Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance in China

Ticks and tick-borne diseases pose a growing threat to human and animal health, which has brought great losses to livestock production. With the continuous expansion of human activities and the development of natural resources, there are more and more opportunities for humans to contract ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, research on ticks and tick-borne diseases is of great significance. This paper reviews recent progress on tick-borne bacterial diseases, viral diseases, and parasitic diseases in China, which provides a theoretical foundation for the research of tick-borne diseases.