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Wen L, He K. Genomic Rearrangement and Recombination of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Like Virus P1 in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:736366. [PMID: 34988138 PMCID: PMC8720756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.736366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, and it has been associated with porcine circovirus (associated) disease (PCVD or PCVAD) in pigs. PCVAD is the generic term for a series of disease syndromes that have caused economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, the virus has continued to evolve, and novel genotypes have continued to appear. Moreover, there has been recombination between different genotypes of PCV2. This review attempts to illustrate some progress concerning PCV2 in genome rearrangement and genomic recombination with non-PCV2-related nucleic acids, particularly focusing on the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 formed by the recombination of PCV2. The presence of rearranged PCV2 genomes can be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and these subviral molecules ranged from 358 to 1,136 bp. Depending on whether it has the ability to encode a protein, the agents formed by PCV2 recombination can be divided into two categories: porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents. We mainly discuss the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 regarding genomic characterization, etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Further research needs to be conducted on the pathogenicity of other porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents and the effects of their interactions with PCV2, especially for the porcine circovirus-like mini agents that do not have protein-coding functions in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Diagnostics, and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Diagnostics, and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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2
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Baig MS, Akhtar S, Khan JA. Engineering tolerance to CLCuD in transgenic Gossypium hirsutum cv. HS6 expressing Cotton leaf curl Multan virus-C4 intron hairpin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14172. [PMID: 34238948 PMCID: PMC8266814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by begomoviruses in combination with betasatellite molecule, has adversely affected cotton industry of Indian subcontinent. To devise a CLCuD-control strategy, RNAi-mediated approach was followed in this study. Gossypium hirsutum cv. HS6 plants were transformed with intron-hairpin RNAi (ihpRNAi-C4) construct carrying silencing suppressor C4 gene of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV). Efficacy of the construct in imparting CLCuD resistance was evaluated in transgenic (T0, T1) cotton lines. Accumulation of CLCuMuV/betasatellite and attenuation of CLCuD symptoms in the transgenic lines were monitored at different times interval after virus inoculation. Northern hybridization revealed the expression of C4-gene derived siRNA. Expression of the ihpRNAi transcript was recorded higher in transgenic lines expressing siRNA which supposedly targeted the C4 gene. A significant delay in detection of virus as well as betasatellite was observed in the transgenic lines. At 30 days post inoculation (dpi), none of the lines tested positive. At 45 dpi, however, it could be detected in few lines having much lower titre as compared to non-transformed control plants. Notably, till 60 dpi, no significant progression of the virus/betasatellite DNA was observed and the plants did not exhibit any characteristic CLCuD symptoms. A tolerance phenomenon leading to escape of CLCuD symptoms in the transformed cotton was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sadia Akhtar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jawaid A Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Di Mattia J, Ryckebusch F, Vernerey MS, Pirolles E, Sauvion N, Peterschmitt M, Zeddam JL, Blanc S. Co-Acquired Nanovirus and Geminivirus Exhibit a Contrasted Localization within Their Common Aphid Vector. Viruses 2020; 12:E299. [PMID: 32164363 PMCID: PMC7150979 DOI: 10.3390/v12030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) plant viruses belong to the families Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae. They are transmitted by Hemipteran insects in a circulative, mostly non-propagative, manner. While geminiviruses are transmitted by leafhoppers, treehoppers, whiteflies and aphids, nanoviruses are transmitted exclusively by aphids. Circulative transmission involves complex virus-vector interactions in which epithelial cells have to be crossed and defense mechanisms counteracted. Vector taxa are considered a relevant taxonomic criterion for virus classification, indicating that viruses can evolve specific interactions with their vectors. Thus, we predicted that, although nanoviruses and geminiviruses represent related viral families, they have evolved distinct interactions with their vector. This prediction is also supported by the non-structural Nuclear Shuttle Protein (NSP) that is involved in vector transmission in nanoviruses but has no similar function in geminiviruses. Thanks to the recent discovery of aphid-transmitted geminiviruses, this prediction could be tested for the geminivirus alfalfa leaf curl virus (ALCV) and the nanovirus faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) in their common vector, Aphis craccivora. Estimations of viral load in midgut and head of aphids, precise localization of viral DNA in cells of insect vectors and host plants, and virus transmission tests revealed that the pathway of the two viruses across the body of their common vector differs both quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Di Mattia
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Faustine Ryckebusch
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Elodie Pirolles
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Sauvion
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Zeddam
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR IPME, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
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4
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Abstract
The geminivirus capsid architecture is unique and built from twinned pseudo T=1 icosahedrons with 110 copies of the coat protein (CP). The CP is multifunctional. It performs various functions during the infection of a wide range of agriculturally important plant hosts. The CP multimerizes via pentameric intermediates during assembly and encapsulates the ssDNA genome to generate the unique capsid morphology. The virus capsid protects and transports the genome in the insect vector and plant host enroute to the plant nucleus for replication and the production of progeny. This review further explores CP:CP and CP:DNA interactions, and the environmental conditions that govern the assembly of the geminivirus capsid. This analysis was facilitated by new data available for the family, including three-dimensional structures and molecular biology data for several members. In addition, current and promising new control strategies of plant crop infection, which can lead to starvation for subsistence farmers, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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5
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Rishishwar R, Dasgupta I. Suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by geminiviruses and associated DNA satellites. Virusdisease 2019; 30:58-65. [PMID: 31143832 PMCID: PMC6517462 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, RNA silencing provides a major line of defence against viruses. This antiviral immunity involves production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) and results in specific silencing of viruses by vsiRNAs-guided effector complexes. As a counterattack against RNA silencing, many plant viruses encode suppressors of RNA silencing called viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs), which interfere with the silencing pathway by various mechanisms. This review describes various methods that are being used to characterize viral proteins for suppressor function, VSRs found in geminiviruses and associated DNA satellites and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rishishwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Ataie Kachoie E, Behjatnia SAA, Kharazmi S. Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) coat protein genes in plants using cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite-based vector. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190403. [PMID: 29304063 PMCID: PMC5755781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has already been demonstrated that a betasatellite associated with cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMB) can be used as a plant and animal gene delivery vector to plants. To examine the ability of CLCuMB as a tool to transfer coat protein genes of HIV-1 to plants, two recombinant CLCuMB constructs in which the CLCuMB βC1 ORF was replaced with two HIV-1 genes fractions including a 696 bp DNA fragment related to the HIV-1 p24 gene and a 1501 bp DNA fragment related to the HIV-1 gag gene were constructed. Gag is the HIV-1 coat protein gene and p24 is a component of the particle capsid. Gag and p24 are used for vaccine production. Recombinant constructs were inoculated to Nicotiana glutinosa and N. benthamiana plants in the presence of an Iranian isolate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-[Ab]) as a helper virus. PCR analysis of inoculated plants indicated that p24 gene was successfully replicated in inoculated plants, but the gag gene was not. Real-time PCR and ELISA analysis of N. glutinosa and N. benthamiana plants containing the replicative forms of recombinant construct of CLCuMB/p24 indicated that p24 was expressed in these plants. This CLCuMB-based expression system offers the possibility of mass production of recombinant HIV-1 p24 protein in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Kharazmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Zubair M, Zaidi SSEA, Shakir S, Amin I, Mansoor S. An Insight into Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite, the Most Important Component of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease Complex. Viruses 2017; 9:E280. [PMID: 28961220 PMCID: PMC5691632 DOI: 10.3390/v9100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is one of the most economically important diseases and is a constraint to cotton production in major producers, Pakistan and India. CLCuD is caused by monopartite plant viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae (genus Begomovirus), in association with an essential, disease-specific satellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) belonging to a newly-established family Tolecusatellitidae (genus Betasatellite). CLCuMuB has a small genome (ca. 1350 nt) with a satellite conserved region, an adenine-rich region and a single gene that encodes for a multifunctional βC1 protein. CLCuMuB βC1 protein has a major role in pathogenicity and symptom determination, and alters several host cellular functions like autophagy, ubiquitination, and suppression of gene silencing, to assist CLCuD infectivity. Efficient trans-replication ability of CLCuMuB with several monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses, is also associated with the rapid evolution and spread of CLCuMuB. In this article we comprehensively reviewed the role of CLCuMuB in CLCuD, focusing on the βC1 functions and its interactions with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan.
- AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sara Shakir
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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8
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Kharazmi S, Ataie Kachoie E, Behjatnia SAA. Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite DNA as a Tool to Deliver and Express the Human B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Gene in Plants. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:362-72. [PMID: 27041273 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The betasatellite DNA associated with Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMB) contains a single complementary-sense ORF, βC1, which is a pathogenicity determinant. CLCuMB was able to replicate in plants in the presence of diverse helper geminiviruses, including Tomato leaf curl virus-Australia (TLCV-Au), Iranian isolate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-[Ab]), and Beet curly top virus (BCTV-Svr), and can be used as a plant gene delivery vector. To test the hypothesis that CLCuMB has the potential to act as an animal gene delivery vector, a specific insertion construct was produced by the introduction of a human B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) cDNA into a mutant DNA of CLCuMB in which the βC1 was deleted (β∆C1). The recombinant βΔC1-Bcl-2 construct was successfully replicated in tomato and tobacco plants in the presence of TLCV-Au, BCTV-Svr and TYLCV-[Ab]. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses of plants containing the replicative forms of recombinant βΔC1-Bcl-2 DNA showed that Bcl-2 gene was expressed in an acceptable level in these plants, indicating that β∆C1 can be used as a tool to deliver and express animal genes in plants. This CLCuMB-based system, having its own promoter activity, offers the possibility of production of animal recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kharazmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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9
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The minimal sequence essential for replication and movement of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite DNA by a helper virus in plant cells. Virus Genes 2016; 52:679-87. [PMID: 27193570 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Betasatellites are single-stranded circular DNAs associated with a number of monopartite begomoviruses. Betasatellites rely on the helper begomoviruses for replication and movement in plant tissues and plant-to-plant transmission by vectors. Their genomes are approximately half the size of the helper viruses and consist of three main regions including the βC1 gene, an adenine-rich (A-rich) region, and the satellite conserved region (SCR). In this study, we investigated the minimal sequences required for Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) replication and movement. Mutational analysis of CLCuMB DNA genome indicated that βC1 gene and A-rich region were not required for trans-replication and movement of CLCuMB in host plants by a helper virus. Deletion of βC1 gene and a fragment (135 nt in length) upstream of this gene impaired CLCuMB replication. However, CLCuMB mutant with deletion of βC1 gene and a further 163 nucleotides replicated at a lower level as compared to the wild-type betasatellite. This suggests that there are essential elements in the fragment upstream of βC1 gene, which are required for the replication of CLCuMB rather than the size limitation of CLCuMB DNA.
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Zhang T, Xu X, Huang C, Qian Y, Li Z, Zhou X. A Novel DNA Motif Contributes to Selective Replication of a Geminivirus-Associated Betasatellite by a Helper Virus-Encoded Replication-Related Protein. J Virol 2016; 90:2077-89. [PMID: 26656709 PMCID: PMC4734014 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02290-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rolling-circle replication of single-stranded genomes of plant geminiviruses is initiated by sequence-specific DNA binding of the viral replication-related protein (Rep) to its cognate genome at the replication origin. Monopartite begomovirus-associated betasatellites can be trans replicated by both cognate and some noncognate helper viruses, but the molecular basis of replication promiscuity of betasatellites remains uncharacterized. Earlier studies showed that when tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) or tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) is coinoculated with both cognate and noncognate betasatellites, the cognate betasatellite dominates over the noncognate one at the late stages of infection. In this study, we constructed reciprocal chimeric betasatellites between tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite and tobacco curly shoot betasatellite and assayed their competitiveness against wild-type betasatellite when coinoculated with TYLCCNV or TbCSV onto plants. We mapped a region immediately upstream of the conserved rolling-circle cruciform structure of betasatellite origin that confers the cognate Rep-mediated replication advantage over the noncognate satellite. DNase I protection and in vitro binding assays further identified a novel sequence element termed Rep-binding motif (RBM), which specifically binds to the cognate Rep protein and to the noncognate Rep, albeit at lower affinity. Furthermore, we showed that RBM-Rep binding affinity is correlated with betasatellite replication efficiency in protoplasts. Our data suggest that although strict specificity of Rep-mediated replication does not exist, betasatellites have adapted to their cognate Reps for efficient replication during coevolution. IMPORTANCE Begomoviruses are numerous circular DNA viruses that cause devastating diseases of crops worldwide. Monopartite begomoviruses are frequently associated with betasatellites which are essential for induction of typical disease symptoms. Coexistence of two distinct betasatellites with one helper virus is rare in nature. Our previous research showed that begomoviruses can trans replicate cognate betasatellites to higher levels than noncognate ones. However, the molecular mechanisms of betasatellites selective replication remain largely unknown. We investigated the interaction between the begomovirus replication-associated protein and betasatellite DNA. We found that the replication-associated protein specifically binds to a motif in betasatellites, with higher affinity for the cognate motif than the noncognate motif. This preference for cognate motif binding determines the selective replication of betasatellites. We also demonstrated that this motif is essential for betasatellite replication. These findings shed new light on the promiscuous yet selective replication of betasatellites by helper geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongbiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Diverse circular replication-associated protein encoding viruses circulating in invertebrates within a lake ecosystem. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:304-316. [PMID: 26873065 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last five years next-generation sequencing has become a cost effective and efficient method for identifying known and unknown microorganisms. Access to this technique has dramatically changed the field of virology, enabling a wide range of environmental viral metagenome studies to be undertaken of organisms and environmental samples from polar to tropical regions. These studies have led to the discovery of hundreds of highly divergent single stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus-like sequences encoding replication-associated proteins. Yet, few studies have explored how viruses might be shared in an ecosystem through feeding relationships. Here we identify 169 circular molecules (160 CRESS DNA molecules, nine circular molecules) recovered from a New Zealand freshwater lake, that we have tentatively classified into 51 putatively novel species and five previously described species (DflaCV-3, -5, -6, -8, -10). The CRESS DNA viruses identified in this study were recovered from molluscs (Echyridella menzeisii, Musculium novaezelandiae, Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Physella acuta) and insect larvae (Procordulia grayi, Xanthocnemis zealandica, and Chironomus zealandicus) collected from Lake Sarah, as well as from the lake water and benthic sediments. Extensive diversity was observed across most CRESS DNA molecules recovered. The putative capsid protein of one viral species was found to be most similar to those of members of the Tombusviridae family, thus expanding the number of known RNA-DNA hybrid viruses in nature. We noted a strong association between the CRESS DNA viruses and circular molecules identified in the water and browser organisms (C. zealandicus, P. antipodarum and P. acuta), and between water sediments and undefended prey species (C. zealandicus). However, we were unable to find any significant correlation of viral assemblages to the potential feeding relationships of the host aquatic invertebrates.
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Srivastava A, Kumar S, Raj SK. Molecular Characterization of a Begomovirus and Betasatellite Causing Yellow Vein Net Disease of Ageratum houstonianum. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:627-631. [PMID: 30699689 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-14-0333-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ageratum houstonianum was introduced in India as an annual ornamental plant and is grown in beds for blue head flowers. Yellow vein net disease was observed on A. houstonianum plants with about 9.0% disease incidence during a survey in February 2012 at gardens of NBRI, Lucknow, India. Association of a begomovirus and betasatellite with the disease was characterized based on sequence analyses of their cloned full length genome isolated from diseased A. houstonianum. Sequence analysis of the begomovirus showed presence of the six open reading frames in its genome, similar to the arrangement of Old World begomoviruses. The begomoviral genome shared 95 to 97% sequence identities with various strains of Ageratum enation virus (AEV); however, it showed distinct phylogenetic relationships with them, and hence was identified as a variant of AEV based on more than 94% sequence homology, the criteria defined by ICTV. The sequence analysis of associated betasatellite revealed highest 93% sequence identity and close phylogenetic relationships with Ageratum leaf curl betasatellite (ALCB) molecules; therefore, it was identified as an isolate of ALCB (based on 93% sequence homology). Agroinfiltration of partial dimers of the AEV variant and ALCB induced similar systemic yellow vein net and leaf curl symptoms on A. houstonianum when infiltrated in combination, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Characterization of AEV and ALCB causing yellow vein net disease of A. houstonianum is being reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Srivastava
- Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Susheel Kumar
- Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shri Krishna Raj
- Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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13
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Kumar J, Gunapati S, Alok A, Lalit A, Gadre R, Sharma NC, Roy JK, Singh SP. Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus with intact or mutant transcriptional activator proteins: complexity of cotton leaf curl disease. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1219-28. [PMID: 25772572 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a serious disease of cotton on the Indian subcontinent. In the present study, three cotton leaf curl viruses, cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV), cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV) and cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV), and their associated satellites, cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) and cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite (CLCuMA), were detected. CLCuBuV with either intact (CLCuBuV-1) or mutant (CLCuBuV-2) transcriptional activator protein (TrAP) were detected in different plants. Agroinoculation with CLCuBuV-1 or CLCuBuV-2 together with CLCuMB and CLCuMA, resulted in typical leaf curling and stunting of tobacco plants. Inoculation with CLCuKoV or an isolate of CLCuMV (CLCuMV-2), together with CLCuMB and CLCuMA, induced severe leaf curling, while the other isolate of CLCuMV (CLCuMV-1), which was recombinant in origin, showed mild leaf curling in tobacco. To investigate the effect of intact or mutant TrAP and also the recombination events, CLCuBuV-1, CLCuBuV-2, CLCuMV-1 or CLCuMV-2 together with the satellites (CLCuMA and CLCuMB) were transferred to cotton via whitefly-mediated transmission. Cotton plants containing CLCuBuV-1, CLCuBuV-2 or CLCuMV-2 together with satellites showed curling and stunting, whereas the plants having CLCuMV-1 and the satellites showed only mild and indistinguishable symptoms. CLCuBuV-1 (intact TrAP) showed severe symptoms in comparison to CLCuBuV-2 (mutant TrAP). The present study reveals that two types of CLCuBuV, one with an intact TrAP and the other with a mutant TrAP, exist in natural infection of cotton in India. Additionally, CLCuMuV-1, which has a recombinant origin, induces mild symptoms in comparison to the other CLCuMV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India,
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14
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Srivastava A, Raj SK, Kumar S, Snehi SK, Kulshreshtha A, Hallan V, Pande SS. Molecular identification of Ageratum enation virus, betasatellite and alphasatellite molecules isolated from yellow vein diseased Amaranthus cruentus in India. Virus Genes 2013; 47:584-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Geminiviruses are a family of plant viruses that cause economically important plant diseases worldwide. These viruses have circular single-stranded DNA genomes and four to eight genes that are expressed from both strands of the double-stranded DNA replicative intermediate. The transcription of these genes occurs under the control of two bidirectional promoters and one monodirectional promoter. The viral proteins function to facilitate virus replication, virus movement, the assembly of virus-specific nucleoprotein particles, vector transmission and to counteract plant host defence responses. Recent research findings have provided new insights into the structure and function of these proteins and have identified numerous host interacting partners. Most of the viral proteins have been shown to be multifunctional, participating in multiple events during the infection cycle and have, indeed, evolved coordinated interactions with host proteins to ensure a successful infection. Here, an up-to-date review of viral protein structure and function is presented, and some areas requiring further research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Fondong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 North DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
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16
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Kliot A, Ghanim M. The role of bacterial chaperones in the circulative transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors. Viruses 2013; 5:1516-35. [PMID: 23783810 PMCID: PMC3717719 DOI: 10.3390/v5061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent circulative transmission of plant viruses involves complex interactions between the transmitted virus and its insect vector. Several studies have shown that insect vector proteins are involved in the passage and the transmission of the virus. Interestingly, proteins expressed by bacterial endosymbionts that reside in the insect vector, were also shown to influence the transmission of these viruses. Thus far, the transmission of two plant viruses that belong to different virus genera was shown to be facilitated by a bacterial chaperone protein called GroEL. This protein was shown to be implicated in the transmission of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, and the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. These tri-trophic levels of interactions and their possible evolutionary implications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; E-Mail:
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; E-Mail:
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17
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Abstract
Begomoviruses are numerous and geographically widespread viruses that cause devastating diseases in many crops. Monopartite begomoviruses are frequently associated with betasatellites or alphasatellites. Both betasatellite and alphasatellite DNA genomes are approximately half the size of begomovirus DNA genomes. Betasatellites are essential for induction of typical disease symptoms. The βC1 genes encoded by the betasatellites have important roles in symptom induction, in suppression of transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene silencing, and they can affect jasmonic acid responsive genes. Host plants of begomoviruses have evolved diverse innate defense mechanisms against the βC1 protein to counter these challenges. Alphasatellites have been identified mainly in monopartite begomoviruses that associate with betasatellites and have no known contributions to pathogenesis of begomovirus-betasatellite disease complexes. Applications of current molecular tools are facilitating viral diagnosis and the discovery of novel species of geminiviruses and satellite DNAs and are also advancing our understanding of the global diversity and evolution of satellite DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Jyothsna P, Rawat R, Malathi VG. Predominance of tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus as a monopartite begomovirus: association with tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand betasatellite. Arch Virol 2013; 158:217-24. [PMID: 22983111 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl is a serious malady in the state of Maharashtra, India, causing nearly 100 % yield loss. An extensive survey was done in the affected fields of tomato in the year 2008, and members of three species of begomoviruses were identified as causing the disease. More than 60 % of the samples from diseased plants were infected with tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGuV). Isolates collected from these fields differed from the Varanasi isolate of ToLCGuV in not having a DNA B component. Instead, they were like typical Old World monopartite begomoviruses in that they were associated with only one betasatellite, tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand betasatellite (TYLCTHB). ToLCGuV alone is readily infectious, expressing systemic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato. Co-inoculation of ToLCGuV with TYLCTHB, increased symptom severity and reduced the incubation time required for symptom expression. ToLCGuV successfully interacted with heterologous DNA B component of ToLCNDV [IN:Pun:JID:08], and co-inoculation of these two resulted in yellow mottling symptoms that were typical of DNA B.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jyothsna
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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19
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Rey MEC, Ndunguru J, Berrie LC, Paximadis M, Berry S, Cossa N, Nuaila VN, Mabasa KG, Abraham N, Rybicki EP, Martin D, Pietersen G, Esterhuizen LL. Diversity of dicotyledenous-infecting geminiviruses and their associated DNA molecules in southern Africa, including the South-west Indian ocean islands. Viruses 2012; 4:1753-91. [PMID: 23170182 PMCID: PMC3499829 DOI: 10.3390/v4091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Geminiviridae comprises a group of plant-infecting circular ssDNA viruses that severely constrain agricultural production throughout the temperate regions of the world, and are a particularly serious threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. While geminiviruses exhibit considerable diversity in terms of their nucleotide sequences, genome structures, host ranges and insect vectors, the best characterised and economically most important of these viruses are those in the genus Begomovirus. Whereas begomoviruses are generally considered to be either monopartite (one ssDNA component) or bipartite (two circular ssDNA components called DNA-A and DNA-B), many apparently monopartite begomoviruses are associated with additional subviral ssDNA satellite components, called alpha- (DNA-αs) or betasatellites (DNA-βs). Additionally, subgenomic molecules, also known as defective interfering (DIs) DNAs that are usually derived from the parent helper virus through deletions of parts of its genome, are also associated with bipartite and monopartite begomoviruses. The past three decades have witnessed the emergence and diversification of various new begomoviral species and associated DI DNAs, in southern Africa, East Africa, and proximal Indian Ocean islands, which today threaten important vegetable and commercial crops such as, tobacco, cassava, tomato, sweet potato, and beans. This review aims to describe what is known about these viruses and their impacts on sustainable production in this sensitive region of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E. C. Rey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Leigh C. Berrie
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Maria Paximadis
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Shaun Berry
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, 170 Flanders Drive, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Nurbibi Cossa
- The Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique, Av. Das FPLM, No. 269 C.P. 3658, Maputo, Mozambique;
| | - Valter N. Nuaila
- Biotechnology Center, Eduardo Mondlane University, Praca 25 de Junho. Caixa, Potal 257, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Ken G. Mabasa
- Crop Protection and Diagnostic Center, ARC-Roodeplaat-VOPI, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Natasha Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; (E.P.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Darren Martin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; (E.P.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute and University of Pretoria, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa;
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Whitefly-mediated transmission of cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite: evidence for betasatellite encapsidation in coat protein of helper begomoviruses. Arch Virol 2012; 158:19-26. [PMID: 22923008 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) is responsible for symptom expression of a devastating disease of cotton in the Indian subcontinent. CLCuMB depends on helper virus replication-associated protein for its replication and on viral coat protein (CP) for its encapsidation. However, no direct evidence of encapsidation of CLCuMB in viral CP has been available. In the present study, non-viruliferous whiteflies were placed on tomato plants that had been agroinoculated with infectious clones of an Iranian isolate of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-[Ab]) and CLCuMB for an acquisition access period of 72 h and then transferred to healthy tomato seedlings at the 3- to 4-leaf stage. Typical symptoms of TYLCV-[Ab] appeared on inoculated seedlings 30-45 days post-inoculation. The presence of TYLCV-[Ab] and CLCuMB DNAs in symptomatic test plants and viruliferous whiteflies was confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primers and DIG Southern blotting. Furthermore, the possibility of CLCuMB DNA encapsidation in TYLCV-[Ab] CP within infected plants was examined by immunocapture PCR. The results showed that CLCuMB DNA was encapsidated in TYLCV-[Ab] CP. Whitefly-mediated transmission of CLCuMB in the presence of helper virus is additional evidence for encapsidation of CLCuMB by TYLCV-[Ab] CP.
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21
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Metagenomic characterization of airborne viral DNA diversity in the near-surface atmosphere. J Virol 2012; 86:8221-31. [PMID: 22623790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00293-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne viruses are expected to be ubiquitous in the atmosphere but they still remain poorly understood. This study investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of airborne viruses and their genotypic characteristics in air samples collected from three distinct land use types (a residential district [RD], a forest [FR], and an industrial complex [IC]) and from rainwater samples freshly precipitated at the RD site (RD-rain). Viral abundance exhibited a seasonal fluctuation in the range between 1.7 × 10(6) and 4.0 × 10(7) viruses m(-3), which increased from autumn to winter and decreased toward spring, but no significant spatial differences were observed. Temporal variations in viral abundance were inversely correlated with seasonal changes in temperature and absolute humidity. Metagenomic analysis of air viromes amplified by rolling-circle phi29 polymerase-based random hexamer priming indicated the dominance of plant-associated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) geminivirus-related viruses, followed by animal-infecting circovirus-related sequences, with low numbers of nanoviruses and microphages-related genomes. Particularly, the majority of the geminivirus-related viruses were closely related to ssDNA mycoviruses that infect plant-pathogenic fungi. Phylogenetic analysis based on the replication initiator protein sequence indicated that the airborne ssDNA viruses were distantly related to known ssDNA viruses, suggesting that a high diversity of viruses were newly discovered. This research is the first to report the seasonality of airborne viruses and their genetic diversity, which enhances our understanding of viral ecology in temperate regions.
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Kharazmi S, Behjatnia SAA, Hamzehzarghani H, Niazi A. Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite as a plant gene delivery vector trans-activated by taxonomically diverse geminiviruses. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1269-79. [PMID: 22476203 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) replicates in tobacco, tomato and datura plants in the presence of the helper viruses tomato leaf curl virus-Australia, Iranian isolates of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus, and beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV). Infectious recombinant CLCuMB constructs were made in which segments of either the CaMV 35S or the petunia ChsA promoter replaced the CLCuMB βC1 ORF, and these were designated pBinβΔC1-35S and pBinβΔC1-ChsA, respectively. Inoculation of tobacco plants containing a functional 35S-GUS transgene with pBinβΔC1-35S, and normal petunia plants with pBinβΔC1-ChsA, in the presence of helper viruses resulted in silencing of GUS and ChsA activities in transgenic tobacco and non-transgenic petunia plants, respectively. Replication of CLCuMB with different geminiviruses, especially BSCTV, a curtovirus with a broad host range, makes it a valuable gene delivery vector to the large number of host plant species of geminiviruses that support CLCuMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kharazmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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The diversity of torque teno viruses: in vitro replication leads to the formation of additional replication-competent subviral molecules. J Virol 2011; 85:7284-95. [PMID: 21593173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02472-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Anelloviridae comprises torque teno viruses (TTVs) diverse in genome structure and organization. The isolation of a large number of TTV genomes (TTV Heidelberg [TTV-HD]) of 26 TTV types is reported. Several isolates from the same type indicate sequence variation within open reading frame 1 (ORF1), resulting in considerably modified open reading frames. We demonstrate in vitro replication of 12 full-length genomes of TTV-HD in 293TT cells. Propagation of virus was achieved by several rounds of infections using supernatant and frozen whole cells of initially infected cells. Replication of virus was measured by PCR amplification and transcription analyses. Subgenomic molecules (μTTV), arising early during propagation and ranging in size from 401 to 913 bases, were cloned and characterized. Propagation of these μTTV in in vitro cultures was demonstrated in the absence of full-length genomes.
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Hashmi JA, Zafar Y, Arshad M, Mansoor S, Asad S. Engineering cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for resistance to cotton leaf curl disease using viral truncated AC1 DNA sequences. Virus Genes 2011; 42:286-96. [PMID: 21327530 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several important biological processes are performed by distinct functional domains found on replication-associated protein (Rep) encoded by AC1 of geminiviruses. Two truncated forms of replicase (tAC1) gene, capable of expressing only the N-terminal 669 bp (5'AC1) and C-terminal 783 bp (3'AC1) nucleotides cloned under transcriptional control of the CaMV35S were introduced into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using LBA4404 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to make use of an interference strategy for impairing cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) infection in transgenic cotton. Compared with nontransformed control, we observed that transgenic cotton plants overexpressing either N-terminal (5'AC1) or C-terminal (3'AC1) sequences confer resistance to CLCuV by inhibiting replication of viral genomic and β satellite DNA components. Molecular analysis by Northern blot hybridization revealed high transgene expression in early and late growth stages associated with inhibition of CLCuV replication. Of the eight T(1) transgenic lines tested, six had delayed and minor symptoms as compared to nontransformed control lines which developed disease symptoms after 2-3 weeks of whitefly-mediated viral delivery. Virus biological assay and growth of T(2) plants proved that transgenic cotton plants overexpressing 5'- and 3'AC1 displayed high resistance level up to 72, 81%, respectively, as compared to non-transformed control plants following inoculation with viruliferous whiteflies giving significantly high cotton seed yield. Progeny analysis of these plants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting and virus biological assay showed stable transgene, integration, inheritance and cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) resistance in two of the eight transgenic lines having single or two transgene insertions. Transgenic cotton expressing partial AC1 gene of CLCuV can be used as virus resistance source in cotton breeding programs aiming to improve virus resistance in cotton crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A Hashmi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Pakniat-Jahromy A, Behjatnia SAA, Dry IB, Izadpanah K, Rezaian MA. A new strategy for generating geminivirus resistant plants using a DNA betasatellite/split barnase construct. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:57-66. [PMID: 20813135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The betasatellite DNA associated with cotton leaf curl disease contains a single ORF, βC1, which is a pathogenicity determinant. Deletion of the βC1 ORF showed that it was not required for betasatellite replication in the presence of Tomato leaf curl virus-Australia (TLCV-Au). A series of betasatellite/split mutant barnase gene constructs, in which a direct repeat of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens barnase gene flanked the betasatellite, were shown to replicate in tobacco in the presence of TLCV-Au. A betasatellite/split intact barnase gene construct, with the optimal direct repeat unit of the barnase gene, was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum plants. Approximately one third of the transgenic lines containing the betasatellite/split barnase gene constructs were shown to be completely resistant to the TLCV-Au infection. The betasatellite/split intact barnase gene cassette ensures that there is no expression of the barnase in the absence of TLCV-Au, but upon infection of the cell with the virus, release of the betasatellite/split barnase cassette as a replicating molecule resulting in the reconstitution and expression of an active barnase gene and the destruction of the infected cell. This system offers the potential to provide resistance in a variety of plant species against geminiviruses that support the replication of betasatellite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pakniat-Jahromy
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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26
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Patil BL, Fauquet CM. Differential interaction between cassava mosaic geminiviruses and geminivirus satellites. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1871-82. [PMID: 20335493 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.019513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are often associated with subviral agents called DNA satellites that require proteins encoded by the helper virus for their replication, movement and encapsidation. Hitherto, most of the single-stranded DNA satellites reported to be associated with members of the family Geminiviridae have been associated with monopartite begomoviruses. Cassava mosaic disease is known to be caused by viruses belonging to nine different begomovirus species in the African continent and the Indian subcontinent. In addition to these species, several strains have been recognized that exhibit contrasting phenotypes and infection dynamics. It is established that Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus can trans-replicate betasatellites and can cross host barriers. To extend these studies further, we carried out an exhaustive investigation of the ability of geminiviruses, selected to represent all cassava-infecting geminivirus species, to trans-replicate betasatellites (DNA-beta) and to interact with alphasatellites (nanovirus-like components; previously called DNA-1). Each of the cassava-infecting geminiviruses showed a contrasting and differential interaction with the DNA satellites, not only in the capacity to interact with these molecules but also in the modulation of symptom phenotypes by the satellites. These observations could be extrapolated to field situations in order to hypothesize about the possibility of acquisition of such DNA satellites currently associated with other begomoviruses. These results call for more detailed analyses of these subviral components and an investigation of their possible interaction with the cassava mosaic disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaprabhu L Patil
- International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology (ILTAB), Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Paprotka T, Metzler V, Jeske H. The first DNA 1-like alpha satellites in association with New World begomoviruses in natural infections. Virology 2010; 404:148-57. [PMID: 20553707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
From Brazilian weeds with typical symptoms of a geminivirus infection, the DNAs of two new virus species, two new strains with two variants of already known bipartite begomoviruses were sequenced. Moreover, the first two DNA 1-like satellites (alpha satellites) occurring naturally in the New World were identified. They are related to nanoviral DNA components and show a typical genome organization with one open reading frame coding potentially for a replication-associated protein (Rep), a conserved hairpin structure, and an A-rich region. After coinoculation with their helper begomoviruses (Euphorbia mosaic virus, EuMV or Cleome leaf crumple virus, ClLCrV) the satellite DNAs were transmitted to experimental and natural host plants. Three of the begomovirus isolates (EuMV and ClLCrV) infected Arabidopsis thaliana plants, induced mild symptoms, and one of these (ClLCrV) transreplicated the satellite efficiently. As a result, several novel tools for molecular analyses of this important model plant are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Paprotka
- Biologisches Institut, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Fu HC, Hu JM, Hung TH, Su HJ, Yeh HH. Unusual events involved in Banana bunchy top virus strain evolution. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:812-822. [PMID: 19522579 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-7-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) can be transmitted by aphids and consists of at least six integral components (DNA-R, -U3, -S, -M, -C, and -N). Several additional replication-competent components (additional Reps) are associated with some BBTV isolates. A collected BBTV strain (TW3) that causes mild symptoms was selected to study the processes in BBTV evolution. Southern blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR did not detect DNA-N in TW3. Real-time PCR quantification of BBTV components revealed that, except for the copy number of TW3 DNA-U3, each detected integral component of BBTV TW3 was at least two orders lower than that of the severe strains. No infection was observed in plants inoculated with aphids, which were first given acquisition access to the TW3-infected banana leaves. Recombination analysis revealed recombination between the integral component TW3 DNA-U3 and the additional Rep DNA-Y. All BBTV integral components contain a replication initiation region (stem-loop common region) that share high sequence identity. Sequence alignment revealed that TW3 DNA-R, -S, -M, and -C all have a stem-loop common region containing a characteristic 9-nucleotide deletion found only in all reported DNA-N. Our data suggest that the additional Rep DNAs can serve as sources of additional genetic diversity for integral BBTV components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Qing L, Zhou X. Trans-replication of, and competition between, DNA beta satellites in plants inoculated with Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus and Tobacco curly shoot virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:716-20. [PMID: 19453231 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-6-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) Y10 isolate (Y10) and Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) Y35 isolate (Y35), both obtained from Yunnan Province, were each found to be associated with a distinct species of satellite DNA (DNA beta). Here, we demonstrate that both Y10 DNA beta (Y10beta) and Y35 DNA beta (Y35beta) were stably trans-replicated by the noncognate Begomovirus, although the noncognate DNA beta accumulated in plants at a lower level than did the cognate DNA beta. In Nicotiana benthamiana and N. glutinosa plants agroinoculated with Y10+Y10beta+Y35beta or with Y35+Y35beta+Y10beta, all components accumulated in the early stages of infection but, at later stages, the noncognate DNA beta decreased in relative concentration and was undetectable at 80 to 120 days after inoculation. The helper viruses and cognate DNA beta species persisted at higher levels throughout the experiments. When the initiation codon of the betaC1 gene of the cognate DNA beta was mutated, the dominance of the cognate over the noncognate DNA beta in mixed infections was unimpaired. These results imply that the cognate DNA beta competes with the noncognate DNA beta and that the ability for selective maintenance of DNA beta is not controlled by the betaC1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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30
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Abstract
The replication-associated protein (Rep) of geminiviruses, single-stranded DNA viruses of higher plants, is essential for virus replication. Since these viruses do not encode their own polymerases, Rep induces differentiated plant cells to reenter the cell cycle by interacting with the plant homologues of retinoblastoma proteins in order to activate the host DNA synthesis machinery. We have used fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) as a model organism to analyze the impact of ectopically expressed African cassava mosaic virus Rep protein on the cell division cycle in closer detail. Upon expression, Rep showed its characteristic DNA cleavage activity, and about 10% of the cells exhibited morphological changes. They were elongated threefold, on average, and possessed a single but enlarged and less compact nucleus in comparison to noninduced or vector-only control cells. Flow cytometry of Rep-expressing cultures revealed a distinct subpopulation of Rep protein-containing cells with aberrant morphology. The other 90% of the cells were indistinguishable from control cells, and no Rep was detectable. Rep-expressing cells exhibited DNA contents beyond 2C, indicating ongoing replication without intervening mitosis. Because a second open reading frame (ORF), AC4, is present within the Rep gene, the role of AC4 was examined by destroying its start codon within the AC1 ORF. The results confirmed that Rep is necessary and sufficient to induce rereplication in fission yeast. The unique potential of this well-investigated model for dissecting the cell cycle control by geminiviral proteins is discussed.
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Abstract
Plant pathogenic geminiviruses have been proliferating worldwide and have, therefore, attracted considerable scientific interest during the past three decades. Current knowledge concerning their virion and genome structure, their molecular biology of replication, recombination, transcription, and silencing, as well as their transport through plants and dynamic competition with host responses are summarized. The topics are chosen to provide a comprehensive introduction for animal virologists, emphasizing similarities and differences to the closest functional relatives, polyomaviruses and circoviruses.
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Blawid R, Van DT, Maiss E. Transreplication of a Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus DNA-B and replication of a DNAbeta component by Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus. Virus Res 2008; 136:107-17. [PMID: 18550192 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of two tomato-infecting begomoviruses from Vietnam were cloned and sequenced. A new variant of Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus (ToLCVV) consisting of a DNA-A component and associated with a DNAbeta molecule as well as an additional begomovirus tentatively named Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVV) consisting also of a DNA-A component were identified. To verify if monopartite viruses occurring in Vietnam and Thailand are able to transreplicate the DNA-B component of Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus-[Asian Institute of Technology] (TYLCTHV-[AIT]) infectivity assays were performed via agroinoculation and mechanically. As result, the DNA-B component of TYLCTHV-[AIT] was transreplicated by different DNA-A components of viruses from Vietnam and Thailand in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, the TYLCTHV-[AIT] DNA-B component facilitated the mechanical transmission of monopartite viruses by rub-inoculation as well as by particle bombardment in N. benthamiana and tomato plants. Finally, defective DNAs ranging from 735 to 1457 nucleotides were generated in N. benthamiana from those combinations containing TYLCTHV-[AIT] DNA-B component.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blawid
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Herrenhaueser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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33
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Homs M, Kober S, Kepp G, Jeske H. Mitochondrial plasmids of sugar beet amplified via rolling circle method detected during curtovirus screening. Virus Res 2008; 136:124-9. [PMID: 18562034 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Crops of sugar beet have been considerably impaired by infection with Beet curly top virus (BCTV) during the past decades. Quick and reliable diagnostic techniques are therefore desirable to detect this circular single-stranded DNA-containing geminivirus. Techniques combining either tissue printing or blot hybridization, or rolling circle amplification (RCA) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were compared. Although they easily detected BCTV with certainty, both exhibited apparent false positive results which have been scrutinized in closer detail. Uninfected control plants revealed unspecific signals due to probe attachment on tissue blots, and dominant fragment patterns upon RCA/RFLP which did not hybridize with BCTV-specific probes. Cloning and sequencing of these DNA fragments showed that they were amplified from mitochondrial plasmids. Examination of their genome structure revealed no relationship with geminiviruses or their satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Homs
- Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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34
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Hogenhout SA, Ammar ED, Whitfield AE, Redinbaugh MG. Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:327-59. [PMID: 18680428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.022508.092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of described plant viruses are transmitted by insects of the Hemipteroid assemblage that includes aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips. In this review we highlight progress made in research on vector interactions of the more than 200 plant viruses that are transmitted by hemipteroid insects beginning a few hours or days after acquisition and for up to the life of the insect, i.e., in a persistent-circulative or persistent-propagative mode. These plant viruses move through the insect vector, from the gut lumen into the hemolymph or other tissues and finally into the salivary glands, from which these viruses are introduced back into the plant host during insect feeding. The movement and/or replication of the viruses in the insect vectors require specific interactions between virus and vector components. Recent investigations have resulted in a better understanding of the replication sites and tissue tropism of several plant viruses that propagate in insect vectors. Furthermore, virus and insect proteins involved in overcoming transmission barriers in the vector have been identified for some virus-vector combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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35
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Leppik L, Gunst K, Lehtinen M, Dillner J, Streker K, de Villiers EM. In vivo and in vitro intragenomic rearrangement of TT viruses. J Virol 2007; 81:9346-56. [PMID: 17596318 PMCID: PMC1951432 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00781-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro replication of the Torque teno virus (TT virus) tth8 full-length genome and particle formation in a Hodgkin's lymphoma-derived cell line after transfection with cloned viral DNA were demonstrated. Analyses of the transcription patterns of tth8 and tth7 TT virus isolates in a number of lymphoma and T-cell leukemia cell lines indicated differential additional splicing events and intragenomic rearrangement generating open reading frames which could not be deducted from the genomic sequence. We also demonstrated the presence of rearranged TT virus genomes in vivo in sera taken from pregnant mothers whose children later developed childhood leukemia, as well as sera from control mothers. Control experiments using religated cloned genomic tth8 DNA mixed with cellular DNA did not result in such subviral molecules. These subviral isolates ranged from 172 bp to full-length TT virus genomes. Possible in vivo selection for specific rearranged molecules was indicated by the presence of one isolate (561 bp) in 11 serum samples. It remains to be clarified whether selected rearranged subviral components resulting from specific TT virus types may contribute to the initiation of disease. These data demonstrate new features of TT viruses suggesting possible similarities to plant viruses of the family Geminiviridae, as well as raise questions about the documented plurality and diversity of anelloviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- DNA Virus Infections/virology
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Infant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mothers
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serum/virology
- Torque teno virus/genetics
- Torque teno virus/isolation & purification
- Torque teno virus/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Leppik
- Division for the Characterization of Tumor Viruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Behjatnia SAA, Dry IB, Rezaian MA. Characterization and transient replication of tomato leaf curl virus defective DNAs. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1127-38. [PMID: 17347773 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Distinct subgenomic DNA species known as defective (df) DNA molecules were found in plants infected with tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV). Four df DNAs derived from TLCV Type and Darwin 1 strains were found to contain large deletions that disrupt all of the viral genes required for viral replication, encapsidation and spread. However, the viral origin of replication (ori), including the replication-associated protein (Rep) binding domains, was present in all four df DNAs. Co-agroinfection of leaf strips with tandem repeat constructs of the viral and df DNAs resulted in their replication in the presence of the respective TLCV strain. However, the df DNAs failed to move in whole plants when co-inoculated with TLCV. The df DNAs were shown to be associated with TLCV coat protein, which may indicate encapsidation. Mutational analysis showed the minimum sequence requirements for df DNA replication by TLCV to be the intergenic region containing the Rep-binding domains.
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37
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Wege C, Siegmund D. Synergism of a DNA and an RNA virus: enhanced tissue infiltration of the begomovirus Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) mediated by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Virology 2007; 357:10-28. [PMID: 16959287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replication of the begomovirus Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) is restricted to phloem nuclei, generating moderate levels of virus DNA. Co-infection with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) evidently increased AbMV titers in Nicotiana benthamiana, tobacco, and tomato, resulting in synergistic symptom enhancement. In situ hybridization revealed that in double-infected leaves an increased number of nuclei contained elevated amounts of AbMV. Additionally, the begomoviral phloem-limitation was broken. Whereas CMV 3a movement protein-expressing tobacco plants did not exert any similar influence, the presence of CMV 2b silencing suppressor protein lead to enhanced AbMV titers and numbers of infected vascular cells. The findings prove that AbMV can replicate in nonvascular cells and represent the first report on a true synergism of an RNA/ssDNA virus combination in plants, in which CMV 2b protein plays a role. They indicate considerable consequences of mixed infections between begomo- and cucumoviruses on virus epidemiology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wege
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Seal
- University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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39
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Lopez-Ochoa L, Ramirez-Prado J, Hanley-Bowdoin L. Peptide aptamers that bind to a geminivirus replication protein interfere with viral replication in plant cells. J Virol 2006; 80:5841-53. [PMID: 16731923 PMCID: PMC1472579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02698-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The AL1 protein of tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), a member of the geminivirus family, is essential for viral replication in plants. Its N terminus contains three conserved motifs that mediate origin recognition and DNA cleavage during the initiation of rolling-circle replication. We used the N-terminal domain of TGMV AL1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a random peptide aptamer library constrained in the active site of the thioredoxin A (TrxA) gene. The screen selected 88 TrxA peptides that also bind to the full-length TGMV AL1 protein. Plant expression cassettes corresponding to the TrxA peptides and a TGMV A replicon encoding AL1 were cotransfected into tobacco protoplasts, and viral DNA replication was monitored by semiquantitative PCR. In these assays, 31 TrxA peptides negatively impacted TGMV DNA accumulation, reducing viral DNA levels to 13 to 64% of those of the wild type. All of the interfering aptamers also bound to the AL1 protein of cabbage leaf curl virus. A comparison of the 20-mer peptides revealed that their sequences are not random. The alignments detected seven potential binding motifs, five of which are more highly represented among the interfering peptides. One motif was present in 18 peptides, suggesting that these peptides interact with a hot spot in the AL1 N terminus. The peptide aptamers characterized in these studies represent new tools for studying AL1 function and can serve as the basis for the development of crops with broad-based resistance to single-stranded DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lopez-Ochoa
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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40
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Haible D, Kober S, Jeske H. Rolling circle amplification revolutionizes diagnosis and genomics of geminiviruses. J Virol Methods 2006; 135:9-16. [PMID: 16513183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Better, easier and cheaper than polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody detection, rolling circle amplification (RCA) using the bacteriophage varphi 29 DNA polymerase allows for a reliable diagnosis of geminiviruses and presumably all viruses with small single-stranded circular DNA genomes. The results show the efficiency of this technique in characterizing viral DNA components of several geminiviruses from experimental and natural host plant sources. The advantages are: (a) that no expensive devices are necessary, (b) simple handling, (c) detection of all infecting circular DNA components without any knowledge of sequence information in a single step, and (d) low costs per reaction. In addition, RCA-amplified viral DNA can be characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and directly sequenced up to 900 bases in a single run circumventing cloning and plasmid purification. This shortcut will considerably accelerate genomics of at least gemini-, nano- and circoviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haible
- University of Stuttgart, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Kon T, Hidayat SH, Hase S, Takahashi H, Ikegami M. The Natural Occurrence of Two Distinct Begomoviruses Associated with DNAbeta and a Recombinant DNA in a Tomato Plant from Indonesia. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:517-525. [PMID: 18944312 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two begomoviruses (Java virus-1 and Java virus-2), two satellite DNAs (DNAbeta01 and DNAbeta02), and a recombinant DNA (recDNA) were cloned from a single tomato plant from Indonesia with leaf curl symptoms, and the role of these satellite DNAs in the etiology of begomovirus disease was investigated. The genome organizations of the two viruses were similar to those of other Old World monopartite begomoviruses. Comparison of the sequences with other begomoviruses revealed that Java virus-1 was a newly described virus for which the name Tomato leaf curl Java virus (ToLCJAV) is proposed. Java virus-2 was a strain of Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) (AYVV-[Java]). ToLCJAV or AYVV-[Java] alone did not induce leaf curl symptoms in tomato plants. However, in the presence of DNAbeta02, both ToLCJAV and AYVV-[Java] induced leaf curl symptoms in tomato plants. In the presence of DNAbeta01, these viruses induced mild leaf curl symptoms in tomato plants. The recDNA had a chimeric sequence, which arose from recombination among ToLCJAV, AYVV-[Java], DNAbeta01, and DNAbeta02; it was replicated only in the presence of AYVV-[Java] in tomato plants.
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42
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Maruthi MN, Alam SN, Kader KA, Rekha AR, Cork A, Colvin J. Nucleotide sequencing, whitefly transmission, and screening tomato for resistance against two newly described begomoviruses in bangladesh. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2005; 95:1472-1481. [PMID: 18943559 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-95-1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The molecular diversity of Tomato leaf curl viruses (ToLCVs), from the two main tomato growing areas of Jessore and Joydebpur, Bangladesh, was investigated. The viral DNA was amplified from tomato plants exhibiting mild and severe symptoms by polymerase chain reaction, and the complete genomes of the ToLCVs were sequenced. An isolate of the bipartite Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-Severe (ToLCNDV-Svr) was associated with the severe symptom phenotype from Jessore (ToLCNDV-Svr[Jes]). A previously undescribed monopartite virus, designated Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus-Mild (ToLCJV-Mld), was sequenced from plants showing mild symptoms. ToLCNDV-Svr[Jes] was most closely related to ToLCNDV-[Lucknow] at 95.7% nucleotide (nt) identity and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus-[Varanasi] at 90.6% nt identity, based on DNA-A and -B component sequences. ToLCJV-Mld was similar to Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus at 87.1% DNA-A nt identity. Identification of ToLCNDV-Svr[Jes] and ToLCJV-Mld was in addition to the previously described Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus, with which they shared 73.2 and 86.0% DNA-A nt identities, thus demonstrating the existence of at least three distinct viruses infecting tomato in Bangladesh. Nucleotide identities and placement in phylogenetic trees suggested that the three ToLCVs may have had different evolutionary pathways. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, transmitted the viruses of this study equally efficiently. Four tomato cultivars (TLB111, TLB130, TLB133, and TLB182) resistant/ tolerant to South Indian ToLCV were screened against the Bangladesh ToLCVs in 2003-04. Although challenged by diverse viruses and potentially mixed infections, disease incidence remained low (6 to 45%) in the resistant cultivars compared with local cultivars (68 to 100%).
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43
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Xiong Q, Fan S, Guo X, Zhou X. Stachytarpheta leaf curl virus is a novel monopartite begomovirus species. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2257-70. [PMID: 15986176 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Begomovirus isolates were obtained from Stachytarpheta jamaicensis plants showing leaf curl and chlorosis symptoms collected in the Hainan province of China. The complete sequences of isolates Hn5-4, Hn6-1, Hn30 and Hn34 were determined to be 2748, 2751, 2748 and 2748 nucleotides long, respectively. The complete sequences of the four isolates share more than 94.9% nucleotide sequence identity, but all of them have less than 86% nucleotide sequence identity with other reported begomoviruses. The molecular data show that Hn5-4, Hn6-1, Hn30 and Hn34 are isolates of a distinct begomovirus species, for which the name Stachytarpheta leaf curl virus (StaLCV) is proposed. PCR and Southern blot analyses demonstrate that all the collected field samples are not associated with DNAbeta or DNA-B components. An infectious clone of StaLCV isolate Hn5-4 was constructed, and could efficiently infect Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum Samsun, N. glutinosa, Lycopersicon esculentum and Petunia hybrida plants, inducing upward leaf roll and vein swelling symptoms. In addition, we illustrate that StaLCV can functionally interact with distinct DNAbeta molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xiong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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44
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Saeed M, Behjatnia SAA, Mansoor S, Zafar Y, Hasnain S, Rezaian MA. A single complementary-sense transcript of a geminiviral DNA beta satellite is determinant of pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:7-14. [PMID: 15672813 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Small circular single-stranded DNA satellites, termed DNAbeta, have recently been found associated with some geminivirus infections. The DNA beta associated with Cotton leaf curl virus is responsible for symptom expression of a devastating disease in Pakistan. Mutagenesis of DNA beta revealed that the complementary-sense open reading frame (ORF) betaC1 is required for inducing disease symptoms in Nicotiana tabacum. An ORF present on the virion-sense strand betaV1 appeared to have no role in pathogenesis. Tobacco plants transformed with a betaC1 ORF under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter or with a dimeric DNA beta exhibited severe disease-like phenotypes, while plants transformed with a mutated version of betaC1 appeared normal. Northern blot analysis of RNA from the transgenic plants, using strand-specific probes, identified a single complementary-sense transcript. The transcript carries the full betaC1 ORF encoding a 118-amino acid product. It maps to the DNA beta at nucleotide position 186 to 563 and contains a polyadenylation signal 18 nt upstream of the stop codon. A TATA box is located 43 nt upstream of the start codon. Our results indicate that betaC1 protein is responsible for DNA beta-induced disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Horticulture Unit, CSIRO Plant Industry, RO. Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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