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Resci I, Zavatta L, Piva S, Mondo E, Albertazzi S, Nanetti A, Bortolotti L, Cilia G. Predictive statistical models for monitoring antimicrobial resistance spread in the environment using Apis mellifera (L. 1758) colonies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118365. [PMID: 38301758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most relevant problems for human and animal health. According to One Health Approach, it is important to regulate the use of antimicrobials and monitor the spread of AMR in the environment as well. Apis mellifera (L. 1758) colonies were used as bioindicators thanks to their physical and behavioural characteristics. During their foraging flights, bees can intercept small particles, including atmospheric particulate matter, etc., and also microorganisms. To date, the antimicrobial surveillance network is limited to the sanitary level but lacks into environmental context. This study aimed to evaluate the use of A. mellifera colonies distributed throughout the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) as indicators of environmental antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This was performed by creating a statistical predictive model that establishes correlations between environmental characteristics and the likelihood of isolating specific bacterial genera and antimicrobial-resistant strains. A total of 608 strains were isolated and tested for susceptibility to 19 different antimicrobials. Aztreonam-resistant strains were significantly related to environments with sanitary structures, agricultural areas and wetlands, while urban areas present a higher probability of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant strains isolation. Concerning genera, environments with sanitary structures and wetlands are significantly related to the genera Proteus spp., while the Escherichia spp. strains can be probably isolated in industrial environments. The obtained models showed maximum values of Models Accuracy and robustness (R2) of 55 % and 24 %, respectively. The results indicate the efficacy of utilizing A. mellifera colonies as valuable bioindicators for estimating the prevalence of AMR in environmentally disseminated bacteria. This survey can be considered a good basis for the development of further studies focused on monitoring both sanitary and animal pathology, creating a specific network in the environments of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Resci
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 43, 40064 Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Laura Zavatta
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; DISTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 43, 40064 Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 43, 40064 Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Sergio Albertazzi
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Nanetti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy.
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Mirzaie S, Faghiri I, Askari Badouei M, Madani SA. Molecular detection and occurrence of vancomycin resistance genes (van A, B, C1, C2/C3) among Enterococcus species isolated from farm ostriches. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:226-233. [PMID: 36458992 PMCID: PMC9857099 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the prevalence of vancomycin resistance genes (van genes) in enterococcal isolates from food-producing animals is an important public health issue because of the possibility of resistance genes spread to human. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of vancomycin resistance genes among Enterococcus species obtained from ostrich faecal samples. METHODS One hundred and twenty-five faecal samples of apparently healthy ostriches from five different farms were investigated. Genes encoding vancomycin resistance were studied by multiplex-PCR, and susceptibility to six antibiotics was evaluated by disk-diffusion method. RESULTS In total, 107 Enterococcus spp. isolates were obtained and confirmed by biochemical and molecular tests. Enterococcus faecium was the prevailing species (56 isolates of 107; 52.3%), followed by E. hirae (24 isolates; 22.4%) and E. gallinarum (12 isolates; 11.2%). Of the 107 recovered isolates, 44% harboured at least a type of van genes. vanA, vanC2/3 and vanC1 were identified in 34 (31.7%), 13 isolates (12.1%) and 4 (3.7%) isolates respectively. Additionally, four isolates (E. gallinarum, E. rafinosus) co-harboured the the vanA and vanC1 or vanA and vanC2/3. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae strains with the vanA genotype were the most frequent van-carrying enterococci from ostrich faecal samples. Among van-carrying enterococcal isolates, 23.4% were phenotypically resistant to vancomycin. This study revealed a relatively high prevalence (44%) of van-carrying enterococci in ostrich faecal samples. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that ostrich faeces could be considered as a reservoir of vancomycin resistance genes, especially vanA containing enterococci that could be potentially transferred to human through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mirzaie
- Department of AgricultureIranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)TehranIran
| | - Isa Faghiri
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGarmsar BranchIslamic Azad UniversityGarmsarIran
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Madani
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Animal and Poultry Health and NutritionUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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Shin H, Kim Y, Raza S, Unno T, Ryu SH, Hur HG. Dynamics of Genotypic and Phenotypic Antibiotic Resistance in a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant in 2 Years. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:898339. [PMID: 36033841 PMCID: PMC9403409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.898339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered a sink and a source of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we applied both culture-dependent and SmartChip-based culture-independent approaches for the investigation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) at Jungnang (JN), located in the Han River, Seoul, South Korea, for 2 years, i.e., 2017 and 2018. The JN WWTP reduced the diversity and abundance of ARB and ARGs but was not sufficient for removing them all. Interestingly, through the treatment process in the JN WWTP, the composition of diverse multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was concentrated mainly into some genera of the Gammaproteobacteria class (Citrobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, and Stenotrophomonas), which could be key carriages to spread ARGs into the environments. In addition, SmartChip analyses showed that the relative abundance and the number of ARGs were significantly decreased from the influents to the effluents in both 2017 and 2018. SmartChip analyses for 2 years also allowed to notify the core ARGs in the influents and the effluents with the presence of clinically relevant core ARGs, such as vanC, blaOXA, and blaNDM, which persisted in the treatment process. Considering diverse bacterial mechanisms for exchanging and transferring ARGs, the occurrence of MDR bacteria and core ARGs could be a source for the blooming of the antibiotic resistome in the WWTP and nearby environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseob Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yeonghyeon Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Shahbaz Raza
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea
| | - Song-Hee Ryu
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Hor-Gil Hur
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hor-Gil Hur,
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Ahmad AAM, Gharieb AA, Elshorbgy E, Elewasy OA, Elmowalid GA. Nigella sativaoil extract: A natural novel specific conjugal transfer inhibitor of vancomycin resistance from vanA/B Resistant Enterococcus faecium to Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:619-629. [PMID: 35395119 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) has been identified as one of the most challenging problems in healthcare settings worldwide. Specific conjugation inhibitors development are critical in the fight against the spread of emerging VRSA. The impact of Nigella sativa oil on VR genes conjugal transfer from Enterococcus faecium (VREtfm) to vancomycin sensitive S. aureus (VSSA) was investigated in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS Enterococci were isolated from retail broilers, fish, cows' milk, and human urine. VR Enterococcus faecalis and VREtfm VanA-phenotype' were prevalent in retail broiler samples. The VREtfm isolates were dominant, exhibiting high levels of resistance to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics, as well as the existence of both vanA and vanB genes and virulence traits (ESP+, asa1+) as determined by PCR. VREtfm strains containing vanA/vanB genes and transconjugants containing 20Kb plasmids (transfer frequency around 103 ) and carrying the Tn1546 transposon were identified. Tn1546 transposon transfer with its VR markers to VSSA was effectively inhibited in treated VREtfm donor strains with a sub-MIC of N. sativa oil. THE SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work offers new insights for overcoming VR conjugal transfer utilising natural N. sativa oil, as well as a suggestion for a novel specialized conjugation inhibitor that could effectively facilitate the difficulty of eliminating VR bacteria from healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Attia M Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Ash Sharqiah Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ahlam A Gharieb
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Ash Sharqiah Governorate, Egypt
| | | | - Omnia A Elewasy
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Zagazig, Ash Sharqiah, Egypt
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Detection of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Feedlots Dairy and Beef Cattle: Implications for Human Health and Food Safety. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5921840. [PMID: 31317033 PMCID: PMC6601486 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5921840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The misuse/abuse of antibiotics in intensive animal rearing and communities led to the emergence of resistant isolates such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) worldwide. This has become a major source of concern for the public health sector. The aim of this study was to report the antibiotic resistance profiles and to highlight the presence of virulence genes in VREs isolated from feedlots cattle of the North-West Province of South Africa. 384 faecal samples, 24 drinking troughs water, and 24 soil samples were collected aseptically from 6 registered feedlots. Biochemical and molecular methods were used to identify and categorise the enterococci isolates. Their antibiotic resistance profiles were assessed and genotypic methods were used to determine their antibiotic resistance and their virulence profiles. 527 presumptive isolates were recovered, out of which 289 isolates were confirmed as Enterococcus sp. Specifically, E. faecalis (9%), E. faecium (10%), E. durans (69%), E. gallinarum (6%), E. casseliflavus (2%), E. mundtii (2%), and E. avium (2%) were screened after molecular assays. VanA (62%), vanB (17%), and vanC (21%) resistance genes were detected in 176 Enterococcus sp., respectively. Moreover, tetK (26), tetL (57), msrA/B (111), and mefA (9) efflux pump genes were detected in 138 VRE isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistances were confirmed in all the VRE isolates of this study; the most common antibiotic resistance phenotype was TETR-AMPR-AMXR-VANR-PENR-LINR-ERYR. CylA, hyl, esp, gelE, and asa1 virulence genes were detected in 86 VREs with the exception of vancomycin-resistant E. mundtii isolates that did not display any virulence factor. Most VRE isolates had more than one virulence genes but the most encountered virulence profile was gelE-hyl. Potentially pathogenic multidrug resistant VREs were detected in this study; this highlights the impact of extensive usage of antimicrobials in intensive animal rearing and its implications on public health cannot be undermined.
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Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the intestinal tract in humans and many animals, including food-producing and companion animals. They can easily contaminate the food and the environment, entering the food chain. Moreover, Enterococcus is an important opportunistic pathogen, especially the species E. faecalis and E. faecium, causing a wide variety of infections. This microorganism not only contains intrinsic resistance mechanisms to several antimicrobial agents, but also has the capacity to acquire new mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In this review we analyze the diversity of enterococcal species and their distribution in the intestinal tract of animals. Moreover, resistance mechanisms for different classes of antimicrobials of clinical relevance are reviewed, as well as the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant enterococci of animal origin, with special attention given to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. The emergence of new antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin, such as optrA and cfr, is highlighted. The molecular epidemiology and the population structure of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in farm and companion animals is presented. Moreover, the types of plasmids that carry the antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin are reviewed.
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BATHINI JAGRUTI, ARORA AK, RAI TS. Isolation and molecular characterization of enterococci from different animal species. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i11.85024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of Enterococcus spp. with special reference to vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in bovines, equines and poultry; detection of vancomycin resistance gene markers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to compare VRE isolates by means of pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In this study, 60 VRE were isolated from 150 faecal samples. Besides vancomycin sensitivity, isolates were also tested for 6 more antimicrobial drugs by MIC. Significant number of isolates exhibited intermediate level of resistance to vancomycin (70%), norfloxacin (50%) and cephalothin (43.3%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 37 (61.6%) isolates. Multiplex PCR revealed vanC1 (14), vanC2/3 (9), van C1 + vanC2/3 (11) but no vanA or vanB genes. Further genotyping of the VRE isolates carrying vanC genes using pulse field gel electrophoresis revealed ~73% homology.
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Zhou B, Wang C, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Huo M, Wang J, Wang S. Prevalence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and coselection of heavy metals in Chinese dairy farms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:10-17. [PMID: 27505289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore prevalence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in dairy farms. A variety of ARGs conferring resistance to most classes of antibiotics were detected in feces and soil samples obtained from dairy farms, using a high-throughput metagenomic sequencing approach. The ARGs observed in the feces and the soil samples were significantly correlated (p<0.01). The abundance of mobile genetics elements, such as transposase, was also examined to evaluate the potential risk of horizontal ARGs transfer. The positive correlation (p<0.001) between the total abundance of transposase genes and ARGs in the soil samples suggested strong dissemination capacity of ARGs in soil. In addition, the ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) were significantly correlated with heavy metals in the feces (p<0.01), suggesting that the heavy metals promoted the emergence of metal resistance, and participated in the coselection processes for ARGs. The prevalence of ARGs with high levels of genetic mobile elements in the dairy farms suggests that cattle excrement is a major reservoir of ARGs with a high risk of dissemination, which increases the potential risk of environmental pollution and threatens public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Meijun Huo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, Peoples Republic of China.
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Pruksakorn C, Pimarn C, Boonsoongnern A, Narongsak W. Detection and phenotypic characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in pigs in Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Glaeser SP, Sowinsky O, Brunner JS, Dott W, Kämpfer P. Cultivation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci from input and output samples of German biogas plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw010. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of Enterococcus faecalis from retail pork meat products in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-3212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kwon KH, Hwang SY, Kim SH, Moon BY, Park BK, Yoon JW, Park YH. Characterization of Enterocccus faecalis
Isolates from the Pork Meat Production Chain and Comparison with Human Clinical Isolates. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hee Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology Laboratory and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; San 56-1, Daehak-dong Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology Laboratory and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; San 56-1, Daehak-dong Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID); Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Youn Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology Laboratory and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; San 56-1, Daehak-dong Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Won Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology Laboratory and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; San 56-1, Daehak-dong Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology Laboratory and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; San 56-1, Daehak-dong Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency; Anyang Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
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Sting R, Richter A, Popp C, Hafez HM. Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in turkey flocks. Poult Sci 2013; 92:346-51. [PMID: 23300299 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in turkeys in the southwest of Germany was investigated. For this purpose, 200 cloacal swab samples and 5 environmental dust samples (tested as a pooled sample) of each of the 20 flocks (10 female and 10 male flocks) included in this study were examined. The VRE could be isolated by means of a procedure combining bacterial cultivation in an enrichment broth and on a selective solid media. Enterococci were identified biochemically and subsequently tested on the presence of the vancomycin resistance genes vanA, vanB (B1/B2/B3), and vanC (C1/C2/C3) using real-time PCR assays. In 54 (27%) turkeys originating from 11 (55%) flocks and in 14 (70%) of the dust samples, exclusively vanA and vanC1 genes could be detected. Of the turkeys examined, 46 were colonized with VRE bearing the resistance gene vanC1 and 8 vanA, originating from 9 and 2 flocks, respectively. None of the birds carried vanB, vanC2, or vanC3 positive VRE. The results obtained from the birds are largely confirmed by the dust samples originating from 4 vanA and 10 vanC1 positive flocks. However, one flock housing animals colonized with vanC1 positive VRE could not be confirmed by the dust samples that revealed vanA bearing VRE. However, in one case vanA and in 3 cases vanC1 carrying VRE could be detected in dust samples of the turkey houses, but not in the turkeys of the associated flock. In 5 flocks the turkeys as well as the dust samples were free of VRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sting
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/3, 70736 Fellbach, Germany.
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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from meat and fishery production in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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15
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Nam S, Kim MJ, Park C, Park JG, Maeng PJ, Lee GC. Detection and genotyping of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in Korean aquatic environmental samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:421-7. [PMID: 23332966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution characteristics of Enterococcus spp., which are indicators of fecal pollution, were investigated at 33 sites within the 3 major water systems of Korea. Enterococci were detected at concentrations ranging from 1 to 37 CFU/100mL in 41 of 132 samples (31.1%) from the 3 major water systems. The overall average detected concentration was 1.2 CFU/100mL, while the average concentration for all detection sites was 5.3 CFU/100mL. After optimized multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with newly developed VanA, VanB, VanC-1, and VanC-2/3 primers, concentrations of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) ranging from 1 to 23 CFU/100mL were detected in 17 of 132 samples (12.9%). Of 216 individual enterococcal colonies, 64 (29.6%) displayed the VanC genotype. The results of a susceptibility test to vancomycin showed that the range of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), an indicator of bacterial resistance, was 4 to 24μg/mL, with the average MIC at 9.2±4.5μg/mL. Of the bacterial isolates, 1 colony with the VanC-1 genotype was identified as E. gallinarum by 16S rDNA sequencing, whereas the other 63 colonies had the VanC-2/3 genotype and were identified as E. casseliflavus. Although these results imply that the major head bays of Korea are not contaminated with the highly vancomycin-resistant VanA- or VanB-type VREs, the misuse of antibiotics should be prohibited to minimize the presence of VREs and to maintain a safe water supply for protecting the health of the general population. Based on the study results, we also recommend the implementation of a continuous, broad-spectrum inspection program for Enterococcus spp. and VRE contamination in the major head bays. Furthermore, the multiplex PCR method described in this study can be used effectively for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Nam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Getachew Y, Hassan L, Zakaria Z, Zaid CZM, Yardi A, Shukor RA, Marawin LT, Embong F, Aziz SA. Characterization and risk factors of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) among animal-affiliated workers in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1184-95. [PMID: 22906187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study determined the risk factors and characteristics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) among individuals working with animals in Malaysia. METHODS AND RESULTS Targeted cross-sectional studies accompanied with laboratory analysis for the identification and characterization of resistance and virulence genes and with genotype of VRE were performed. VRE were detected in 9·4% (95% CI: 6·46-13·12) of the sampled populations. Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus gallinarum were isolated, and vanA was detected in 70% of the isolates. Enterococcus faecalis with vanB was obtained from one foreign poultry worker. At least one virulence gene was detected in >50% of Ent. faecium and Ent. faecalis isolates. The esp and gelE genes were common among Ent. faecium (58·3%) and Ent. faecalis (78%), respectively. The VRE species showed diverse RAPD profiles with some clustering of strains based on the individual's background. However, the risk factors found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of VRE were age (OR: 5·39, 95% CI: 1·98-14·61) and previous hospitalization (OR: 4·06, 95% CI: 1·33-12·35). CONCLUSION VRE species isolated from individuals in this study have high level of vancomycin resistance, were genetically diverse and possessed the virulence traits. Age of individuals and history of hospitalization rather than occupational background determined VRE colonization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides comprehensive findings on the epidemiological and molecular features of VRE among healthy individuals working with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Getachew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cha JO, Jung YH, Lee HR, Yoo JI, Lee YS. Comparison of genetic epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from humans and poultry. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1121-1128. [PMID: 22538996 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.037549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the molecular characteristics and genetic relatedness of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) isolates obtained from humans and poultry in Korea. A total of 147 VREF isolates from humans (71 clinical isolates) and poultry (76 isolates) in Korea were compared with respect to their antibiotic susceptibilities, organization of the Tn1546 transposon element, detection of virulence genes (esp and hyl), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). All of the human and poultry isolates had the vanA gene and 11.3% (8/71) of the clinical isolates showed the VanB phenotype/vanA genotype. PCR mapping of the Tn1546 elements was different for isolates of the two groups: human isolates were classified into five transposon types, whereas all poultry isolates were identical to Tn1546 of E. faecium strain BM4147. The esp gene was detected in both human (93.0%, 66/71) and poultry (26.3%, 20/76) isolates, as was the hyl gene (human isolates: 80.3%, 57/71; poultry isolates: 26.3%, 20/76). Using MLST, the 71 human isolates could be divided into ten sequence types (STs) belonging to clonal complex (CC) 17 (except for one singleton). The 76 poultry isolates were categorized into 14 STs and 88.2% (67/76) of the poultry isolates belonged to CC26. PFGE typing of the human isolates demonstrated diverse PFGE profiles among the strains. However, the PFGE patterns of the poultry isolates were possibly related to the strains collected from individual farms. These data suggest that epidemic clonal groups of human and poultry VREFs in Korea have evolved through different evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ok Cha
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2 (i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Jung
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2 (i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Lee
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2 (i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Yoo
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2 (i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seon Lee
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2 (i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
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Nam HM, Lim SK, Moon JS, Kang HM, Kim JM, Jang KC, Kim JM, Kang MI, Joo YS, Jung SC. Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples in Korea. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 57:e59-64. [PMID: 20042062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of various species of enterococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples. A total of 105 enterococci isolates were examined: Enterococcus faecalis (n = 47), Enterococcus faecium (n = 39), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 6), Enterococcus avium (n = 6), Enterococcus hirae (n = 5) and Enterococcus durans (n = 2). All the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin, and only a single E. hirae isolate was resistant to ampicillin. In general, the most frequently observed resistance among the enterococcal isolates was to tetracycline (69.5%), followed by penicillin (64.7%), erythromycin (57.1%) and cephalothin (44.7%). A similar antimicrobial resistance pattern was observed among individual species except E. durans, which exhibited only tetracycline resistance. Resistance observed among isolates of E. hirae and E. gallinarum was almost as high as E. faecium and E. faecalis. Of 105 isolates, only six (5.7%) strains of E. faecium were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested and about 52% (55/105) showed resistance to more than three antimicrobials. The most common multiple resistance pattern was penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin, which was observed in 32 of 105 (30.4%) isolates. This study demonstrates that enterococcal isolates belonging to minor species showed antimicrobial resistance rates as high as those of E. faecium and E. faecalis, and that monitoring of antimicrobial resistance should not be restricted only to those two major species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Nam
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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Werner G, Strommenger B, Witte W. Acquired vancomycin resistance in clinically relevant pathogens. Future Microbiol 2008; 3:547-62. [DOI: 10.2217/17460913.3.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to vancomycin is an increasing problem in pathogenic bacteria. It is best studied and most prevalent among Enterococcus and still remains rare in other pathogenic bacteria. Different genotypes of vancomycin resistance, vanA–G, have been described. The different van gene clusters consist of up to nine genes encoding proteins of different functions; their interplay leads to an alternative cell wall precursor less susceptible to glycopeptide binding. Variants of vanA and vanB types are found worldwide, with vanA predominating; their reservoir is Enterococcus faecium. Within this species a subpopulation of hospital-adapted types exists that acquired van gene clusters and which is responsible for outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococci all over the world. Acquisition of vanA by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is worrisome and seven cases have been described. Nonsusceptibility to glycopeptides also occurs independently from van genes and is a growing therapeutic challenge, especially in MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Werner
- FG 13 Nosocomial Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, Wernigerode, 38855, Germany
| | - Birgit Strommenger
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, Wernigerode, 38855, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, Wernigerode, 38855, Germany
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Settanni L, Corsetti A. The use of multiplex PCR to detect and differentiate food- and beverage-associated microorganisms: a review. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 69:1-22. [PMID: 17280731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regarding food safety, rapid detection of microbial species is crucial to develop effective preventive and/or adjustment measures. Classical methods for determining the presence of certain species are time-consuming and labor-intensive, hence, molecular methods, which offer speed, sensitivity and specificity, have been developed to address this problem. Multiplex PCR (MPCR) is widely applied in the various fields of microbiology for the rapid differentiation of microbial species without compromising accuracy. This paper describes the method and reports on the state-of-the-art application of this technique to the identification of microorganisms vehiculated with foods and beverages. The identification of both pathogens and probiotics and the species important for food fermentation or deterioration will be discussed. Applications of MPCR in combination with other techniques are also reviewed. Potentials, pitfalls, limitations and future prospects are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Settanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Sezione di Microbiologia Agro-Alimentare ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Teramo, V. C.R. Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano Sant' Angelo, Teramo, Italy
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Lim SK, Tanimoto K, Tomita H, Ike Y. Pheromone-responsive conjugative vancomycin resistance plasmids in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from humans and chicken feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6544-53. [PMID: 17021204 PMCID: PMC1610277 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00749-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug resistances and plasmid contents of a total of 85 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) strains that had been isolated in Korea were examined. Fifty-four of the strains originated from samples of chicken feces, and 31 were isolated from hospital patients in Korea. Enterococcus faecalis KV1 and KV2, which had been isolated from a patient and a sample of chicken feces, respectively, were found to carry the plasmids pSL1 and pSL2, respectively. The plasmids transferred resistances to vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and erythromycin to E. faecalis strains at a high frequency of about 10(-3) per donor cell during 4 hours of broth mating. E. faecalis strains containing each of the pSL plasmids formed clumps after 2 hours of incubation in broth containing E. faecalis FA2-2 culture filtrate (i.e., the E. faecalis sex pheromone), and the plasmid subsequently transferred to the recipient strain in a 10-min short mating in broth, indicating that the plasmids are responsive to E. faecalis pheromones. The pSL plasmids did not respond to any of synthetic pheromones for the previously characterized plasmids. The pheromone specific for pSL plasmids has been designated cSL1. Southern hybridization analysis showed that specific FspI fragments from each of the pSL plasmids hybridized with the aggregation substance gene (asa1) of the pheromone-responsive plasmid pAD1, indicating that the plasmids had a gene homologous to asa1. The restriction maps of the plasmids were identical, and the size of the plasmids was estimated to be 128.1 kb. The plasmids carried five drug resistance determinants for vanA, ermB, aph(3'), aph(6'), and aac(6')/aph(2'), which encode resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin/kanamycin, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the drug resistance determinants and their flanking regions are described in this report. The results described provide evidence for the exchange of genetic information between human and animal (chicken) VRE reservoirs and suggest the potential for horizontal transmission of multiple drug resistance, including vancomycin resistance, between farm animals and humans via a pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyung Lim
- Department of Bacteriology and Bacterial Infection Control, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Jung WK, Lim JY, Kwon NH, Kim JM, Hong SK, Koo HC, Kim SH, Park YH. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from animal sources in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 113:102-7. [PMID: 17010464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was >/=8 mg/l were isolated from meat, feces, and raw milk samples collected in Korea from March to November 2003. Among the 243 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) that were identified the vanA vancomycin resistance gene was carried by 51 Enterococcus faecium and one Enterococcus sp., vanC1 was carried by 151 Enterococcus gallinarum, vanC2 was carried by 39 Enterococcus casseliflavus, and one Enterococcus sp. carried no van genes. Of the isolated enterococci carrying vanA, 4% were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin and 11% were resistant to ampicillin. Further genotyping of the E. faecium isolates carrying vanA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed extensive heterogeneity. The vancomycin resistance transferability test revealed that only two of the 52 enterococci carrying the vanA gene were able to transfer vancomycin resistance to other enterococci. The VRE were recovered from various animal sources with a particularly high prevalence of E. faecium carrying the vanA gene being found in poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Jung WK, Hong SK, Lim JY, Lim SK, Kwon NH, Kim JM, Koo HC, Kim SH, Seo KS, Ike Y, Tanimoto K, Park YH. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalized humans and from poultry in Korea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 260:193-200. [PMID: 16842344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates from humans (23 isolates) and poultry (20 isolates) were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, vancomycin resistance transferability, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and structural analysis of Tn1546-like elements. VRE isolates from humans and poultry showed different resistance patterns, transferability, and transfer rate. In addition to these phenotypic differences between humans and poultry VRE, PFGE and the structure of Tn1546-like elements were also distinct. Most poultry isolates (16/20) were identical to the prototype vanA transposon, Tn1546, while most human isolates (21/23) had multiple integrations of insertion sequence. The transmission of VRE and vancomycin resistance determinant between humans and poultry could not be demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lim SK, Kim TS, Lee HS, Nam HM, Joo YS, Koh HB. Persistence ofvanA-TypeEnterococcus faeciumin Korean Livestock After Ban on Avoparcin. Microb Drug Resist 2006; 12:136-9. [PMID: 16922630 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2006.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was investigated in Korean livestock 4 years after the ban of avoparcin in feed additives. VRE were isolated from approximately 16.7% of the chicken samples (57 strains from 342 meat samples) and 1.9% of the pig samples (4 from 214 fecal samples). No VRE, however, was isolated from 110 bovine fecal samples. All the 61 VRE isolates were vanA-type Enterococcus faecium expressing a high-level resistance to vancomycin, and showed resistance to teicoplanin as well except two poultry isolates. In addition, the VRE isolates had heterogeneous pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of SmaI-digested DNA, although identical or closely related profiles were observed among strains isolated from the same farm. Although the chicken isolates were all poultry type with G at position 8,234 of the vanX gene, the pig isolates were all swine type with T at position 8,234 of the vanX gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyung Lim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Kwon NH, Park KT, Moon JS, Jung WK, Kim SH, Kim JM, Hong SK, Koo HC, Joo YS, Park YH. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) characterization and molecular analysis for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and novel SCCmec subtype IVg isolated from bovine milk in Korea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:624-32. [PMID: 16126781 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bovine milk, and examine the genetic relatedness between MRSA from bovine milk and MRSA from human isolates. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on MRSA isolated from bovine milk. PCR and sequencing analysis were performed to determine the SCCmec type of MRSA, and to confirm their toxin carriage. Genetic relatedness among the bovine isolates and between bovine and human isolates was detected with PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS Fourteen MRSA and a silent mecA-carrying methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (smMSSA) were isolated from the milk of cows with an isolation ratio of 0.18%. SCCmec of 14 MRSA strains were designated as new subtype IVg, and one smMSSA strain was not classified. All 14 MRSA strains shared Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED), SEI and SEJ; the smMSSA strain had only PVL. All MRSA and smMSSA isolates showed no multidrug resistance and had community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) characteristics. PFGE revealed that all isolates except the smMSSA belonged to the same genetic lineage, and MLST analysis showed that they had no genetic relatedness with CA-MRSA which had caused human infection in Korea. CONCLUSIONS MRSA isolated from bovine milk harboured a unique SCCmec subtype, and they may not be correlated with the emergence of CA-MRSA in human infection in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hoon Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Shillim dong, Gwanak gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Jung WK, Hong SK, Koo HC, Kwon NH, Park YH. Nucleotide sequence of IS1678, an insertion sequence in the vanA cluster of enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1666-7. [PMID: 15793169 PMCID: PMC1068654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1666-1667.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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