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Yang J, Yang Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Gao X, Li J, Gun S. METTL3-Mediated LncRNA EN_42575 m6A Modification Alleviates CPB2 Toxin-Induced Damage in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065725. [PMID: 36982798 PMCID: PMC10054829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) modified by n6-methyladenosine (m6A) have been implicated in the development and progression of several diseases. However, the mechanism responsible for the role of m6A-modified lncRNAs in Clostridium perfringens type C piglet diarrhea has remained largely unknown. We previously developed an in vitro model of CPB2 toxin-induced piglet diarrhea in IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, we previously performed RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq), which demonstrated lncRNA EN_42575 as one of the most regulated m6A-modified lncRNAs in CPB2 toxin-exposed IPEC-J2 cells. In this study, we used MeRIP-qPCR, FISH, EdU, and RNA pull-down assays to determine the function of lncRNA EN_42575 in CPB2 toxin-exposed IPEC-J2 cells. LncRNA EN_42575 was significantly downregulated at different time points in CPB2 toxin-treated cells. Functionally, lncRNA EN_42575 overexpression reduced cytotoxicity, promoted cell proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis and oxidative damage, whereas the knockdown of lncRNA EN_42575 reversed these results. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase analysis revealed that METTL3 regulated lncRNA EN_42575 expression in an m6A-dependent manner. In conclusion, METTL3-mediated lncRNA EN_42575 exerted a regulatory effect on IPEC-J2 cells exposed to CPB2 toxins. These findings offer novel perspectives to further investigate the function of m6A-modified lncRNAs in piglet diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence:
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Yang J, Zhang J, Yang Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Gao X, Li J, Li N, Gao Y, Gun S. LncRNA EN-90756 promotes CPB2-induced proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells by affecting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1082025. [PMID: 36713226 PMCID: PMC9879603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1082025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as key regulators, are closely associated with the development of a variety of disease. However, the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate Clostridium perfringens type C induced piglet diarrhea are unclear. Methods In the present study, we explored the expression and characterization of lncRNAs in a C. perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Results A total of 6,558 lncRNAs were identified, of which 49 lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between the control and CPB2 groups. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the target genes of differentially expressed lncRNA EN-90756 were mainly associated with defense response to virus, and negative regulation of apoptotic process. LncRNA EN-90756 was significantly up-regulated in IPEC-J2 cells at different time points after CPB2 treatment. Functionally, knockdown of lncRNA EN-90756 might regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells by affecting the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. LncRNA EN-90756 may be involved in CPB2 toxin-induced piglet diarrhea by regulating the expression of its target gene MX1 (encoding MX dynamin like GTPase 1). Conclusion Long non-coding RNA EN-90756 affected the antiviral ability of IPEC-J2 cells by regulating the expression of MX1. Meanwhile, lncRNA EN-90756 might regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis by affecting JAK-STAT signaling pathway activation. These findings provide novel perspectives and directions for further exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs on CPB2 toxin-induced diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Jilin Rongtai Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Jilin Rongtai Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Shuangbao Gun,
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Identification and Characterization of Clostridium perfringens Atypical CPB2 Toxin in Cell Cultures and Field Samples Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110796. [PMID: 36422970 PMCID: PMC9693285 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA) was developed for the detection of the atypical β2-toxin (CPB2) of Clostridium perfringens. Polyclonal (PAbs) and monoclonal (MAbs) antibodies were previously obtained employing recombinant CPB2 produced in the baculovirus system as antigen. In the current study, PAbs were used as capture molecules, while purified MAbs conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (MAbs-HRP) were used for the detection of atypical CPB2 toxin. MAbs 5C11E6 and 2G3G6 showed high reactivity, sensitivity and specificity when tested on 232 C. perfringens cell culture isolates. In addition, a reactivity variation among different strains producing atypical CPB2 toxin was observed using the conformation-dependent MAb 23E6E6, suggesting the hypothesis of high instability and/or the existence of different three-dimensional structures of this toxin. Results obtained by sELISA and Western blotting performed on experimentally CPB2-contaminated feces revealed a time-dependent proteolytic degradation as previously observed with the consensus allelic form of CPB2. Finally, the sELISA and an end-point PCR, specific for the atypical cpb2 gene, were used to test field samples (feces, rectal swabs and intestinal contents) from different dead animal species with suspected or confirmed clostridiosis. The comparison of sELISA data with those obtained with end-point PCR suggests this method as a promising tool for the detection of atypical CPB2 toxin.
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Yang J, Zhang J, Gao X, Luo R, Xie K, Wang W, Li J, Yang Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Gun S. FTO Regulates Apoptosis in CPB2-Treated IPEC-J2 Cells by Targeting Caspase 3 Apoptotic Protein. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131644. [PMID: 35804542 PMCID: PMC9264887 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification can accommodate mRNA processing, stability, and translation in mammals, and fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO) is a vital demethylase in the m6A modification pathway. Clostridium perfringens type C (C. perfringens type C) causes diarrhea in piglets and has a serious impact on the pig industry. However, our understanding of the effect of m6A in the process of C. perfringens type C infectious piglet diarrhea (CPTCIPD) is limited. Here, an in vitro model of CPTCIPD was constructed by treating the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) with Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin, and the role of FTO was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. The results revealed that the overall RNA m6A contents at the tissue and cell levels were significantly up-regulated after C. perfringens infection (p < 0.05). FTO expression was significantly reduced in CPB2-treated IPEC-J2 cells. Functionally, FTO knockdown in the treated cells inhibited their proliferation and promoted apoptosis and the inflammation phenotype, whereas FTO overexpression had the opposite effects. Inhibiting FTO prolonged the half-life and up-regulated the expression of Caspase 3, leading to apoptosis. Therefore, this work explored the regulation of FTO in IPEC-J2 cells after CPB2 treatment and enhanced our understanding of the effect of the m6A modification in CPTCIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xi’an 712100, China;
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence:
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Elbestawy AR, El-Shall NA, Saad AM, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA. Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: disease characteristics and prevention using organic antibiotic alternatives – a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101590. [PMID: 34953377 PMCID: PMC8715378 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with the substantial increase in the broiler industry worldwide, Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) became a continuous challenge leading to high economic losses, especially after banning antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds by many countries. The disease is distributed worldwide in either clinical or subclinical form, causing a reduction in body weight or body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, impairing the European Broiler Index or European Production Efficiency Factor. There are several predisposing factors in the development of NE. Clinical signs varied from inapparent signs in case of subclinical infection (clostridiosis) to obvious enteric signs (morbidity), followed by an increase in mortality level (clostridiosis or clinical infection). Clinical and laboratory diagnoses are based on case history, clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, pathogenic agent identification, serological testing, and molecular identification. Drinking water treatment is the most common route for the administration of several antibiotics, such as penicillin, bacitracin, and lincomycin. Strict hygienic management practices in the farm, careful selection of feed ingredients for ration formulation, and use of alternative antibiotic feed additives are all important in maintaining broiler efficiency and help increase the profitability of broiler production. The current review highlights NE caused by C. perfringens and explains the advances in the understanding of C. perfringens virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of NE with special emphasis on the use of available antibiotic alternatives such as herbal extracts and essential oils as well as vaccines for the control and prevention of NE in broiler chickens.
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Benz R, Piselli C, Hoxha C, Koy C, Glocker MO, Popoff MR. Clostridium perfringens Beta2 toxin forms highly cation-selective channels in lipid bilayers. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:15-27. [PMID: 34854958 PMCID: PMC8827211 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a potent producer of a variety of toxins. Well studied from these are five toxins (alpha, Beta (CPB), epsilon, iota and CPE) that are produced by seven toxinotype strains (A–G) of C. perfringens. Besides these toxins, C. perfringens produces also another toxin that causes necrotizing enterocolitis in piglets. This toxin termed consensus Beta2 toxin (cCPB2) has a molecular mass of 27,620 Da and shows only little homology to CPB and no one to the other toxins of C. perfringens. Its primary action on cells remained unknown to date. cCPB2 was heterogeneously expressed as fusion protein with GST in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Although cCPB2 does not exhibit the typical structure of beta-stranded pore-forming proteins and contains no indication for the presence of amphipathic alpha-helices we could demonstrate that cCPB2 is a pore-forming component with an extremely high activity in lipid bilayers. The channels have a single-channel conductance of about 700 pS in 1 M KCl and are highly cation-selective as judged from selectivity measurements in the presence of salt gradients. The high cation selectivity is caused by the presence of net negative charges in or near the channel that allowed an estimate of the channel size being about 1.4 nm wide. Our measurements suggest that the primary effect of cCPB2 is the formation of cation-selective channels followed by necrotic enteritis in humans and animals. We searched in databases for homologs of cCPB2 and constructed a cladogram representing the phylogenetic relationship to the next relatives of cCPB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Benz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Claudio Piselli
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Cezarela Hoxha
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
| | - Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael O Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
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Jiang H, Qin YM, Yang XT, Li QL, Shen QC, Ding JB, Wei RY, Zhang JD, Sun JL, Sun MJ, Fan XZ. Bacteriological and molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated in retail beef in Beijing, China. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1593-1596. [PMID: 34456197 PMCID: PMC8569878 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important zoonotic pathogen. This study was designed to explore the prevalence and toxin types of C. perfringens in retail beef collected from Beijing, China. Among 221 beef samples collected, 53 samples were positive for C. perfringens, resulting in the average prevalence as 23.98%. By toxin gene-based typing, the most C. perfringens strains belong to type A (96.23%, 51/53), only 2 strains were identified as type D. By a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)-based analysis, a total of 36 sequence types (STs) were detected, and the most STs (n=30) represented just a single strain. These finding suggested that the prevalence of C. perfringens in retail beef in Beijing was considerably high and these bacteria displayed extreme diversity in genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu-Ming Qin
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Li
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing-Chun Shen
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jia-Bo Ding
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Run-Yu Wei
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Jia-Li Sun
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Xue-Zheng Fan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
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Hussain MI, Borah P, Hussain I, Sharma RK, Kalita MC. Densitometric analysis of rep-PCR data: Insight into genetic variability and transmission of Clostridium perfringens typed with an improved multiplex PCR. Anaerobe 2021; 70:102383. [PMID: 34089857 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological study was conducted in North-East India (part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot) to better understand the distribution, diversity, and transmission of Clostridium perfringens among livestock, pets, wild animals (captive), and humans. A total of 160 C. perfringens isolates were recovered from 642 diarrhoeic faecal samples with an isolation rate of 24.92%. Isolation rate was the highest among captive wild animals (37.5%) followed by dog (34.6%), human (33.8%), pig (32.7%), cattle (20.8%), goat (18.3%) and poultry (9.3%). Isolates were toxin typed using a seven gene multiplex PCR designed for simultaneous detection of cpa, cpb, cpb2, etx, iap, cpe and netB. The majority of isolates, 128 (80%) were of type A, followed by 17 (10.62%), 5 (3.12%), 4 (2.5%), 3 (1.87%), 2 (1.25%) and 1 (0.63%) isolates of type C, D, E, G, F and B, respectively. Beta 2 toxin gene was present in 65 (50%) of type A isolates, followed by 7 (41.2%), 4 (80%), 1(25%), and 1 (100%) of type C, D, G and B isolates, respectively. Beta 2 toxin has a high prevalence among dogs (28.6%), cattle (27.3%), and pig (20.8%) compared to humans, goat, wild animals, and poultry (1.2-14.3%). The prevalence of CPE and NetB toxin-positive strains was low, with only 3 (1.8%) and 5 (3.1%) isolates, respectively. Association of C. perfringens with diarrhoea in Civet Cat, Golden Langur, and Gray Langur has been reported for the first time. The genetic diversity and transmission of isolates were investigated using automated rep-PCR (Diversilab®, bioMérieux) using two densitometry-based matrices: modified Kullback-Leibler (KL) and Pearson's correlation (PC). The PC and modified KL matrices formed three distinct clusters with 59% and 27.2% similarity, respectively. C. perfringens diversity and transmission were best studied using modified KL matrix that placed more emphasis on the presence of bands rather than intensity. However, the PC method was found to be more suitable for differentiating strains within a toxin type, with slightly higher D-values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Iftikar Hussain
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Assam, 781014, India.
| | - Probodh Borah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, 781022, India; Advanced State Biotech Hub (Assam), College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, 781022, India.
| | - Isfaqul Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, FVSc and AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, J&K, 190006, India.
| | - Rajeev Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, 781022, India.
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Gao X, Yang Q, Zhang S, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Luo R, Wang W, Xie K, Gun S. Epigenetic upregulation of ssc-miR-124a following treatment with Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin attenuates both apoptosis and inflammation in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108806. [PMID: 33587903 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a globally recognized zoonotic pathogen. It has been reported that the beta2-toxin produced by C. perfringens can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases and even systemic inflammation. MicroRNA-124a (miR-124a) has been reported to play important roles in the host response to pathogenic infection. Although C. perfringens beta2-toxin induced injury in intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells has been established, the underlying molecular mechanism is not completely unraveled. Here we show that a significant upregulation of ssc-miR-124a in IPEC-J2 cells after beta2-toxin stimulation was associated with the MiR-124A-1 and MiR-124A-2 gene promoter demethylation status. Importantly, overexpression of ssc-miR-124a significantly increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis and cytotoxicity in beta2-toxin treated IPEC-J2 cells. Transfection of IPEC-J2 cells with ssc-miR-124a mimic suppressed beta2-toxin induced inflammation. On the contrary, ssc-miR-124a inhibitor promoted aggravation of cell apoptosis and excessive damage. Furthermore, rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) was identified as the direct target gene of ssc-miR-124a in IPEC-J2 cells and its siRNA transfection reversed the promotion of apoptosis and aggravation of cellular damage induced by ssc-miR-124a inhibitor. Overall, we speculated that the miR-124A-1/2 gene was epigenetically regulated in IPEC-J2 cells after beta2-toxin treatment. Upregulation of ssc-miR-124a may restrain ROCK1, and attenuate apoptosis and inflammation induced by beta2-toxin that prevent IPEC-J2 cells from severe damages. We discover a new molecular mechanism by which IPEC-J2 cells counteract beta2-toxin-induced damage through the ssc-miR-124a/ROCK1 axis partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Farmer Education and Training Work Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Gao X, Yang Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Zhang S, Luo R, Wang P, Wang W, Xie K, Jiang T, Gun S. Effects of Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin on apoptosis, inflammation, and barrier function of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin induced in vitro oxidative damage and its toxic assessment in porcine small intestinal epithelial cell lines. Gene 2020; 759:144999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Song X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Yang L, Wang C. Expression and Purificaton of Multi-toxin Fusion Protein of Clostridium perfringens and the Preparation of Genetically Engineered Multivalent Subunit Vaccine. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381903013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Serroni A, Magistrali CF, Pezzotti G, Bano L, Pellegrini M, Severi G, Di Pancrazio C, Luciani M, Tittarelli M, Tofani S, De Giuseppe A. Expression of deleted, atoxic atypical recombinant beta2 toxin in a baculovirus system and production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28545467 PMCID: PMC5445335 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens is an important animal and human pathogen that can produce more than 16 different major and minor toxins. The beta-2 minor toxin (CPB2), comprising atypical and consensus variants, appears to be involved in both human and animal enterotoxaemia syndrome. The exact role of CPB2 in pathogenesis is poorly investigated, and its mechanism of action at the molecular level is still unknown because of the lack of specific reagents such as monoclonal antibodies against the CPB2 protein and/or the availability of a highly purified antigen. Previous studies have reported that purified wild-type or recombinant CPB2 toxin, expressed in a heterologous system, presented cytotoxic effects on human intestinal cell lines. Undoubtedly, for this reason, to date, these purified proteins have not yet been used for the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Recently, monoclonal antibodies against CPB2 were generated using peptides designed on predicted antigenic epitopes of this toxin. Results In this paper we report, for the first time, the expression in a baculovirus system of a deleted recombinant C-terminal 6xHis-tagged atypical CPB2 toxin (rCPB2Δ1–25-His6) lacking the 25 amino acids (aa) of the N-terminal putative signal sequence. A high level of purified recombinant rCPB2Δ1–25-His6 was obtained after purification by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The purified product showed no in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Polyclonal antibodies and twenty hybridoma-secreting Mabs were generated using purified rCPB2Δ1–25-His6. Finally, the reactivity and specificity of the new antibodies were tested against both recombinant and wild-type CPB2 toxins. Conclusions The high-throughput of purified atoxic recombinant CPB2 produced in insect cells, allowed to obtain monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The availability of these molecules could contribute to develop immunoenzymatic methods and/or to perform studies about the biological activity of CPB2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Serroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy.,Scuola di Specializzazione "Biochimica Clinica" G. d'Annunzio, University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicolo Mazzini 4, Villorba Di Treviso, Italy
| | - Martina Pellegrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulio Severi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pancrazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G.Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G.Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G.Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Silvia Tofani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio De Giuseppe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
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Verherstraeten S, Goossens E, Valgaeren B, Pardon B, Timbermont L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez P, Van Immerseel F. Non-toxic perfringolysin O and α-toxin derivatives as potential vaccine candidates against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis. Vet J 2016; 217:89-94. [PMID: 27810219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis is a fatal Clostridium perfringens type A-induced disease that is characterised by sudden death. Recently the involvement of perfringolysin O and α-toxin in the development of necrohaemorrhagic lesions in the gut of calves was suggested, and thus derivatives of these toxins are potentially suitable as vaccine antigens. In the current study, the perfringolysin O derivative PFOL491D, alone or in combination with α-toxin derivative GST-cpa247-370, was evaluated as possible vaccine candidate, using in vitro assays. PFOL491D showed no haemolytic effect on horse red blood cells and no cytotoxic effect on bovine endothelial cells. Furthermore, calves immunised with PFOL491D raised antibodies against perfringolysin O that could inhibit the perfringolysin O-associated haemolytic activity on horse red blood cells. Antisera from calves immunised with PFOL491D had a significantly higher neutralising capacity against the cytotoxic effect of C. perfringens culture supernatant to bovine endothelial cells than serum from control calves (P <0.05). Immunisation of calves with PFOL491D in combination with GST-cpa247-370 elicited antibodies against perfringolysin O and α-toxin and consequently inhibited both the perfringolysin O-associated haemolytic activity and the α-toxin-associated lecithinase activity in vitro. Additionally, the neutralising ability of these antisera on the cytotoxic effect of C. perfringens culture supernatant to bovine endothelial cells was significantly higher than that from calves immunised with PFOL491D (P <0.001). In conclusion, perfringolysin O derivative PFOL491D is an immunogenic antigen that can potentially be used to produce vaccine against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis. Including α-toxin derivative GST-cpa247-370 has an additional protective effect and therefore vaccination of calves with a combination of both antigens seems even more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verherstraeten
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Valgaeren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Timbermont
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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15
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Zeng J, Song F, Yang Y, Ma C, Deng G, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu X. The Generation and Characterization of Recombinant Protein and Antibodies of Clostridium perfringens Beta2 Toxin. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5708468. [PMID: 27672668 PMCID: PMC5031884 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5708468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) beta2 toxin (CPB2) is an important virulent factor of necrotic enteritis in both animals and humans. However, studies of its pathogenic roles and functional mechanisms have been hampered due to the difficulty of purification and lack of specific antibodies against this toxin. Methods. A recombinant His-tagged C. perfringens beta2 (rCPB2) toxin and monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against CPB2 were generated and characterized by assays of cytotoxicity, immunoblotting, ELISA, neutralization, and immunofluorescence. Results. A His-tagged rCPB2 with integrity and cytotoxicity of native CPB2 was purified from E. coli expressing system, which exhibited a moderate cytotoxicity on NCM460 human intestinal epithelial cells. The rCPB2 could induce apoptotic cell death rather than necrotic death in part through a pathway involved in caspase-3 signaling. Mechanistically, rCPB2 was able to first bind to cell membrane and dynamically translocate into cytoplasm for its cytotoxic activity. Three McAbs 1E23, 2G7 and 2H7 were characterized to be able to immunologically react with CPB2 and neutralize rCPB2 cytotoxicity on NCM460 cells. Conclusion. These results indicated the rCPB2 and antibodies generated in this study are useful tools for studies of biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms of CPB2 in future, which warrants for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Fuyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Chenjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
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Fohler S, Klein G, Hoedemaker M, Scheu T, Seyboldt C, Campe A, Jensen KC, Abdulmawjood A. Diversity of Clostridium perfringens toxin-genotypes from dairy farms. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:199. [PMID: 27577792 PMCID: PMC5006254 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium (C.) perfringens is the causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans, including histotoxic and enteric infections. To gain more insight into the occurrence of its different toxin-genotypes in dairy herds, including those toxin genes previously associated with diseases in cattle or humans, 662 isolates cultivated from feces, rumen content and feed collected from 139 dairy farms were characterized by PCR (detecting cpa, cpb, iap, etx, cpe, and both allelic variants of cpb2). RESULTS Isolates from feces were assigned to type A (cpa positive, n = 442) and D (cpa and etx positive, n = 2). Those from rumen content (n = 207) and feed (n = 13) were all assigned to type A. The consensus and atypical variants of the cpb2 gene were detected in 64 (14.5 %) and 138 (31.22 %) of all isolates from feces, and 30 (14.5 %) and 54 (26.1 %) of all isolates from rumen content, respectively. CONCLUSION Both allelic variants of cpb2 occurred frequently in animals without signs of acute enteric disease, whereby the atypical variant dominated. Five (0.8 %) of all type A isolates were positive for the cpe gene. Therefore, the present study indicates that dairy cows are no primary source for potentially human pathogenic enterotoxin gene positive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Fohler
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guenter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Scheu
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Charlotte Jensen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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França M, Barrios MA, Stabler L, Zavala G, Shivaprasad HL, Lee MD, Villegas AM, Uzal FA. Association of Beta2-PositiveClostridium perfringensType A With Focal Duodenal Necrosis in Egg-Laying Chickens in the United States. Avian Dis 2016; 60:43-9. [DOI: 10.1637/11263-081915-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Verherstraeten S, Goossens E, Timbermont L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F, Deprez P. Haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn calves associated with Clostridium perfringens and colostrum delivery. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie R. Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verherstraeten
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Perfringolysin O: The Underrated Clostridium perfringens Toxin? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1702-21. [PMID: 26008232 PMCID: PMC4448169 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens expresses multiple toxins that promote disease development in both humans and animals. One such toxin is perfringolysin O (PFO, classically referred to as θ toxin), a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC). PFO is secreted as a water-soluble monomer that recognizes and binds membranes via cholesterol. Membrane-bound monomers undergo structural changes that culminate in the formation of an oligomerized prepore complex on the membrane surface. The prepore then undergoes conversion into the bilayer-spanning pore measuring approximately 250–300 Å in diameter. PFO is expressed in nearly all identified C. perfringens strains and harbors interesting traits that suggest a potential undefined role for PFO in disease development. Research has demonstrated a role for PFO in gas gangrene progression and bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis, but there is limited data available to determine if PFO also functions in additional disease presentations caused by C. perfringens. This review summarizes the known structural and functional characteristics of PFO, while highlighting recent insights into the potential contributions of PFO to disease pathogenesis.
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Clostridial pore-forming toxins: Powerful virulence factors. Anaerobe 2014; 30:220-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Allaart JG, de Bruijn ND, van Asten AJAM, Fabri THF, Gröne A. NetB-producing and beta2-producing Clostridium perfringens associated with subclinical necrotic enteritis in laying hens in the Netherlands. Avian Pathol 2014; 41:541-6. [PMID: 23237366 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.729809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006 increasing numbers of laying hen flocks with decreased production have been reported in the Netherlands. At necropsy, birds from affected flocks showed multifocal areas of necrosis in the duodenum. Histologically the duodenum had moderate to marked villus atrophy and fusion with crypt hyperplasia and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate within the lamina propria underlying focal areas of degenerative epithelium. Multifocally, free within the intestinal lumen and associated with epithelial necrosis, were marked numbers of large rod-shaped bacteria. Anaerobic culturing and subsequent toxin typing revealed, in 19 out of 73 affected birds, the presence of Clostridium perfringens strains, either type A or type C harbouring the atypical allele of cpb2 and netB. Eighteen out of these 19 birds carried C. perfringens strains capable of producing beta2 toxin in vitro and all of these birds harboured C. perfringens strains capable of producing NetB toxin in vitro. In contrast, specific pathogen free (SPF) birds lacked gross or histological lesions in their duodenum, and C. perfringens type C was isolated from four out of 15 SPF birds tested. One of these isolates harboured the consensus three allele of cpb2 that produced beta2 toxin in vitro. None of the C. perfringens isolates originating from SPF birds harboured netB. These findings might indicate that the NetB toxin produced by C. perfringens is associated with subclinical necrotic enteritis in layers, whereas the involvement of beta2 toxin in subclinical necrotic enteritis, if any, might be variant dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke G Allaart
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, P.O. Box 80.158, 3508TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Allaart JG, van Asten AJ, Vernooij JC, Gröne A. Beta2 toxin is not involved in in vitro cell cytotoxicity caused by human and porcine cpb2-harbouring Clostridium perfringens. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Popoff MR, Bouvet P. Genetic characteristics of toxigenic Clostridia and toxin gene evolution. Toxicon 2013; 75:63-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Verherstraeten S, Goossens E, Valgaeren B, Pardon B, Timbermont L, Vermeulen K, Schauvliege S, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez P, Van Immerseel F. The synergistic necrohemorrhagic action of Clostridium perfringens perfringolysin and alpha toxin in the bovine intestine and against bovine endothelial cells. Vet Res 2013; 44:45. [PMID: 23782465 PMCID: PMC3722007 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is a major cause of mortality in veal calves. Clostridium perfringens is considered as the causative agent, but there has been controversy on the toxins responsible for the disease. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a variety of C. perfringens type A strains can induce necrohemorrhagic lesions in a calf intestinal loop assay. These results put forward alpha toxin and perfringolysin as potential causative toxins, since both are produced by all C. perfringens type A strains. The importance of perfringolysin in the pathogenesis of bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis has not been studied before. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of perfringolysin in the development of necrohemorrhagic enteritis lesions in calves and its synergism with alpha toxin. A perfringolysin-deficient mutant, an alpha toxin-deficient mutant and a perfringolysin alpha toxin double mutant were less able to induce necrosis in a calf intestinal loop assay as compared to the wild-type strain. Only complementation with both toxins could restore the activity to that of the wild-type. In addition, perfringolysin and alpha toxin had a synergistic cytotoxic effect on bovine endothelial cells. This endothelial cell damage potentially explains why capillary hemorrhages are an initial step in the development of bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis. Taken together, our results show that perfringolysin acts synergistically with alpha toxin in the development of necrohemorrhagic enteritis in a calf intestinal loop model and we hypothesize that both toxins act by targeting the endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Verherstraeten
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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lesion development in a new intestinal loop model indicates the involvement of a shared Clostridium perfringens virulence factor in haemorrhagic enteritis in calves. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:103-12. [PMID: 23351504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia is a fatal disease in fast growing suckler and veal calves. An intestinal loop model was developed to study the pathogenesis of the disease. Loops were injected with stationary and logarithmic C. perfringens cultures with or without, a milk protein-based commercial milk replacer for calves. Isolates tested were from cases of bovine enterotoxaemia and from calves without signs of enterotoxaemia, in addition to netB-positive and -negative isolates from poultry, a type C isolate from piglets and the human isolate JIR325. All isolates induced necrohaemorrhagic lesions in combination with milk replacer, while all control loops (i.e. medium plus milk replacer) remained histologically normal. In addition, time-course experiments were conducted using an isolate from an outbreak of bovine enterotoxaemia. Histological examination showed that the earliest lesion was congestion of the capillaries, starting within 30 min of inoculation. Haemorrhage and mucosal necrosis began at the tips of the villi 3-4 h after bacterial inoculation. These lesions are similar to those observed in natural cases of bovine enterotoxaemia. Therefore, in this model, necrohaemorrhagic lesions can be induced by C. perfringens isolates from diverse origins, suggesting that the lesions may be caused by one or more virulence factors that are shared by these isolates.
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Lakshminarayanan B, Harris HMB, Coakley M, O'Sullivan Ó, Stanton C, Pruteanu M, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW, Ross RP, On Behalf Of The Eldermet Consortium. Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium perfringens from the faecal microbiota of elderly Irish subjects. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:457-466. [PMID: 23222860 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.052258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of elderly subjects using a combination of culture-dependent techniques and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The study was performed as part of the ELDERMET project, in which 368 faecal samples were assessed for viable numbers of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae on selective agar. However, the Bifidobacterium selective medium used also supported the growth of Clostridium perfringens, which appeared as distinct colonies and were subsequently characterized phenotypically and genotypically. All the isolates were confirmed as toxin biotype A producers. In addition, three isolates tested also had the genetic determinants for the β2 toxin. Of the 368 faecal samples assessed, C. perfringens was detected in 28 samples (7.6%). Moreover, C. perfringens was observed in samples from subjects in all the residence locations assessed but was most prevalent in subjects from long-stay residential care, with 71.4% of the samples (63.2% of the subjects) being from this residence location, and with a shedding level in excess of 10(6) c.f.u. (g faeces)(-1). Microbiota profiling revealed some significant compositional changes across both the family and genus taxonomic levels between the C. perfringens-positive and -negative datasets. Levels of culturable Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the C. perfringens-positive samples. Sequence-based methods also confirmed a significant difference in the Bifidobacterium spp. level (P<0.05) between both datasets. Taken together, these data suggest that a high viable count [>10(6) c.f.u. (g faeces)(-1)] of C. perfringens in stool samples may be indicative of a less healthy microbiota in the intestine of elderly people in long-stay residential care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneswari Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Hugh M B Harris
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mairéad Coakley
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Órla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Mihaela Pruteanu
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
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Kircanski J, Parreira VR, Whiteside S, Pei Y, Prescott JF. The majority of atypical cpb2 genes in Clostridium perfringens isolates of different domestic animal origin are expressed. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:371-4. [PMID: 22542269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence and expression of the "consensus" and the "atypical"cpb2 genes in Clostridium perfringens isolates from cattle, chickens, dogs, goats, horses, pigs and sheep using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting. Almost all porcine isolates (12/14) carried and expressed the consensus form of cpb2 but, when present in 108 non-porcine isolates, the gene was usually the atypical form (40 atypical versus 9 consensus). Western blotting showed expression in 30 of 40 (75%) atypical cpb2-positive isolates, considerably more frequently than reported previously. CPB2 was expressed by almost all (20/21) the consensus cpb2-positive isolates, regardless of source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kircanski
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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28
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Pardon B, De Bleecker K, Hostens M, Callens J, Dewulf J, Deprez P. Longitudinal study on morbidity and mortality in white veal calves in Belgium. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:26. [PMID: 22414223 PMCID: PMC3366893 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality and morbidity are hardly documented in the white veal industry, despite high levels of antimicrobial drug use and resistance. The objective of the present study was to determine the causes and epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in dairy, beef and crossbred white veal production. A total of 5853 calves, housed in 15 production cohorts, were followed during one production cycle. Causes of mortality were determined by necropsy. Morbidity was daily recorded by the producers. Results The total mortality risk was 5,3% and was significantly higher in beef veal production compared to dairy or crossbreds. The main causes of mortality were pneumonia (1.3% of the calves at risk), ruminal disorders (0.7%), idiopathic peritonitis (0.5%), enterotoxaemia (0.5%) and enteritis (0.4%). Belgian Blue beef calves were more likely to die from pneumonia, enterotoxaemia and arthritis. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus at necropsy was associated with chronic pneumonia and pleuritis. Of the calves, 25.4% was treated individually and the morbidity rate was 1.66 cases per 1000 calf days at risk. The incidence rate of respiratory disease, diarrhea, arthritis and otitis was 0.95, 0.30, 0.11 and 0.07 cases per 1000 calf days at risk respectively. Morbidity peaked in the first three weeks after arrival and gradually declined towards the end of the production cycle. Conclusions The present study provided insights into the causes and epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in white veal calves in Belgium, housed in the most frequent housing system in Europe. The necropsy findings, identified risk periods and differences between production systems can guide both veterinarians and producers towards the most profitable and ethical preventive and therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Nowell VJ, Kropinski AM, Songer JG, MacInnes JI, Parreira VR, Prescott JF. Genome sequencing and analysis of a type A Clostridium perfringens isolate from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32271. [PMID: 22412860 PMCID: PMC3297601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a common inhabitant of the avian and mammalian gastrointestinal tracts and can behave commensally or pathogenically. Some enteric diseases caused by type A C. perfringens, including bovine clostridial abomasitis, remain poorly understood. To investigate the potential basis of virulence in strains causing this disease, we sequenced the genome of a type A C. perfringens isolate (strain F262) from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. The ∼3.34 Mbp chromosome of C. perfringens F262 is predicted to contain 3163 protein-coding genes, 76 tRNA genes, and an integrated plasmid sequence, Cfrag (∼18 kb). In addition, sequences of two complete circular plasmids, pF262C (4.8 kb) and pF262D (9.1 kb), and two incomplete plasmid fragments, pF262A (48.5 kb) and pF262B (50.0 kb), were identified. Comparison of the chromosome sequence of C. perfringens F262 to complete C. perfringens chromosomes, plasmids and phages revealed 261 unique genes. No novel toxin genes related to previously described clostridial toxins were identified: 60% of the 261 unique genes were hypothetical proteins. There was a two base pair deletion in virS, a gene reported to encode the main sensor kinase involved in virulence gene activation. Despite this frameshift mutation, C. perfringens F262 expressed perfringolysin O, alpha-toxin and the beta2-toxin, suggesting that another regulation system might contribute to the pathogenicity of this strain. Two complete plasmids, pF262C (4.8 kb) and pF262D (9.1 kb), unique to this strain of C. perfringens were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Nowell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum on beta2 toxin production by Clostridium perfringens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4406-11. [PMID: 21602389 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03002-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, although a member of the normal gut flora, is also an important cause of intestinal disease in animals and, to a lesser extent, in humans. Disease is associated with the production of one or more toxins, and little is known about environmental influences on the production of these toxins. One of the health-promoting effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is the establishment and maintenance of a low pH in the intestine since an acidic environment inhibits the growth of many potentially harmful bacteria. Here, the effect of the LAB Lactobacillus fermentum on beta2 toxin production by C. perfringens is described. Coculturing of C. perfringens with L. fermentum showed that under in vitro conditions, L. fermentum was capable of silencing beta2 toxin production by C. perfringens without influencing bacterial viability. The reduction in toxin production was shown to be most likely a result of the decline in pH. Quantitative PCR showed that the reduction in beta2 toxin production was due to a decrease in cpb2 mRNA. These results suggest that in the intestine, the production of beta2 toxin by C. perfringens might be regulated by other members of the normal intestinal flora.
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Van Immerseel F, Pardon B, Maes S, Heyndrickx M, Timbermont L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez P. Isolation of a clonal population of Clostridium perfringens type A from a Belgian Blue calf with abomasal ulceration. J Comp Pathol 2011; 143:289-93. [PMID: 20430403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A case of abomasal ulceration in a 3-month-old Belgian Blue calf is described. Microscopical examination revealed the ulcers to be demarcated by a band of neutrophilic inflammation that separated underlying healthy tissue from the superficial fibrinous necrotic material in which bacteria were present. Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from multiple ulcers and from the intestinal contents of the animal and pulsed field gel electrophoresis confirmed that the isolates comprised a genetically clonal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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33
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Lebrun M, Mainil JG, Linden A. Cattle enterotoxaemia and Clostridium perfringens
: description, diagnosis and prophylaxis. Vet Rec 2010; 167:13-22. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.167.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lebrun
- Association de Santé et d'Identification Animale; Allée des Artisans 2 5590 Ciney Belgium
| | - J. G. Mainil
- Bacteriology Section; Department of Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; B43A Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - A. Linden
- Bacteriology Section; Department of Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; B43A Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
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van Asten AJ, Nikolaou GN, Gröne A. The occurrence of cpb2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens and the possible role of the β2-toxin in enteric disease of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. Vet J 2010; 183:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins responsible for gangrenes and gastrointestinal diseases. Among them, perfringolysin has been extensively studied and it is the paradigm of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, whereas Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin and Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin, which are related to aerolysin, are the prototypes of clostridial toxins that form small pores. Other toxins active on the cell surface possess an enzymatic activity, such as phospholipase C and collagenase, and are involved in the degradation of specific cell-membrane or extracellular-matrix components. Three groups of clostridial toxins have the ability to enter cells: large clostridial glucosylating toxins, binary toxins and neurotoxins. The binary and large clostridial glucosylating toxins alter the actin cytoskeleton by enzymatically modifying the actin monomers and the regulatory proteins from the Rho family, respectively. Clostridial neurotoxins proteolyse key components of neuroexocytosis. Botulinum neurotoxins inhibit neurotransmission at neuromuscular junctions, whereas tetanus toxin targets the inhibitory interneurons of the CNS. The high potency of clostridial toxins results from their specific targets, which have an essential cellular function, and from the type of modification that they induce. In addition, clostridial toxins are useful pharmacological and biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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36
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Bartels CJM, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WAJM, Lam TJGM. Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and non-normal faeces of young Dutch dairy calves. Prev Vet Med 2009; 93:162-9. [PMID: 19819574 PMCID: PMC7125667 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Between January and April 2007, 424 calves under 22 days of age from 108 Dutch dairy herds were sampled to estimate the prevalence of non-normal faeces ('custard-like'-yellowish-coloured with custard consistency or diarrhoea: watery-like faeces) and the shedding of enteropathogens Escherichia coli K99 (E. coli), Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), Rotavirus and Clostridium perfringens (Cl. perfringens). In addition, information was collected on animal characteristics and herd-management practices. The probability of detecting each one of five enteropathogens given a calf with 'custard-like' faeces or diarrhoea was estimated using Bayes' rule and was based on the predicted probabilities from a multinominal model including each of five enteropathogens as independent variables. In addition, putative risk factors for the presence of each of five enteropathogens were analysed using logistic regression models with random herd effects. Fifty-seven percent of calves had faeces of normal colour (brownish) and consistency (firm), 23.8% (95%CI: 19.8-28.2%) had 'custard-like' faeces and 19.1% (95%CI: 15.5-23.2%) had diarrhoea. E. coli was the least detected enteropathogen (2.6% (95%CI: 1.3-4.6%) of calves, 9% (95%CI: 5-16%) of herds) and Cl. perfringens was most detected (54.0% (95%CI: 49.1-58.8%) of calves, 85% (95%CI: 77-91%) of herds). E. coli and Coronavirus were detected incidentally in only one or two calves per herd, whereas C. parvum and Cl. perfringens were frequently detected in up to four calves per herd. For calves with 'custard-like' faeces, the probability of detecting Rotavirus from a calf in its first week of age was 0.31 whereas for a calf in its second week, there was a 0.66 probability of detecting C. parvum. The probabilities of detecting E. coli, Rotavirus and C. parvum in calves with diarrhoea in their first week of age were 0.10, 0.20 and 0.43, respectively. In calves with diarrhoea between 1 and 2 weeks of age, the probability of detecting enteropathogens was 0.43 for C. parvum. None of the tested enteropathogens were related to 'custard-like' faeces or diarrhoea in the third week of age. Putative risk factors for E. coli, Coronavirus and C. parvum included the presence of peer-calves shedding Coronavirus, C. parvum or Rotavirus, respectively. Additionally, managerial risk factors such as non-optimal hygienic housing (for Coronavirus) and the routine use of antibiotics for diarrhoeic calves (for C. parvum) were found. No animal or managerial factors were associated with shedding of Cl. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J M Bartels
- GD Animal Health Service, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
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Van Immerseel F, Rood JI, Moore RJ, Titball RW. Rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Trends Microbiol 2008; 17:32-6. [PMID: 18977143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades, low doses of antibiotics have been used widely in animal production to promote growth. However, there is a trend to reduce this use of antibiotics in feedstuffs, and legislation is now in place in Europe to prohibit their use in this way. As a consequence, economically important diseases, such as necrotic enteritis (NE) of chickens, that are caused by Clostridium perfringens have become more prevalent. Recent research is creating a paradigm shift in our understanding of the pathogenesis of NE and is now providing information that will be necessary to monitor and control the incidence of NE in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Lawler JB, Hassel DM, Magnuson RJ, Hill AE, McCue PM, Traub-Dargatz JL. Adsorptive effects of di-tri-octahedral smectite onClostridium perfringensalpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:233-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lebrun M, Filée P, Galleni M, Mainil JG, Linden A, Taminiau B. Purification of the recombinant beta2 toxin (CPB2) from an enterotoxaemic bovine Clostridium perfringens strain and production of a specific immune serum. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:119-31. [PMID: 17562369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens clones with production of one or more of its toxin(s) results in diverse digestive and systemic pathologies in human and animals, such as cattle enterotoxaemia. The so-called beta2 toxin (CPB2) is the most recently described major toxin produced by C. perfringens. In this study, the cpb2 ORF (cpb2FM) from a cattle C. perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia was cloned and sequenced. The cpb2FM and its deduced nucleotide sequence clearly corresponded to the cpb2 allele considered as "consensus" and not to "atypical" allele, despite its "non-porcine" origin. Expression assays of the recombinant toxin CPB2FM were performed in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with the expression vector pBLTS72, and by genomic integration by double recombination in B. subtilis. Highest level of production was obtained with the expression vector in B. subtilis 168 strain. The recombinant CPB2FM protein was purified and a specific rabbit polyclonal antiserum was produced. Polyclonal antibodies could detect CPB2 production in supernatants of C. perfringens from enterotoxaemic cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebrun
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases-Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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