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Iwasa M, Shido Y, Hatama S. The possible role of haematophagous flies in the incidence of bovine teat papillomatosis. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:280-290. [PMID: 38498886 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between the incidence of bovine teat papillomatosis and the activity of haematophagous flies was investigated in Japan. A total of 15,737 flies consisting of 33 species were collected by dry ice-baited mosquito net (DMN) trap and a sweep net from udders of cattle. Simulium aokii (Takahasi) of Simuliidae (black flies) was the predominant species, followed by S. tobetsuense Ono and S. iwatense (Shiraki). Simulium aokii had the highest peak in October, followed by September. Numbers of blood spots from the bites per teat in nulliparous cattle were significantly correlated with numbers of S. aokii collected by DMN trap. Numbers of teats with warts and spots of blood from the bites per teat were significantly more abundant in anterior teats than posterior teats. The average incidence of teat papillomatosis in nulliparous cattle was significantly higher than that in parous cattle, and the highest incidence by month was in May, followed by April. Although bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA was not detected in flies examined, the presence of black flies and blood spots from their bites were associated with subsequent high incidence of growing warts. In particular, it would pay to give attention to species such as S. aokii that severely attack udders in the present locality. Further investigations for the detection of BPV DNA from flies parasitizing on teats are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iwasa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumeno Shido
- Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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Pyrek P, Bednarski M, Popiel J, Siedlecka M, Karwańska M. Genetic Evaluation of Bovine Papillomavirus Types Associated with Teat Papillomatosis in Polish Dairy Cattle with the Report of a New Putative Type. Pathogens 2023; 12:1278. [PMID: 38003743 PMCID: PMC10674157 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Teat papillomatosis is reported to be one of the factors causing mastitis and milk losses in dairy cattle. Little is known about bovine papillomavirus (BPV) circulation in the European cattle population, and no reports can yet be found about its prevalence in Polish herds. In this study, 177 BPV-like lesions were collected from teats of 109 slaughtered cows. BPV was identified in 39 of the examined animals, using PCR amplification and Sanger dideoxy sequencing. In total, 10 BPV types were isolated, among which the most common were infections caused by types 8 and 7. Macroscopically, "rice-grain" type lesions dominated (76%) and were mainly found on one teat (57.4%). The diversity of BPV types causing teat papillomatosis in Polish cows seems to be large, with nine already known types isolated and a new putative type found. The spread of new types among the worldwide cattle population can be seen for the first time, as type 25 and so called isolates BPV42 and BPV43 were found in the European cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pyrek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences (PRODMED), Norwegian University of Life Science, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Michał Bednarski
- Department of Epizootiology with Exotic Animal and Bird Clinic, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (M.B.); (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Jarosław Popiel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Siedlecka
- Department of Epizootiology with Exotic Animal and Bird Clinic, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (M.B.); (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Karwańska
- Department of Epizootiology with Exotic Animal and Bird Clinic, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (M.B.); (M.S.); (M.K.)
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3
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Özmen G, Kale M. Searching bovine papillomavirus presence in lesions seen on teats of cows. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Kale
- Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Turkey
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4
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Crosby-Durrani HE, Carter SD, Blundell RJ, Manning A, Blowey R, Evans NJ. Clinical and Pathological Features of Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis. J Comp Pathol 2022; 198:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Groh L, Mansfeld R, Baumgartner C, Sorge U. Apparent prevalence and risk factors for udder skin diseases and udder edema in Bavarian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9934-9943. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Phylogenetic analysis and searching bovine papillomaviruses in teat papillomatosis cases in cattle by performing histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105713. [PMID: 35977649 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic in nature and cause proliferation in the skin, mucosa, and various internal organs of various animal species. The lesions they cause, specifically in cattle teats, lead to significant economic losses in the milk industry. In this study, we identified the bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) responsible for teat papillomas in cattle. The tissue damage caused by the virus was examined histopathologically using immunohistochemical, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular methods. Additionally, sequence analyses were performed on the isolated field strains to better understand their genetic and phylogenetic relationships with previously reported isolates. Teat papillomatosis was confirmed in the collected samples by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, which were followed by other diagnostic methods. Intranuclear virus particles were found in the epithelial cells during a TEM examination of teat lesions. BPV was detected in seven samples by performing PCR using degenerate primers and specific primers. The positive samples were used for typing through sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. Three isolates from teat tissues with BPV infection were identified as BPV-6, two as BPV-10, one as BPV-2, and one as BPV-8. The five isolates identified through sequence analysis of positive samples belonged to the Xipapillomavirus 1 genus (one), the Epsilonpapillomavirus 1 genus (one), and the Deltapapillomavirus genus (one) (three). Furthermore, type-specific primers were found to be useful for molecular diagnosis of BPV, which occurs in the etiology of teat papillomas, followed by genotyping and primer generation during characterization. The detection of BPV types and their prevalence, biosafety measures in animal breeding, and the importance of vaccine research are all important.
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7
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Sauthier JT, Daudt C, da Silva FRC, Alves CDBT, Mayer FQ, Bianchi RM, Driemeier D, Streit RSA, Staats CC, Canal CW, Weber MN. The genetic diversity of "papillomavirome" in bovine teat papilloma lesions. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:51. [PMID: 34321106 PMCID: PMC8317299 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Papillomaviruses are small nonenveloped, circular double-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the Papillomaviridae family. To date, 29 Bos taurus papillomavirus (BPV) types have been described. Studies involving mixed BPV infections have rarely been reported in contrast to human papillomavirus (HPV), which is commonly described in numerous studies showing coinfections. Moreover, previous studies had shown that HPV coinfections increase the risk of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we used rolling-circle amplification followed by a high-throughput sequencing (RCA-HTS) approach in 23 teat papillomas from southern Brazil.
Results Eleven well-characterized BPV types and 14 putative new BPV types were genetically characterized into the Xi, Epsilon and Dyoxipapillomavirus genera according to phylogenetic analysis of the L1 gene, which expands the previous 29 BPV types to 43. Moreover, BPV coinfections were detected in the majority (56.3%) of the papilloma lesions analyzed, suggesting a genetic diverse “papillomavirome” in bovine teat warts. Conclusions The data generated in this study support the possibility that a wide range of BPV is probably underdetected by conventional molecular detection tools, and that BPV coinfections are underestimated and probably genetic diverse. Additionally, 14 new BPV types were characterized, increasing the knowledge regarding BPV genetic diversity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00114-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia Geral eParasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Geral eParasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Michel Bianchi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Charley Christian Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Haga T. Anogenital-Associated Papillomaviruses in Animals: Focusing on Bos taurus Papillomaviruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E993. [PMID: 33260814 PMCID: PMC7760238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the diverse studies on human papillomaviruses (HPVs), information on animal PVs associated with anogenital lesions is limited. In the animal kingdom, papillomas occur more commonly in cattle than in any other animals, and diverse types of Bos taurus papillomaviruses (BPVs) exist, including the very recently discovered BPV type 29 (BPV29). From this perspective, we will review previous studies describing PV types associated with anogenitals in animals, with a focus on BPVs. To date, two classical BPV types, classified into Deltapapillomavirus (BPV1 and BPV2) and Dyokappapapillomavirus (BPV22), and two novel Xipapillomaviruses (BPV28 and BPV29) have been identified from anogenital lesions and tissues of the domestic cow. Due to the limited reports describing anogenital-associated PVs in animals, the relationships between their phylogenetic and pathogenetic properties are still undiscovered. Animal studies are valuable not only for the veterinary field but also for human medicine, as animal diseases have been shown to mimic human diseases. Studies of anogenital-associated PVs in animals have a positive impact on various research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Ito S, Ishiyama D, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kasuya F, Haga T. Characterization of Bovine papillomavirus 28 (BPV28) and a novel genotype BPV29 associated with vulval papillomas in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108879. [PMID: 33035817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infections are associated with the development of cutaneous and mucosal tumors in humans and various animal species. In humans, infection of high-risk human PVs (HPVs) causes anogenital cancers, while in animals, anogenital-associated PVs are not well understood. Among animal PVs, Bos taurus PVs (BPVs) have the most diverse genotypes, up to 28 of them. The present study will report two unique BPVs identified in vulval papilloma lesions from two Holstein Friesian cattle by conventional PCR and sequencing. In the first case, BPV28 harboring two L1 open reading frames (ORFs) due to a five-nucleotide deletion was identified. In the second case, histologically diagnosed as papilloma, an unclassified BPV genotype was detected. However, in both cases, the immunohistochemistry against PV antigen was negative. The full genome of the unclassified BPV was amplified by inverse PCR and analyzed by genome-walking sequencing. The L1 nucleotide sequence was most identical to BPV genotype 6 (BPV6), showing 78 % identity, indicating that this novel BPV should be classified as species Xipapillomavirus 1, genotype BPV29. The mRNA expression of three early genes (E1, E2, E10), but not L1, was confirmed in both BPV28- and BPV29-detected papilloma lesions. The present study suggests the involvement of novel types of BPV in vulval papilloma. The alteration of BPV28 pathogenicity due to the frameshift mutation of L1 needs to be elucidated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma Ito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishiyama
- Yachiyo Branch Office, Western Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Kasuya
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Tsuzuki M, Kasuya F, Chang HW, Haga T. Genomic characterization of a novel bovine papillomavirus type 28. Virus Genes 2020; 56:594-599. [PMID: 32638284 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Infection of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has been associated with mucosal and/or cutaneous tumor development in bovids. To date, up to 27 genotypes of BPVs have been identified and classified based on the nucleotide sequence identity of L1 open reading frame. In the present study, the complete sequence of a novel BPV concurrently identified with BPV1 and BPV2 in the facial cutaneous papilloma lesion of a domestic cattle was characterized. The whole genome of the unclassified BPV was 7263 base pairs in full length with GC ratio of 42.9%. In comparison with published BPV sequences, L1 nucleotide sequence of the novel BPV shared 75% identity with BPV15, and was suggested to be classified in the genus, Xipapillomavirus. According to the criteria established by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, the novel BPV was designated as BPV type 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masano Tsuzuki
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Kasuya
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Watanabe S, Shibahara T, Andoh K, Hatama S, Mase M. Production of immunogenic recombinant L1 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 9 causing teat papillomatosis. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1441-1444. [PMID: 32239294 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 9 (BPV9) is a causative agent of severe teat papillomatosis. Considering the lack of efficient BPV culture methods, recombinant proteins such as virus-like particles developed through genetic engineering may serve as a useful tool for developing effective vaccines against BPV infection. In this study, we successfully produced immunogenic particles composed of recombinant L1 protein of BPV9 (rBPV9-L1), using a baculovirus expression system. rBPV9-L1-immunized mice produced BPV9-specific IgG, which did not cross-react with BPV type 6, which is another causative agent of teat papillomatosis. Hence, immunogenic rBPV9-L1 is potentially applicable as a vaccine candidate for teat papillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Watanabe
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Andoh
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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12
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Molecular and pathological characterization of teat papillomatosis in dairy cows in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:369-375. [PMID: 31642003 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Teat papillomatosis is caused by different bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types and is especially important for dairy cows, because it results in severe damage to the health and structure of the mammary gland. This work describes the molecular and pathological aspects of teat papillomatosis in dairy cows in southern Brazil. Samples of teat papillomas were collect from 73 slaughtered dairy cows. Fragments of the lesions were collected in individual pools per animal and subjected to PCR using the FAP primer pair and sequencing of the amplification products. Teats with the remaining lesions were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, routinely processed for histopathology, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Papillomatous lesions were characterized by three macroscopic patterns, namely exophytic (5 [6.9%]), flat (29 [39.7%]), and mixed (39 [53.4%]). Histologically, all samples were identified as squamous papillomas. Partial sequencing of the L1 gene resulted in the detection of 8 classical BPV types (BPVs 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) in 27 samples, 6 previously reported putative BPV types in 17 samples, and 10 putative new BPV types in 15 samples. Four sequences could not be classified, and 10 were negative in the PCR. There was no correlation between the gross pattern and the BPV type identified, and all the samples were characterized by squamous papillomas under histological examination. However, 24 different BPV types were identified, demonstrating high genetic diversity among BPVs associated with teat papillomatosis in dairy cows in southern Brazil.
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Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Koç BT, Akkutay-Yoldar Z, Salar S, Baştan A. Detection and whole genomic characterization of Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 associated with severe mammary cutaneous warts in Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Papilloma viruses (PVs) induce epithelial tumors in their natural hosts. These tumors are located on the mammary gland of cattle; therefore, PVs are considered viral agents with significant effects, both economical and on the animals’ health. Also, knowing the diversity of bovine PV (BPV) and its prevalence in countries worldwide is important to develop optimal diagnostic methods, as well as methods to fight this infection.The aim of the present study was to characterize the full-length genome of BPV 1 as the dominant type circulating among cattle in Turkey. It is the authors’ opinion that the results of this work provide useful information for further studies on the preventative steps that can be taken against BPV infection.
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Genetic characterization of a putative new type of bovine papillomavirus in the Xipapillomavirus 1 species in a Brazilian dairy herd. Virus Genes 2019; 55:682-687. [PMID: 31377921 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, bovine papillomavirus types are divided into five genera, namely, Deltapapillomavirus, Epsilonpapillomavirus, Xipapillomavirus, Dyoxipapillomavirus, and Dyokappapapillomavirus. In the recent decades, the characterization of numerous putative and novel bovine papillomavirus types from cattle in several geographic regions, has revealed the occurrence of a high viral diversity. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a putative new bovine papillomavirus type within species Xipapillomavirus 1 of Xipapillomavirus genus. The detection of the viral types identified in the skin warts was obtained by polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the L1 gene, followed by direct sequencing of the generated amplicons. The partial L1 sequences revealed that bovine papillomavirus types 6, 10, and 11, the putative new bovine papillomavirus type designated BPV/CHI-SW2, and an unreported putative new bovine papillomavirus type (named BPV/BR-UEL08) were associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in the cows from the dairy herd investigated. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the L1 gene revealed that the BPV/BR-UEL08 isolate clustered with other bovine papillomaviruses classified in the Xipapillomavirus genus, being closely related to representatives of the species Xipapillomavirus 1. Investigations focusing on the molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomaviruses related to clinical outcomes in cattle are of fundamental importance to determine the actual genetic diversity and prevalent viral types to be included in vaccines for cattle.
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15
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Roingeard P, Raynal PI, Eymieux S, Blanchard E. Virus detection by transmission electron microscopy: Still useful for diagnosis and a plus for biosafety. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2019. [PMID: 30411832 PMCID: PMC7169071 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the only imaging technique allowing the direct visualization of viruses, due to its nanometer‐scale resolution. Between the 1960s and 1990s, TEM contributed to the discovery of many types of viruses and served as a diagnostic tool for identifying viruses directly in biological samples, either in suspension or in sections of tissues or mammalian cells grown in vitro in contact with clinical samples. The diagnosis of viral infections improved considerably during the 1990s, with the advent of highly sensitive techniques, such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR, rendering TEM obsolete for this purpose. However, the last 20 years have demonstrated the utility of this technique in particular situations, due to its “catch‐all” nature, making diagnosis possible through visualization of the virus, without the need of prior assumptions about the infectious agent sought. Thus, in several major outbreaks in which molecular techniques failed to identify the infectious agent, TEM provided the answer. TEM is also still occasionally used in routine diagnosis to characterize infections not diagnosed by molecular assays. It is also used to check the microbiological safety of biological products. Many biopharmaceuticals are produced in animal cells that might contain little‐known, difficult‐to‐detect viruses. In this context, the “catch‐all” properties of TEM make it possible to document the presence of viruses or virus‐like particles in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Ivan Raynal
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
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16
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Hatama S, Murakami K, Yamamoto S, Kadota K. Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA in calf conjunctival myofibroblastoma. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1544-1548. [PMID: 30158370 PMCID: PMC6207528 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old male Japanese Black calf was referred for the evaluation of a slow-growing
conjunctival mass in the right eye. A superficial keratectomy was performed followed by
recurrence on two occasions. No metastases were found in surrounding tissues.
Histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural investigation revealed that both
the primary and the recurrent lesions were benign, conjunctival, myofibroblastomas.
Interestingly, bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) DNA was detected in both
myofibroblastoma lesions. Archival bovine myofibroblastomas from the vulva and neck were
also analyzed for papillomaviral genomes. BPV-2 DNA was also amplified from these lesions.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a potential causal
relationship between BPV-2 infection and conjunctival myofibroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Nakasorachi NOSAI, 1-5-14 Omachi, Takikawa, Hokkaido 073-0022, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Souya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 8-3 Midorigaoka, Hamatonbetsu, Esashi, Hokkaido 098-5738, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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17
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Ata EB, Mahmoud MAEF, Madboli AA. Molecular detection and immunopathological examination of Deltapapillomavirus 4 in skin and udder of Egyptian cattle. Vet World 2018; 11:915-920. [PMID: 30147259 PMCID: PMC6097563 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.915-920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are the main cause of bovine papillomatosis resulting in cutaneous and/or mucosal benign tumors that could be transformed to malignant ones with marked economic importance, especially in the dairy farms. Molecular, pathological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) diagnosis of bovine papillomatosis cases was conducted to identify and characterize the circulating BPV genotype in some Egyptian governorates. Materials and Methods Wart-like lesions in skin, udder, and teats were collected from 123 infected cases in Giza, Beni Suef, and El Menoufia Governorates, Egypt, during 2016-2017. Pathological and IHC characterization, molecular identification, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis based on the conserved late (L1) gene of the all samples were carried out. Results 89 of the 123 collected samples (72.3%) were positively detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence analysis of the obtained PCR amplicons was identical revealing identification and genotyping of only one type (Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate EGY 2017) with accession number (MG547343) which found to be closely related to the recently detected Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 04_asi_UK (accession no. MF384288.1) and isolate Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 25_equ_CH (accession no. MF384286.1) with 99% nucleotide sequence identity. Histopathological examination revealed severe hyperkeratosis in stratum corneum and acanthosis in most of the cases. These tissue changes were confirmed by the presence of golden brown stained proliferating cell nuclear antigen which was localized intranuclear and perinuclear in other cells using IHC Technique. Conclusion It is the first time to detect and genotype the BPVs in these areas with no record of previous genotyping in the whole country. The obtained results will highlight the importance of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Beshir Ata
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A A Madboli
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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18
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Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, de Carvalho RF, Módolo DG, Thompson CE, Araldi RP, Stocco RC. First detection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in cutaneous wart lesions from ovines. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:939-943. [PMID: 29726097 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study diagnosed cutaneous wart lesions excised from three rams from a sheep farm in São Paulo State, Brazil. Histopathologically, these cases were diagnosed as papilloma. The amplification by PCR, sequencing and bioinformatics analysis showed that all the lesions presented DNA sequences of bovine papillomavirus type 2. This is the first report confirming the detection of BPV2 in papilloma warts from ovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Módolo
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C E Thompson
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R P Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C Stocco
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Production of highly immunogenic virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 6 in silkworm pupae. Vaccine 2017; 35:5878-5882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Dagalp SB, Dogan F, Farzanı TA, Salar S, Bastan A. The genetic diversity of bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) from different papillomatosis cases in dairy cows in Turkey. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1507-1518. [PMID: 28190198 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. In bovines specifically, 13 types of Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are currently described in the literature, although the actual number may be greater than 20. BPV types are classified into four genera based on homology within the genomic regions of the L1 ORF, the most conserved sequence. This study conducted molecular typing of BPV in dairy cows with different papillomatosis cases and investigated the presence of co-infections across distinct BPV types in the same sample. After carrying out PCR using degenerate primers and type specific primers, 35 BPV suspected samples were detected as positive for BPV and these samples were used for typing using sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. This analysis identified BPV-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -9 and -10, new putative types (BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in the 35 BPV-positive samples. In addition, co-infections across different BPV types were widely detected in the BPV-positive samples. This study shows that PCR assays using degenerate primers to amplify partial fragments of the L1 gene followed by sequencing is useful for genotyping BPV. However, results need confirmation using type-specific primers in order to consider co-infections. In addition, this study identified a new putative type (in the same cluster as BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in teat papillomatosis of Turkish dairy cows. The study shows that it is essential to identify BPV types and their prevalence/distribution, and also to determine the clinical consequences of infection for the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seval Bilge Dagalp
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fırat Dogan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | | | - Seckin Salar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bastan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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da Silva FRC, Cibulski SP, Daudt C, Weber MN, Guimarães LLB, Streck AF, Mayer FQ, Roehe PM, Canal CW. Novel Bovine Papillomavirus Type Discovered by Rolling-Circle Amplification Coupled with Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162345. [PMID: 27606703 PMCID: PMC5015974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, fifteen bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types have been identified and classified into four genera: Deltapapillomavirus, Epsilonpapillomavirus, Dyoxipapillomavirus, and Xipapillomavirus. Here, the complete genome sequence of a new BPV type (BPV 04AC14) recovered from a papillomatous lesion is reported. The genome is 7,282 bp in length and exhibits the classic genetic organization and motifs of the members of Papillomaviridae. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses revealed that BPV 04AC14 clusters with members of the Xipapillomavirus genus. The nucleotide sequence of the L1 capsid protein of the novel BPV is closely related to its counterpart, BPV3, with which it shares 79% similarity. These findings suggest that this virus is a new BPV type of the Xipapillomavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio R. C. da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - Samuel P. Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena L. B. Guimarães
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - André F. Streck
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Q. Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular – Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. Roehe
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia – Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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22
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Genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus types, including two putative new types, in teat warts from dairy cattle herds. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1569-77. [PMID: 26997614 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Teat papillomatosis affects dairy cows worldwide. Milking can become difficult due to teat warts, and maintaining affected cows in the herds may diminish economic profit in the dairy industry. Currently, 13 bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types have been fully characterized, and numerous putative BPV types have been identified through partial L1 gene PCR. In order to identify the viral types present in warts on the udders of dairy cows, 40 teat lesions from 24 cows from 13 cattle farms in three States of Brazil were evaluated by PV L1 gene PCR. The warts that were evaluated contained sequences from BPVs 6-10, the putative BPV types BAPV9 and BAPV4, and two unreported putative papillomavirus (PV) types, named BPV/BR-UEL6 and BPV/BR-UEL7. In addition, mixed infections and coinfections were identified, since more than one lesion was observed on the udders of 13 cows. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BPV/BR-UEL6 is closely related to BPVs belonging to the genus Xipapillomavirus, while BPV/BR-UEL7 clustered with the previously reported strains Cervus timorensis and Pudu puda PVs, which represent a putative new PV type, and it was only distantly related to xi-, epsilon-, delta- and dyoxi-PVs. These results provide information that will assist in the understanding of the association of BPVs 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as well as putative BPV types BAPV4 and BAPV9, with mammary papillomatosis. This is the first characterization of putative novel PV types BPV/BR-UEL6 and BPV/BR-UEL7 in teat warts of dairy cows, highlighting the high genetic diversity of BPVs associated with teat papillomatosis.
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23
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Savini F, Gallina L, Alberti A, Müller M, Scagliarini A. Bovine papillomavirus type 7 in Italy: complete genomes and sequence variants. Virus Genes 2016; 52:253-60. [PMID: 26837892 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two novel bovine papillomavirus type 7 (BPV-7) variants have been identified in teat cutaneous papillomas affecting dairy cows in northern Italy. The entire genome sequences of two BPV-7 Italian variants showed major sequence differences in the long control region (LCR) and in the L2 gene compared to the Japanese reference strain. In order to define the stability of these genetic variants, the L2 and LCR sequences of seven further BPV-7 positive isolates were characterized. An insertion of six amino acids in the L2 structural protein has been detected in all samples while different genetic variants have been identified for the LCR. These findings provide new insights on intra-type variability of BPVs and represent a starting point for future studies aimed at establishing the biological role of the different BPV genomic regions and investigating the pathogenic potential of papillomavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Martin Müller
- Infections and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), F035, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Mutagenic Potential ofBos taurus Papillomavirus Type 1 E6 Recombinant Protein: First Description. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:806361. [PMID: 26783529 PMCID: PMC4689895 DOI: 10.1155/2015/806361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is considered a useful model to study HPV oncogenic process. BPV interacts with the host chromatin, resulting in DNA damage, which is attributed to E5, E6, and E7 viral oncoproteins activity. However, the oncogenic mechanisms of BPV E6 oncoprotein per se remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic potential of Bos taurus papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E6 recombinant oncoprotein by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMNA) and comet assay (CA). Peripheral blood samples of five calves were collected. Samples were subjected to molecular diagnosis, which did not reveal presence of BPV sequences. Samples were treated with 1 μg/mL of BPV-1 E6 oncoprotein and 50 μg/mL of cyclophosphamide (positive control). Negative controls were not submitted to any treatment. The samples were submitted to the CBMNA and CA. The results showed that BPV E6 oncoprotein induces clastogenesis per se, which is indicative of genomic instability. These results allowed better understanding the mechanism of cancer promotion associated with the BPV E6 oncoprotein and revealed that this oncoprotein can induce carcinogenesis per se. E6 recombinant oncoprotein has been suggested as a possible vaccine candidate. Results pointed out that BPV E6 recombinant oncoprotein modifications are required to use it as vaccine.
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25
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Grindatto A, Ferraro G, Varello K, Crescio MI, Miceli I, Bozzetta E, Goria M, Nappi R. Molecular and histological characterization of bovine papillomavirus in North West Italy. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:113-7. [PMID: 26315772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are group of worldwide-spread DNA virus that infect primarily cattle determining diseases of considerable economic relevance. Recently, research on BPVs, received a great impulse owing to the development of specific biomolecular analysis, mostly based on L1 gene sequencing, that resulted in the identification of new viral types. This work is aimed at the identification and molecular and histopathological characterization of BPVs circulating in North West Italy, one of the main national cattle breeding areas. In this study, 71 bioptic specimens were submitted both to histological examination and to PCR and sequencing analysis. Histopathology revealed various lesion types; however, no connections were demonstrated between involved viral types and histopathological findings. BPV DNA was demonstrated in all the analyzed samples and several viral types were detected. Particularly, molecular investigations revealed a broad diffusion of highly pathogenic BPV1 and 2 Deltapapillomavirus and presence of BPV3 and 9 Xipapillomavirus. Two cases of co-infection were also demonstrated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed presence of different clusters and therefore a noteworthy genetic variety among the analyzed viral types. This study provides information on the main BPVs types in North West Italy and our results demonstrate the complexity of viral epidemiology which is characterized by circulation of multiple viral types even inside single herds. Knowledge of the prevalence and of the variety of BPVs is a milestone for the development of appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grindatto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ferraro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Ines Crescio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Miceli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Goria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nappi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
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26
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Kawauchi K, Takahashi C, Ishihara R, Hatama S. Development of a novel PCR-RFLP assay for improved detection and typing of bovine papillomaviruses. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:23-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Araldi RP, Giovanni DNS, Melo TC, Diniz N, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Sant'Ana TA, Carvalho RF, Beçak W, Stocco RC. Bovine papillomavirus isolation by ultracentrifugation. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:119-24. [PMID: 25102429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, which causes significant economic losses to livestock, characterized by the presence of papillomas that regress spontaneously or persist and progress to malignancy. Currently, there are 13 types of BPVs described in the literature as well as 32 putative new types. This study aimed to isolate viral particles of BPV from skin papillomas, using a novel viral isolation method. The virus types were previously identified with new primers designed. 77 cutaneous papilloma samples of 27 animals, Simmental breed, were surgically removed. The DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR using Delta-Epsilon and Xi primers. The bands were purified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using software and compared to the GenBank database, by BLAST tool. The viral typing showed a prevalence of BPV-2 in 81.81% of samples. It was also detected the presence of the putative new virus type BR/UEL2 in one sample. Virus isolation was performed by ultracentrifugation in a single density of cesium chloride. The method of virus isolation is less laborious than those previously described, allowing the isolation of complete virus particles of BPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - D N S Giovanni
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - T C Melo
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Leitão da Cunha, R. Botucatu, 740, São Paulo 04023-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - N Diniz
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - J Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - T A Sant'Ana
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - R F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - W Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Av. Silvio Américo Sasdelli, 1842, Vila A, Ed. Comercial Lorivo, Foz do Iguaçú 85866-000, PR, Brazil.
| | - R C Stocco
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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He Z, Meng Q, Qiao J, Peng Y, Xie K, Liu Y, Cai X, Zhang J, Chen C. Mixed Nipple Infections Caused by Variant of BPV3 and a Putative New Subtype of BPV in Cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e140-3. [PMID: 24894388 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papilloma is a chronic and proliferative skin and mucosal wart caused by Bovine papillomavirus (BPV). In June, 2013, a leaf-and flat-shaped wart disease was observed on the nipple skins in a cattle farm in Xinjiang. To diagnose the disease, we collected the diseased skins for pathological biopsy and DNA analysis by PCR amplification using a pair of degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the infection was caused by a variant of BPV3 and putatively a new subtype of BPV (BPV/CHI-SW1, belonging to the Xi papillomavirus genus). This is the first report of mixed infection caused by variant of BPV3 and BPV (putatively new subtype) in China, and would be of importance for the molecular epidemiological study of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Q Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - J Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Y Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - K Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Y Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - X Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Zhang
- Veterinary Station of Shawan County, Xinjiang, China
| | - C Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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29
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Tozato CC, Lunardi M, Alfieri AF, Otonel RAA, Di Santis GW, de Alcântara BK, Headley SA, Alfieri AA. Teat papillomatosis associated with bovine papillomavirus types 6, 7, 9, and 10 in dairy cattle from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:905-9. [PMID: 24516429 PMCID: PMC3910210 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the clinical, histopathological, and virological characterization of teat papillomatosis from Brazilian dairy cattle herds. Four types of bovine papillomavirus were identified (BPV6, 7, 9, and 10); one of these (BPV7) is being detected for the first time in Brazilian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Tozato
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Michele Lunardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alice F Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Otonel
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Giovana W Di Santis
- Laboratório de Patologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Brígida K de Alcântara
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Selwyn A Headley
- Laboratório de Patologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amauri A Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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30
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Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. Bovine papillomavirus: opening new trends for comparative pathology. Arch Virol 2013; 159:191-8. [PMID: 23929231 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For many years, research on bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has contributed to the understanding of papillomavirus-induced pathology in humans and animals. The present review shows how recent studies on BPV keep providing evidence concerning key points in viral infection, such as the expression of viral proteins in lymphocytes and the occurrence of productive infections of the placenta. Studies on BPV-induced tumours also provide important information concerning the mechanisms of oncogenesis and immune evasion, as in the cases of connexin 43 down-regulation with loss of intercellular gap junctions and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) down-regulation in equine sarcoids. The biological functions of viral proteins are also being further clarified, as in the case of E2, which was recently shown to load BPV genomes into host chromosomes during the S phase, a process mediated by the ChlR1 protein. In the near future, the ongoing efforts to characterize and classify additional emerging BPV types are likely to broaden even further the possibilities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering (LEPAE), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal,
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31
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Molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomatosis and the identification of a putative new virus type in Brazilian cattle. Vet J 2013; 197:368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Bovine papillomavirus in Brazil: detection of coinfection of unusual types by a PCR-RFLP method. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:270898. [PMID: 23865043 PMCID: PMC3705948 DOI: 10.1155/2013/270898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is recognized as a causal agent of benign and malignant tumors in cattle. Thirteen types of BPV are currently characterized and classified into three distinct genera, associated with different pathological outcomes. The described BPV types as well as other putative ones have been demonstrated by molecular biology methods, mainly by the employment of degenerated PCR primers. Specifically, divergences in the nucleotide sequence of the L1 gene are useful for the identification and classification of new papillomavirus types. On the present work, a method based on the PCR-RFLP technique and DNA sequencing was evaluated as a screening tool, allowing for the detection of two relatively rare types of BPV in lesions samples from a six-year-old Holstein dairy cow, chronically affected with cutaneous papillomatosis. These findings point to the dissemination of BPVs with unclear pathogenic potential, since two relatively rare, new described BPV types, which were first characterized in Japan, were also detected in Brazil.
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33
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Silva MAR, Batista MVA, Pontes NE, Santos EUD, Coutinho LCA, Castro RS, Balbino VQ, Freitas AC. Comparison of two PCR strategies for the detection of bovine papillomavirus. J Virol Methods 2013; 192:55-8. [PMID: 23669103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a diverse group of double-stranded DNA oncogenic viruses, which have been detected in epithelial lesions and body fluids. Most studies of BPV infection rely on a single method for DNA detection; however the use of any single method or technique may underestimate the true prevalence of this virus. The purpose of this study was to compare two PCR strategies for the detection of BPV in skin lesions and fluids: these involve the use of BPV type-specific and consensus primers. Seventy-two cutaneous lesions, 57 blood samples and 59 semen samples were collected. PCR was used with the FAP consensus primers and BPV type-specific primers (for BPVs 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10), along with sequencing assays, to detect the BPV types. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by means of the maximum likelihood method. It was found that both FAP and BPV type-specific primer sets could amplify BPV types of DNA in skin lesions, blood and semen samples. However, the BPV type-specific primers were more sensitive than the consensus primers and were able to detect co-infection of BPV in the samples. The consensus primers amplified five BPV types and were more suitable for detecting new putative BPV types. Thus, account should be taken of both PCR primer systems to identify co-infection, the presence of novel viruses, and avoid false-negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740521 Pernambuco, Brazil.
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34
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Hatama S, Ishihara R, Ueda Y, Kanno T, Uchida I. Detection of a novel bovine papillomavirus type 11 (BPV-11) using xipapillomavirus consensus polymerase chain reaction primers. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1281-5. [PMID: 21424729 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction-based bovine papillomavirus (BPV) detection methods using a combination of two primer sets, subAup/subAdw and subBup/subBdw, have enabled the broad-spectrum detection of most characterized BPV types. These methods were used to detect the partial L1 nucleotide sequence of BPV types from 167 cutaneous warts in cattle. Three potentially new viruses were detected using subBup/subBdw primer sets. The partial nucleotide sequences of these viruses were most similar to BPV-4, -6 and -9. Whole genome sequencing of one sample defines a new BPV type in the genus Xipapillomavirus, designated BPV-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, 062-0045, Japan.
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35
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Bovine papillomavirus type 9 induces epithelial papillomas on the teat skin of heifers. Vet Microbiol 2009; 136:347-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Viruses are very small and most of them can be seen only by TEM (transmission electron microscopy). TEM has therefore made a major contribution to virology, including the discovery of many viruses, the diagnosis of various viral infections and fundamental investigations of virus-host cell interactions. However, TEM has gradually been replaced by more sensitive methods, such as the PCR. In research, new imaging techniques for fluorescence light microscopy have supplanted TEM, making it possible to study live cells and dynamic interactions between viruses and the cellular machinery. Nevertheless, TEM remains essential for certain aspects of virology. It is very useful for the initial identification of unknown viral agents in particular outbreaks, and is recommended by regulatory agencies for investigation of the viral safety of biological products and/or the cells used to produce them. In research, only TEM has a resolution sufficiently high for discrimination between aggregated viral proteins and structured viral particles. Recent examples of different viral assembly models illustrate the value of TEM for improving our understanding of virus-cell interactions.
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Ogawa S, Shibahara T, Sano A, Kadota K, Kubo M. Generalized hyperkeratosis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in a Japanese Black calf. J Comp Pathol 2008; 138:145-50. [PMID: 18295781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 6-month-old Japanese Black female calf became gradually emaciated over a 40-day period and was humanely killed. At necropsy, hyperkeratotic nodules were seen to have spread over almost the entire body surface. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was isolated from the skin and identified morphologically and by gene sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of large subunit ribosomal RNA. Numerous periodic acid-Schiff-positive, lemon-shaped conidia were detected histologically in the keratinized layer and the hair follicles. The distribution of the fungal elements in the skin corresponded to that of the hyperkeratotic lesions. This is the first report of a disease caused by S. brevicaulis in animals. Previously reported human infections have not included generalized hyperkeratosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ogawa
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Akita Prefecture, 1-15-5 Hirune, Terauchi, Akita 011-0904
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Hatama S, Nobumoto K, Kanno T. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of two novel bovine papillomaviruses, BPV-9 and BPV-10. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:158-163. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types, BPV-1–8, have been classified, based on genome nucleotide sequence similarities, in the genera Deltapapillomavirus (BPV-1 and -2), Epsilonpapillomavirus (BPV-5 and -8), Xipapillomavirus (BPV-3, -4 and -6) and an unassigned genus (BPV-7). We report here the complete genome sequence of two new BPV types isolated from separate epithelial squamous papilloma lesions on cattle teats. The genomes are 7303 and 7399 bp in length, respectively, and both have genetic organization and consensus motifs typical of papillomaviruses. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed that both viruses cluster with BPV-3, -4 and -6. Nucleotide sequence identities of the BPV L1 major capsid protein of these two new BPVs with BPV-3, their closest relative, are 74.2 and 71.2 %, respectively. These results suggest that both viruses are new BPV types in the genus Xipapillomavirus, and they are designated BPV-9 and BPV-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Nobumoto
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishi, Obihiro 089-1182, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
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