1
|
Aliter KF, Al-Horani RA. Thrombin Inhibition by Argatroban: Potential Therapeutic Benefits in COVID-19. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:195-203. [PMID: 32870433 PMCID: PMC7459262 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease with multiple physiological functions. Its role in coagulation and thrombosis is well-established. Nevertheless, thrombin also plays a major role in inflammation by activating protease-activated receptors. In addition, thrombin is also involved in angiogenesis, fibrosis, and viral infections. Considering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 pandemic, thrombin inhibitors may exert multiple potential therapeutic benefits including antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In this review, we describe the clinical features of COVID-19, the thrombin’s roles in various pathologies, and the potential of argatroban in COVID-19 patients. Argatroban is a synthetic, small molecule, direct, competitive, and selective inhibitor of thrombin. It is approved to parenterally prevent and/or treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in addition to other thrombotic conditions. Argatroban also possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities and has a well-established pharmacokinetics profile. It also appears to lack a significant risk of drug–drug interactions with therapeutics currently being evaluated for COVID-19. Thus, argatroban presents a substantial promise in treating severe cases of COVID-19; however, this promise is yet to be established in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud F Aliter
- Department of Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125-1089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi F, Li Q, Liu S, Liu F, Wang J, Cui D, Hou X, Zhou S, Zhang Y, Li H. Porcine circovirus type 2 upregulates endothelial-derived IL-8 production in porcine iliac artery endothelial cells via the RIG-I/MDA-5/MAVS/JNK signaling pathway. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:265. [PMID: 32727484 PMCID: PMC7392700 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of endothelial cells and vascular system is one of the most important pathological changes of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PCV2-infected endothelial cells can upregulate the production of endothelial-derived IL-8, which can inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells. Endothelial-derived IL-8 has different structural and biological characteristics compared with monocyte-derived IL-8. However, the mechanism of endothelial-derived IL-8 production is still unclear. Results Key molecules of RIG-I-like signaling pathway RIG-I, MDA-5, MAVS and a key molecule of JNK signaling pathway c-Jun in PCV2-infected porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs) were upregulated significantly detected with quantitative PCR, Western blot and fluorescence confocal microscopy, while no significant changes were found in NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the expression of endothelial-derived IL-8 was downregulated after RIG-I, MDA-5, or MAVS genes in PIECs were knocked down and PIECs were treated by JNK inhibitor. Conclusions PCV2 can activate RIG-I/MDA-5/MAVS/JNK signaling pathway to induce the production of endothelial-derived IL-8 in PIECs, which provides an insight into the further study of endothelial dysfunction and vascular system disorder caused by PCV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Qiuming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Fengying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Defeng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China.
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rajesh JB, Rajkhowa S, Dimri U, Prasad H, Mohan NH, Hmar L, Sarma K, Chethan GE, Behera P, Jaganmohanarao G, Behera S, Zosangpuii. Haemato-biochemical alterations and oxidative stress associated with naturally occurring porcine circovirus2 infection in pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2243-2250. [PMID: 32125595 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus2 (PCV2) infection in pigs is one of the major causes of economic loss to the farmers in terms of low production, slow growth and increase post-weaning mortality rate. The effect of PCV2 infection on haemogram, serum biochemical profile and oxidant/anti-oxidant status is not well established in pigs. In the present study, haemogram, serum biochemical profile and oxidant/anti-oxidant status were assessed in pigs confirmed positive for PCV2 infections as evidenced by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (n = 151) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 42) among a total of 306 number of pigs included in the study. Non-infected healthy pigs (n = 6) served as healthy control. The total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC) and thrombocyte count were measured. The levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and glucose and enzymes viz. alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Oxidative stress indicators such as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total anti-oxidant activity (TAOA) were measured using commercially available kits. The mean values of TLC, lymphocytes and thrombocyte count were significantly (P < 0.05) low in PCV2-infected pigs. The levels of globulin, AST, GGT, BUN and creatinine were significantly increased (P < 0.05) whereas levels of albumin and glucose significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in PCV2-infected pigs. The significant increase (P < 0.05) in MDA level and significant decrease (P < 0.05) in TAOA level were noticed in PCV2-infected animals as compared with healthy control. The present study supports immunosuppression, possible multiple organ damage and oxidative stress associated with naturally occurring PCV2 infection in pigs. Timely vaccination and managemental practices can reduce PCV2 infection in farms. In spite of many research studies, there is still paucity of detailed systemic study on haemato-biochemical alteration and oxidative stress associated with PCV2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Rajesh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India.
| | - S Rajkhowa
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - U Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Council for Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - H Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - N H Mohan
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - L Hmar
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - K Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - G E Chethan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - P Behera
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - G Jaganmohanarao
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - S Behera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - Zosangpuii
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Li Q, Qiao J, Wang J, Cui D, Gu K, Zhou S, Li H. Endothelial IL-8 induced by porcine circovirus type 2 affects dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function. Virol J 2019; 16:154. [PMID: 31831027 PMCID: PMC6909562 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus (PCV) disease caused by PCV type 2 (PCV2) is mainly attributed to immunosuppression and immune damage. PCV2 can infect vascular endothelial cells and induce high expression of endothelial IL-8. Dendritic cells (DCs), as professional antigen-presenting cells, can not only present antigens but also activate naïve T-cells, causing an immune response. Methods To demonstrate whether endothelial IL-8 is the main factor inhibiting the maturation and related functions of dendritic cells during PCV2 infection, monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs) processed by different methods were co-cultured in two ways. Flow cytometry, molecular probe labeling, fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the MTS assay were used to detect the changes in related functions and molecules of MoDCs. Results Compared to those in the PIEC-DC group, the endothelial IL-8 upregulation co-culture group showed significantly lower double-positive rates for CD80/86 and MHC-II of MoDCs and significantly increased endocytosis of MoDCs. Meanwhile, the adhesion rate and average fluorescence intensity of MoDCs were significantly downregulated in migration and adhesion experiments. Furthermore, the MHC-I and LAMP7 mRNA levels in MoDCs and the proliferation of MoDC-stimulated T-cells were markedly reduced. However, the changes in MoDCs of the endothelial IL-8 downregulation co-culture group were the opposite. Conclusions PCV2-induced endothelial IL-8 reduces the adhesion and migration ability of MoDCs, resulting in a decreased maturation rate of MoDCs, and further inhibits antigen presentation by DCs. These results may explain the immunosuppressive mechanism of PCV2 from the perspective of the interaction between endothelial cells and DCs in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiuming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jinzeng Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Defeng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kewei Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang N, Qiao J, Liu S, Zou Z, Zhu L, Liu X, Zhou S, Li H. Change in the immune function of porcine iliac artery endothelial cells infected with porcine circovirus type 2 and its inhibition on monocyte derived dendritic cells maturation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186775. [PMID: 29073194 PMCID: PMC5658068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease is caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, which targets iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs); it leads to severe immunopathologies and is associated with major economic losses in the porcine industry. Here, we report that in vitro PCV2 infection of PIECs causes cell injury, which affects DC function as well as adaptive immunity. Specifically, PCV2 infection downregulated PIEC antigen-presenting molecule expression, upregulated cytokines involved in the immune and inflammatory response causing cell damage and repair, and altered the migratory capacity of PIECs. In addition, PCV2-infected PIECs inhibited DC maturation, enhanced the endocytic ability of DCs, and weakened the stimulatory effect of DCs on T lymphocytes. Together, these findings indicate that profound functional impairment of DCs in the presence of PCV2-infected PIECs may be a potential pathogenic mechanism associated with PCV2-induced porcine disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Jinzeng Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Zhanming Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SZ)
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SZ)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marks FS, Almeida LL, Driemeier D, Canal C, Barcellos DESN, Guimarães JA, Reck J. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) increases the expression of endothelial adhesion/junction molecules. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:870-875. [PMID: 27522934 PMCID: PMC5052378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus disease, a complex multisystem syndrome in domestic pigs. Despite the significant economic losses caused by porcine circovirus disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the clinical findings remain largely unclear. As various reports have highlighted the potential key role of vascular lesions in the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus disease, the aim of this work was to investigate effects of PCV2 infection on vascular endothelial cells, focusing on cell viability and expression of adhesion/junction molecules. PCV2 infection reduced endothelial cell viability, while viral infection did not affected the viability of several other classical cell lines. Also, PCV2 infection in endothelial cells displayed a dual/biphasic effect: initially, infection increased ICAM-1 expression, which can favor leukocyte recruitment and emigration to tissues and possibly inducing characteristic porcine circovirus disease inflammatory lesions; then, secondarily, infection caused an increase in zonula occludens 1 tight junction protein (ZO-1) expression, which in turn can result in difficulties for cell traffic across the endothelium and a potential impairment the immune response in peripheral tissues. These virus-induced endothelial changes could directly impact the inflammatory process of porcine circovirus disease and associated vascular/immune system disturbances. Data suggest that, among the wide range of effects induced by PCV2 on the host, endothelial modulation can be a pivotal process which can help to explain PCV2 pathogenesis in some porcine circovirus disease presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura L Almeida
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David E S N Barcellos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qin Y, Li H, Qiao J. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway regulates IL-8 production in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus 2. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:445-452. [PMID: 26581603 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haihua Li
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
| | - Jiayun Qiao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Resendes AR, Segalés J. Characterization of vascular lesions in pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:497-504. [PMID: 24963088 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814540542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular lesions and their association with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were evaluated in multiple organs from 10 pigs affected with PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). Animals had vascular lesions in multiple organs, consisting of lymphohistiocytic lymphangitis and/or phlebitis, mild to severe necrotizing arteritis, and thrombosis within splenic arterioles and choroid plexus capillaries. Variable amounts of PCV2 nucleic acid detected by in situ hybridization were present within endothelial cells, tunica media myocytes, and perivascular and/or intralesional inflammatory cell infiltrates. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected within endothelial cells of both lymphatic and blood vessels without lesions in the associated tissues. Necrotizing arteritis was principally present in lymph nodes and kidney and consisted of degeneration, necrosis, and pyknosis of myocytes, often with intracytoplasmic, brightly eosinophilic inclusion bodies that were strongly positive for PCV2 nucleic acid. Segmental or circumferential fibrinoid necrosis was mainly present in vessels of the lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus and was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. Severe lymphangitis associated with strong intralesional PCV2 labeling was frequently detected within the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lamina propria of the ileum. In most tissues, medium and large lymphatics and/or veins often had disruption of the intima and mild mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration that was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. The present study indicates that vasculitis is a frequent finding in natural cases of PCV2-SD and that PCV2 may have a direct cytopathic effect on tunica media myocytes of small- and medium-sized arteries as well as endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Resendes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Department de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zlotowski P, Pavarini SP, Bandinelli MB, Langohr IM, Driemeier D. Paralysis in pigs with spinal cord injury due to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) infection. Vet Rec 2013; 172:637. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zlotowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); College of Veterinary Medicine; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - S. P. Pavarini
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); College of Veterinary Medicine; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - M. B. Bandinelli
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); College of Veterinary Medicine; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - I. M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Michigan; Michigan State University; Michigan Michigan USA
| | - D. Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; UFRGS; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 Porto Alegre RS 91540-000 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Opriessnig T, Langohr I. Current State of Knowledge on Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Associated Lesions. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:23-38. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812450726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a small single-stranded DNA virus, was initially discovered in 1998 and is highly prevalent in the domestic pig population. Disease manifestations associated with PCV2 include postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS), enteric disease, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure. Although these clinical manifestations involve different organ systems, there is considerable overlap in clinical expression of disease and presence of lesions between pigs and within herds. It is now widely accepted that PCV2 can be further subdivided into different types, of which PCV2a and PCV2b are present worldwide and of greatest importance. This review will focus on PCV2-associated lesions in different organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - I. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Szeredi L, Dán A, Solymosi N, Cságola A, Tuboly T. Association of porcine circovirus type 2 with vascular lesions in porcine pneumonia. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:264-70. [PMID: 21551427 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811406888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the vasculature in porcine circovirus type 2-infected (PCV2-infected) lungs and to identify the PCV2 subtypes involved in porcine pneumonia. Pulmonary samples from 140 pigs, 2 weeks to 7 months of age, from 36 Hungarian commercial herds with clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined for the presence of respiratory pathogens, with bacterial culture, pathologic evaluation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV2, porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, and swine influenza virus. PCV2 was the most commonly identified pathogen (49 cases) among the 74 of 140 cases (53%) with respiratory pathogens. PCV2 was detected immunohistochemically in the wall of 13% to 100% of pulmonary vessels (mean, 89%) in 38 of 49 cases (78%). Detection of PCV2 antigen was positively correlated with the presence of vascular lesions (P < .001, odds ratio [OR]: 159.54). Other pathogens capable of vascular injury in swine were found in 29 of 49 of the PCV2-positive cases (59%). The probability of detecting vascular lesions in PCV2-infected lung was higher than in infection with porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (P < .002, OR: 14.63), Pasteurella multocida infection (P < .001, OR: 5.75), or Streptococcus spp. infection (not significant, OR: 1.45). Sequence analysis of open reading frame 2 amplicons was possible in 6 PCV2-positive cases, from which 5 cases proved to be PCV2b subtype and 1 case, PCV2a subtype. In conclusion, PCV2 antigen was commonly colocalized with pulmonary vascular lesions in pneumonia in Hungarian swine, and PCV2b was the dominant subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Szeredi
- Central Agricultural Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1149, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Galindo-Cardiel I, Grau-Roma L, Pérez-Maíllo M, Segalés J. Characterization of necrotizing lymphadenitis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. J Comp Pathol 2010; 144:63-9. [PMID: 20708744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing lymphadenitis is observed in approximately 2% of pigs affected by post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The pathogenesis of the lesion has been linked to apoptosis induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The aim of the present study was to gain further insights into PCV2-associated lymphoid necrosis in pigs with PMWS. Three groups of animals were studied: (1) PMWS-affected pigs with necrotizing lymphadenitis (n=5), (2) PMWS-affected pigs without necrotizing lymphadenitis (n=5) and (3) healthy pigs with no PMWS-related lesions (n=5). Investigations performed included immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and von Willebrand factor, Mallory's staining for fibrin and in-situ hybridization for detection of the PCV2 genome. The results of the study suggested that lymphoid necrosis in PMWS-affected pigs may be related to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of high endothelial venules (HEVs). The mechanism underlying these changes in HEVs was not clearly defined, but necrotizing lymphadenitis in pigs with PMWS may develop following vascular damage with thrombosis and subsequent follicular necrosis. Apoptosis was not found to be involved in lymphocyte depletion in PMWS or in PMWS-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Galindo-Cardiel
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|