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Toquet M, Gómez-Martín Á, Bataller E. Review of the bacterial composition of healthy milk, mastitis milk and colostrum in small ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:1-5. [PMID: 34358776 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the cause of many reproductive disorders of economic importance, such as mastitis, in livestock. Unfortunately, very little is known about the microbiota and the changes occurring during an infection state in small ruminants. The sequencing of regions of the 16S rRNA gene, is the useful tool to describe the whole dairy microbiome. Using this technique, studies have identified various phyla such as Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Cyanobacteria; and also several genera from raw milk of small ruminants. Nevertheless, there does not seem to be a consensus on the predominant genera nor phyla, even within the same breed. There is a lack of information about the mammary microflora in meat-oriented breeds, and about the microflora of colostrum and mastitis milk. Further studies comparing the microbiota between artificial and natural lactations and between healthy and mastitis milk are necessary. Considering the concerns arising from the use overuse of antibiotic therapy in Veterinary Medicine, it would be interesting to develop alternative strategies for the control of mastitis. Probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), have proven to be an interesting antibiotic-free strategy. Therefore, their presence in the dairy microflora of small ruminants and their interactions with other bacteria, such as mastitis-causing pathogens, should be scrutinized, given that the efficacy of probiotics increase when the bacterial strains used are specific to their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Toquet
- Grupo de investigación Agentes Microbiológicos Asociados a la Reproduccion (ProVaginBIO), Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Grupo de investigación Agentes Microbiológicos Asociados a la Reproduccion (ProVaginBIO), Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Grupo de investigación Agentes Microbiológicos Asociados a la Reproduccion (ProVaginBIO), Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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Optimization of Preservation Methods Allows Deeper Insights into Changes of Raw Milk Microbiota. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030368. [PMID: 32151050 PMCID: PMC7142718 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal instability of raw milk microbiota drastically affects the reliability of microbiome studies. However, little is known about the microbial integrity in preserved samples. Raw cow milk samples were preserved with azidiol or bronopol and stored at 4 °C, or with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or a mixture of azidiol and DMSO and stored at −20 °C for up to 30 days. Aliquots of 5-, 10-, and 30-day post-storage were treated with propidium monoazide (PMA), then analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 and V6-V8 regions. The V6-V8 gave a higher richness and lower diversity than the V3-V4 region. After 5-day storage at 4 °C, the microbiota of unpreserved samples was characterized by a drastic decrease in diversity, and a significant shift in community structure. The treatment with azidiol and DMSO conferred the best community stabilization in preserved raw milk. Interestingly, the azidiol treatment performed as well for up to 10 days, thus appearing as a suitable alternative. However, neither azidiol nor bronopol could minimize fungal proliferation as revealed by PMA-qPCR assays. This study demonstrates the preservative ability of a mixture of azidiol and DMSO and provides deeper insights into the microbial changes occurring during the cold storage of preserved raw milk.
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Hahne J, Isele D, Berning J, Lipski A. The contribution of fast growing, psychrotrophic microorganisms on biodiversity of refrigerated raw cow's milk with high bacterial counts and their food spoilage potential. Food Microbiol 2019; 79:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lin Y, Jiang J, Zhang J, You W, Hu Q. Development of a TaqMan real-time PCR for detection of the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lin Y, Jiang J, Zhang J, You W, Hu Q. Development of a TaqMan real-time PCR for detection of the Mycoplasma mycoidessubsp. capri. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tardy F, Treilles M, Gay E, Ambroset C, Tricot A, Maingourd C, Vialard J, Le Grand D. Contagious agalactia monitoring in caprine herds through regular bulk tank milk sampling. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5379-5388. [PMID: 30981487 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance and control of Mycoplasma spp. responsible for contagious agalactia (CA) in caprine herds are important challenges in countries with a large small-ruminant dairy industry. In the absence of any clinical signs, being able to determine the potential circulation of mycoplasmas within a herd could help to prevent biosecurity issues during animal exchanges between farms and improve health management practices. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular sampling of bulk tank milk was suitable for such surveillance. Twenty farms were sampled once a month for 2 yr and CA-responsible mycoplasmas were detected by real-time PCR on DNA extracted from milk, using 3 different DNA extraction methods. The pattern of mycoplasma excretion in bulk tank milk was assessed over time and several herd characteristics were recorded together with any event occurring within the herds. In general, the results obtained with the different detection methods were comparable and mainly agreed with the culture results. Several patterns of excretion were observed but were not related to herd characteristics (size, breed, and so on). Recurrence of the same (sub)species and same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtype during the 2-yr period is indicative of the considerable persistence of mycoplasmas. This persistence was associated with intermittent excretion. In conclusion, bulk tank milk sampling could be valuable for controlling CA in caprine herds provided it is repeated several times, yet to be defined, per year and analyzed using an appropriate methodology and the right cut-off for interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tardy
- Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon, France; VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Université de Lyon, F-69280, Marcy-L'étoile, France.
| | - M Treilles
- Laboratoire QUALYSE, ZAE Montplaisir, F-79220 Champdeniers-St Denis, France
| | - E Gay
- Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie et appui à la Surveillance, ANSES, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon, France
| | - C Ambroset
- Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon, France; VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Université de Lyon, F-69280, Marcy-L'étoile, France
| | - A Tricot
- Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon, France; VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Université de Lyon, F-69280, Marcy-L'étoile, France
| | - C Maingourd
- Laboratoire QUALYSE, ZAE Montplaisir, F-79220 Champdeniers-St Denis, France
| | - J Vialard
- Laboratoire de Niort, ANSES, F-79024, Niort, France
| | - D Le Grand
- Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon, France; VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Université de Lyon, F-69280, Marcy-L'étoile, France
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Olaogun OM, Kanci A, Barber SR, Tivendale KA, Markham PF, Marenda MS, Browning GF. Survey of Victorian small ruminant herds for mycoplasmas associated with contagious agalactia and molecular characterisation of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri isolates from one herd. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:392-400. [PMID: 28948623 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regarded as one of the most expensive production diseases of dairy sheep and goats, contagious agalactia (CA) is caused by any of four agents: Mycoplasma agalactiae, M. mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc), M. capricolum subspecies capricolum (Mcc) and M. putrefaciens. Although CA is worldwide in distribution, it has not been reported in Australia, even though studies between the 1950s and 1980s isolated each agent from sheep or goats without any clinical signs associated with it. The aim of this study was to examine sheep and goats in Victoria, Australia, for the presence of CA-associated mycoplasmas and to investigate the evolutionary relationships of these isolates by comparing their genetic differences with their counterparts from other parts of the world. METHODS A 3-year epidemiological survey of small ruminant populations in Victoria, Australia, was conducted for the presence of CA-associated mycoplasmas and the isolates obtained were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS Mmc was the only CA-associated agent isolated from the 1358 samples analysed in the study, but was not associated with CA on the property where it was found. MLST analyses of Mmc strains revealed a distinct clustering of Australian isolates into a novel clade, with the closest relatives being strains from Europe. The distinct clustering is consistent with the absence of clinical disease in Australia. CONCLUSION The isolation of Mmc indicates that this subspecies persists in Australian small ruminant populations. However, full genome sequencing and in vitro animal experimentation are needed to unequivocally demonstrate the avirulence of Australian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Olaogun
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A Kanci
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S R Barber
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M S Marenda
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Foddai AC, Grant IR. An optimised milk testing protocol to ensure accurate enumeration of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by the PMS-phage assay. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Paterna A, Contreras A, Gómez-Martín A, Amores J, Tatay-Dualde J, Prats-van der Ham M, Corrales J, Sánchez A, De la Fe C. The diagnosis of mastitis and contagious agalactia in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kumar A, Rahal A, Chakraborty S, Verma AK, Dhama K. Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:286752. [PMID: 25097796 PMCID: PMC4109668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis of M. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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Gómez-Martín A, Amores J, Paterna A, De la Fe C. Contagious agalactia due to Mycoplasma spp. in small dairy ruminants: epidemiology and prospects for diagnosis and control. Vet J 2013; 198:48-56. [PMID: 23759248 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious disease of small dairy ruminants that has a substantial economic impact on the goat and sheep milk industries. The main aetiological agent of the disease is Mycoplasma agalactiae, although other species, such as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens, are pathogenic in goats. There are two clinical-epidemiological states of CA in sheep and goats; herds and flocks may exhibit outbreaks of CA or may be chronically infected, the latter with a high incidence of subclinical mastitis and only occasional clinical cases. The complex epidemiology of CA is related to the genetic characteristics and mechanisms of molecular variation of the Mycoplasma spp. involved, along with presence of CA-mycoplasmas in wild ruminant species. In goats, the situation is particularly complex and asymptomatic carriers have been detected in chronically infected herds. The coexistence of other non-pathogenic mycoplasmas in the herd further complicates the diagnosis of CA and the design of efficient strategies to control the disease. Routes of infection, such as the venereal route, may be involved in the establishment of chronic infection in herds. Current challenges include the need for improved diagnostic methods for detection of chronic and subclinical infections and for the design of more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gómez-Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Tonelli A, Sacchini F, Krasteva I, Zilli K, Scacchia M, Beaurepaire C, Nantel A, Pini A. One test microbial diagnostic microarray for identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and other Mycoplasma species. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 52:285-99. [PMID: 22271459 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the use of microarray technology for rapid identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from other mycoplasmas that may be pathogenic to ruminants, including those of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, genetically and antigenically strictly correlated with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. A microarray containing genetic sequences of 55 different bacterial species from Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma and Ureaplasma genera was constructed. Sequences to genes of interest were collected in FASTA format from NCBI. The collected sequences were processed with OligoPicker software. Oligonucleotides were then checked for their selectivity with BLAST searches in GenBank. The microarray was tested with ATCC/NCTC strains of Mycoplasma spp. of veterinary importance in ruminants including Mycoplasma belonging to the mycoides cluster as well as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri field strains. The results showed that but one ATCC/NCTC reference strains hybridized with their species-specific sequences showed a profile/signature different and distinct from each other. The heat-map of the hybridization results for the nine genes interrogated for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides demonstrated that the reference strain Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides PG1 was positive for all of the gene sequences spotted on the microarray. CBPP field, vaccine and reference strains were all typed to be M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, and seven of the nine strains gave positive hybridization results for all of the nine genes. Two Italian strains were negative for some of the genes. Comparison with non-Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides reference strains showed some positive signals or considerable homology to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides genes. As expected, some correlations were observed between the strictly genetically and antigenically correlated Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri strains. Specifically, we observed that some Italian Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains were positive for two out of the three Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri genes, differently from what has been observed for other European or African Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains. This study highlighted the use of microarray technology as a simple and effective method for a single-step identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from other mycoplasmas that may be pathogenic to ruminants, including those of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, genetically and antigenically strictly correlated with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. The opportunity to discriminate several mycoplasmas in a single analysis enhances diagnostic rapidity and may represent a useful tool to screen occasionally mycoplasmas affecting animal farming in territories where diagnostic laboratory support is limited. The heat-map of the hybridization results of the comparative genomic hybridizations DNA-designed chip clearly indicates that the microarray performs well for the identification of the tested Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides reference and field strains, discriminating them from other mycoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tonelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", (Istituto G. Caporale), Teramo, Italy.
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Ariza-Miguel J, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Hernández M. A survey of Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy sheep farms in Spain. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:171. [PMID: 23006445 PMCID: PMC3514350 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contagious Agalactia (CA) is one of the major animal health problems in small ruminants because of its economic significance. Currently, four Mycoplasma spp. have been associated with this syndrome: M. agalactiae, M. mycoides subsp. capri, M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. putrefaciens. Their presence has been evaluated in several studies conducted in CA-endemic countries. However, previous Spanish studies have been focused on caprine CA, and there is a knowledge gap regarding which Mycoplasma species are present in sheep flocks from Spain, which has the second highest number of sheep amongst the 27 European Union member states. Consequently, we investigated the presence and geographic distribution of the four CA-causing mycoplasmas in Spanish dairy sheep farms. This is the first time such an investigation has been performed. RESULTS Three hundred thirty nine out of 922 sheep flocks were positive for M. agalactiae by real time PCR (36.8%) and 85 by microbiological identification (9.2%). Interestingly, all 597 milk samples assessed for the presence of M. mycoides subsp. capri, M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. putrefaciens tested negative. To evaluate the intermittent excretion of the pathogen in milk, we sampled 391 additional farms from 2 to 5 times, resulting that in 26.3% of the cases a previously positive farm tested negative in a later sampling. CONCLUSIONS M. agalactiae was the only Mycoplasma species detected in the study area showing a high frequency of presence and wide distribution. Therefore, the establishment of a permanent surveillance network is advantageous, as well as the implementation of control and prevention measures to hinder the dissemination of M. agalactiae and to prevent the entrance of other Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ariza-Miguel
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería. Junta de Castilla y León, Carretera de Burgos km. 119, C.P. 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería. Junta de Castilla y León, Carretera de Burgos km. 119, C.P. 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería. Junta de Castilla y León, Carretera de Burgos km. 119, C.P. 47071, Valladolid, Spain
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Amores J, de la Fe C, Gómez-Martín Á, Corrales JC, Contreras A, Sánchez A. Preserved goat milk as a valid sample for the PCR detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Koop G, van Werven T, Toft N, Nielen M. Estimating test characteristics of somatic cell count to detect Staphylococcus aureus-infected dairy goats using latent class analysis. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2902-11. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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de Garnica M, Santos J, Gonzalo C. Short communication: Influence of storage and preservation on microbiological quality of silo ovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1922-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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