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Tedersoo T, Roasto M, Mäesaar M, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Meremäe K. Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter coli Isolated from Caecal Samples of Fattening Pigs at Slaughter. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1540. [PMID: 37375042 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are known as the main Campylobacter coli reservoirs. Campylobacteriosis, the most commonly reported gastrointestinal disease in humans, is mainly caused by the consumption of poultry meat, and little is known about the role of pork. Pigs are often associated with C. coli, including antimicrobial-resistant isolates. Therefore, the entire pork production chain must be considered as an important source of antimicrobial-resistant C. coli. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from caecal samples of fattening pigs at the Estonian slaughterhouse level over a five-year period. The proportion of Campylobacter-positive caecal samples was 52%. All Campylobacter isolates were identified as C. coli. A high proportion of the isolates were resistant to most of the studied antimicrobials. The resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was 74.8%, 54.4%, 34.4% and 31.9%, respectively. In addition, a high proportion (15.1%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant and, in total, 93.3% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Tedersoo
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Roasto
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Mäesaar
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 66 (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kadrin Meremäe
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Guevarra RB, Lee JH, Lee SH, Seok MJ, Kim DW, Kang BN, Johnson TJ, Isaacson RE, Kim HB. Piglet gut microbial shifts early in life: causes and effects. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 30651985 PMCID: PMC6330741 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life is crucial in pigs, since early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of permanent microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of pigs later in life. Emphasizing this importance of early gut colonizers, it is critical to understand the factors impacting the establishment of the piglet gut microbiome at weaning. Factors include, among others, diet, in-feed antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotic administration. The impact of these factors on establishment of the gut microbiome of piglets at weaning includes effects on piglet gut microbial diversity, structure, and succession. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the most recent findings on the piglet gut microbiome shifts as influenced by weaning, and how these microbiome changes brought about by various factors that have been shown to affect the development of microbiota in piglets. This review will provide a general overview of recent studies that can help to facilitate the design of new strategies to modulate the gut microbiome in order to enhance gastrointestinal health, growth performance and well-being of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Guevarra
- 1Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 South Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- 1Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- 1Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 South Korea
| | - Min-Jae Seok
- 1Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 South Korea
| | - Doo Wan Kim
- 2National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 55365 South Korea
| | - Bit Na Kang
- 3Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Abbvie, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- 4Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Richard E Isaacson
- 4Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- 1Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 South Korea
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Subtype-Specific Selection for Resistance to Fluoroquinolones but Not to Tetracyclines Is Evident in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Beef Cattle in Confined Feeding Operations in Southern Alberta, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02713-17. [PMID: 29352087 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02713-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni was longitudinally isolated from beef cattle housed in four confined feeding operations (CFOs) in Southern Alberta, Canada, over 18 months. All of the cattle were administered a variety of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) nontherapeutically and metaphylactically during their time in the CFOs. In total, 7,966 C. jejuni isolates were recovered from cattle. More animals were colonized by the bacterium after >60 days in the CFO (interim) than were individuals upon entry at the CFO (arrival). Subtyping and resistance to seven AMAs were determined for 1,832 (23.0%) and 1,648 (20.7%) isolates, respectively. Increases in the proportion of isolates resistant to tetracycline were observed at all four CFOs between sample times and to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid at one or more CFOs. The vast majority of isolates resistant to tetracycline carried tetO, whereas ciprofloxacin resistance was predominantly attributed to mutations in the gyrA gene. Although considerable diversity was observed, a majority of C. jejuni isolates belonged to one of five predominant subtype clusters. There was no difference in subtype diversity by CFO, but the population structure differed between sample times. Selection for resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was subtype dependent, whereas selection for resistance to tetracycline was not. The findings indicate that a proportion of cattle entering CFOs carry resistant C. jejuni subtypes, and the characteristics of beef cattle CFOs facilitate transmission/proliferation of diverse subtypes, including those resistant to AMAs, which coupled with the densities of CFOs likely contribute to the high rates of cattle-associated campylobacteriosis in Southern Alberta.IMPORTANCE A small proportion of cattle entering a CFO carry Campylobacter jejuni, including subtypes resistant to AMAs. The large numbers of cattle arriving from diverse locations at the CFOs and intermingling within the CFOs over time, coupled with the high-density housing of animals, the high rates of transmission of C. jejuni subtypes among animals, and the extensive use of AMAs merge to create an ideal situation where the proliferation of diverse antimicrobial-resistant C. jejuni subtypes is facilitated. Considering that Southern Alberta reports high rates of campylobacteriosis in the human population and that many of these clinical cases are due to C. jejuni subtypes associated with cattle, it is likely that the characteristics of beef cattle CFOs favor the propagation of clinically relevant C. jejuni subtypes, including those resistant to medically important AMAs, which constitute a risk to human health.
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Wang S, Yao J, Zhou B, Yang J, Chaudry MT, Wang M, Xiao F, Li Y, Yin W. Bacteriostatic Effect of Quercetin as an Antibiotic Alternative In Vivo and Its Antibacterial Mechanism In Vitro. J Food Prot 2018; 81:68-78. [PMID: 29271686 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a ubiquitous flavonoid, is known to have antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on cecal microbiota of Arbor Acre (AA) broiler chickens in vivo and the bacteriostatic effect and antibacterial mechanism of quercetin in vitro. In vivo, 480 AA broilers (1 day old) were randomly allotted to four treatments (negative control and 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 g of quercetin per kg of diet) for 42 days. Cecal microbial population and distribution were measured at the end of the experiment. The cecal microflora in these broilers included Proteobacteria, Fimicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Deferribacteres. Compared with the negative control, quercetin significantly decreased the copies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P < 0.05), Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ( P < 0.01), Staphylococcus aureus ( P < 0.01), and Escherichia coli ( P < 0.01) but significantly increased the copies of Lactobacillus ( P < 0.01), Bifidobacterium ( P < 0.01), and total bacteria ( P < 0.01). In vitro, we investigated the bacteriostatic effect of quercetin on four kinds of bacteria ( E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica Typhimurium, and S. aureus) and the antibacterial mechanism of quercetin in E. coli and S. aureus. The bacteriostatic effect of quercetin was stronger on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. Quercetin damaged the cell walls and membranes of E. coli (at 50 × MIC) and S. aureus (at 10 × MIC). Compared with the control, the activity of the extracellular alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase and concentrations of soluble protein in E. coli and S. aureus were significantly increased (all P < 0.01), and the activity of ATP in S. aureus was significantly increased ( P < 0.01); however, no significant change in ATP activity in E. coli was observed ( P > 0.05). These results suggest that quercetin has potential as an alternative antibiotic feed additive in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengan Wang
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Yao
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria T Chaudry
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Wang
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Xiao
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhe Yin
- 2 Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People's Republic of China
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Culebro A, Revez J, Pascoe B, Friedmann Y, Hitchings MD, Stupak J, Sheppard SK, Li J, Rossi M. Large Sequence Diversity within the Biosynthesis Locus and Common Biochemical Features of Campylobacter coli Lipooligosaccharides. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2829-40. [PMID: 27481928 PMCID: PMC5038013 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00347-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite the importance of lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) in the pathogenicity of campylobacteriosis, little is known about the genetic and phenotypic diversity of LOS in Campylobacter coli In this study, we investigated the distribution of LOS locus classes among a large collection of unrelated C. coli isolates sampled from several different host species. Furthermore, we paired C. coli genomic information and LOS chemical composition for the first time to investigate possible associations between LOS locus class sequence diversity and biochemical heterogeneity. After identifying three new LOS locus classes, only 85% of the 144 isolates tested were assigned to a class, suggesting higher genetic diversity than previously thought. This genetic diversity is at the basis of a completely unexplored LOS structural heterogeneity. Mass spectrometry analysis of the LOSs of nine isolates, representing four different LOS classes, identified two features distinguishing C. coli LOS from that of Campylobacter jejuni 2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (GlcN)-GlcN disaccharides were present in the lipid A backbone, in contrast to the β-1'-6-linked 3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucopyranose (GlcN3N)-GlcN backbone observed in C. jejuni Moreover, despite the fact that many of the genes putatively involved in 3-acylamino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (Quip3NAcyl) were apparently absent from the genomes of various isolates, this rare sugar was found in the outer core of all C. coli isolates. Therefore, regardless of the high genetic diversity of the LOS biosynthesis locus in C. coli, we identified species-specific phenotypic features of C. coli LOS that might explain differences between C. jejuni and C. coli in terms of population dynamics and host adaptation. IMPORTANCE Despite the importance of C. coli to human health and its controversial role as a causative agent of Guillain-Barré syndrome, little is known about the genetic and phenotypic diversity of C. coli LOSs. Therefore, we paired C. coli genomic information and LOS chemical composition for the first time to address this paucity of information. We identified two species-specific phenotypic features of C. coli LOS, which might contribute to elucidating the reasons behind the differences between C. jejuni and C. coli in terms of population dynamics and host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Culebro
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joana Revez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ben Pascoe
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Friedmann
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Hitchings
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Stupak
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jianjun Li
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Olkkola S, Culebro A, Juntunen P, Hänninen ML, Rossi M. Functional genomics in Campylobacter coli identified a novel streptomycin resistance gene located in a hypervariable genomic region. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1157-1166. [PMID: 27154456 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous aminoglycoside resistance genes have been reported in Campylobacter spp. often resembling those from Gram-positive bacterial species and located in transferable genetic elements with other resistance genes. We discovered a new streptomycin (STR) resistance gene in Campylobactercoli showing 27-34 % amino acid identity to aminoglycoside 6-nucleotidyl-transferases described previously in Campylobacter. STR resistance was verified by gene expression and insertional inactivation. This ant-like gene differs from the previously described aminoglycoside resistance genes in Campylobacter spp. in several aspects. It does not appear to originate from Gram-positive bacteria and is located in a region corresponding to a previously described hypervariable region 14 of C. jejuni with no other known resistance genes detected in close proximity. Finally, it does not belong to a multiple drug resistance plasmid or transposon. This novel ant-like gene appears widely spread among C. coli as it is found in strains originating both from Europe and the United States and from several, apparently unrelated, hosts and environmental sources. The closest homologue (60 % amino acid identity) was found in certain C. jejuni and C. coli strains in a similar genomic location, but an association with STR resistance was not detected. Based on the findings presented here, we hypothesize that Campylobacter ant-like gene A has originated from a common ancestral proto-resistance element in Campylobacter spp., possibly encoding a protein with a different function. In conclusion, whole genome sequencing allowed us to fill in a knowledge gap concerning STR resistance in C. coli by revealing a novel STR resistance gene possibly inherent to Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Olkkola
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alejandra Culebro
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Juntunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Olga P, Apostolos V, Alexis G, George V, Athena M. Antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various Greek aquatic environments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw042. [PMID: 26917780 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates are continuously discharged into natural water basins mainly through sewage. However, the environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance factors are poorly understood. In this study, the antibiotic resistance patterns of 245 isolates from various aquatic sites in Greece were analysed. Twenty-three isolates with resistance patterns cefotaxime-aztreonam-ceftazidime, cefotaxime-aztreonam-meropenem, cefotaxime-ceftazidime-meropenem, cefotaxime-ceftazidime-aztreonam-meropenem and cefotaxime-ceftazidime-cefepime-aztreonam-meropenem were screened phenotypically for the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), while 77 isolates with various resistant phenotypes were screened for the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrase genes. The aztreonam-resistant isolates and ESBL producers were the main resistant phenotypes in all habitats tested. In 13/77 isolates class 1 integron was detected, while all tested isolates were negative for the presence of the class 2 integrase gene. CTX-M group 9 β-lactamase was present in a small number of isolates (three isolates) highlighting the emergence of ESBL genes in aquatic environments. As a conclusion, it seems that Greek water bodies could serve as a potential reservoir of resistant P. aeruginosa isolates posing threats to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pappa Olga
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece Department of Medical Laboratories Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vantarakis Apostolos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Galanis Alexis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Mavridou Athena
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Kashoma IP, Kassem II, Kumar A, Kessy BM, Gebreyes W, Kazwala RR, Rajashekara G. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genotypic Diversity of Campylobacter Isolated from Pigs, Dairy, and Beef Cattle in Tanzania. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1240. [PMID: 26617582 PMCID: PMC4641918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne Campylobacter infections pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. However, the occurrence and characteristics of Campylobacter in food animals and products remain largely unknown in Tanzania. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic profiles (sequence types, STs) of Campylobacter isolated from feces of pigs and dairy and beef cattle in Tanzania. Overall, 259 (~30%) of 864 samples were positive for Campylobacter spp, which were detected in 32.5, 35.4, and 19.6% of the pig, dairy, and beef cattle samples, respectively. Multiplex PCR analysis identified 64.5 and 29.3% of the Campylobacter isolates as C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. The majority (91.9%) of the isolates from pig samples were identified as C. coli, while C. jejuni accounted for 65.5% of the isolates from cattle. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method revealed resistance to: ampicillin (Amp) (70.3% and 75.7%, respectively), gentamicin (Gen) (1.8% and 12.6%), streptomycin (Str) (65.8 and 74.8%), erythromycin (Ery) (41.4 and 48.7%), tetracycline (Tet) (18.9 and 23.4%), and ciprofloxacin (Cip) (14.4 and 7.2%). Resistance to nalidixic acid (Nal) (39.6%), azithromycin (Azm) (13.5%), and chloramphenicol (Chl) (4.5%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only, while resistance to tylosin (Tyl) (38.7%) was quantified using the broth microdilution method. Multilocus sequence typing of 111 Campylobacter isolates resulted in the identification of 48 STs (26 C. jejuni and 22 C. coli) of which seven were novel (six C. jejuni and one C. coli). Taken together, this study revealed the high prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in important food animals in Tanzania, which highlights the urgent need for the surveillance and control of Campylobacter in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P. Kashoma
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State UniversityWooster, OH, USA
- VPH-Biotec Global Consortium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of AgricultureMorogoro, Tanzania
| | - Issmat I. Kassem
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State UniversityWooster, OH, USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State UniversityWooster, OH, USA
| | - Beda M. Kessy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of AgricultureMorogoro, Tanzania
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- VPH-Biotec Global Consortium
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Rudovick R. Kazwala
- VPH-Biotec Global Consortium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of AgricultureMorogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State UniversityWooster, OH, USA
- VPH-Biotec Global Consortium
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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Anastasi E, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Hondalus MK, Willingham-Lane JM, MacArthur I, Cohen ND, Roberts MC, Vazquez-Boland JA. Novel transferable erm(46) determinant responsible for emerging macrolide resistance in Rhodococcus equi. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:3184-90. [PMID: 26377866 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify the molecular mechanism of macrolide resistance in the actinomycete Rhodococcus equi, a major equine pathogen and zoonotic agent causing opportunistic infections in people. METHODS Macrolide-resistant (n = 62) and macrolide-susceptible (n = 62) clinical isolates of R. equi from foals in the USA were studied. WGS of 18 macrolide-resistant and 6 macrolide-susceptible R. equi was performed. Representative sequences of all known macrolide resistance genes identified to date were used to search the genome assemblies for putative homologues. PCR was used to screen for the presence of the identified resistance determinant in the rest of the isolates. Mating experiments were performed to verify mobility of the gene. RESULTS A novel erm gene, erm(46), was identified in all sequenced resistant isolates, but not in susceptible isolates. There was complete association between macrolide resistance and the presence of erm(46) as detected by PCR screening of all 124 clinical isolates of R. equi. Expression of erm(46) in a macrolide-susceptible strain of R. equi induced high-level resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins B, but not to other classes of antimicrobial agents. Transfer of erm(46) to macrolide-susceptible R. equi was confirmed. The transfer frequency ranged from 3 × 10(-3) to 1 × 10(-2). CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular characterization of resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins B in R. equi. Resistance was due to the presence of a novel erm(46) gene mobilizable likely by conjugation, which has spread among equine isolates of R. equi in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Anastasi
- Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Londa J Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Hondalus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Iain MacArthur
- Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Marilyn C Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jose A Vazquez-Boland
- Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Grupo de Patogenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Léon, Léon, Spain
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11
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Kashoma IP, Kassem II, John J, Kessy BM, Gebreyes W, Kazwala RR, Rajashekara G. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Isolated from Dressed Beef Carcasses and Raw Milk in Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 22:40-52. [PMID: 26153978 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are commonly transmitted to humans through consumption of contaminated foods such as milk and meat. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic determinants of resistance of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk and beef carcasses in Tanzania. The antimicrobial resistance genes tested included blaOXA-61 (ampicillin), aph-3-1 (aminoglycoside), tet(O) (tetracycline), and cmeB (multi-drug efflux pump). The prevalence of Campylobacter was 9.5% in beef carcasses and 13.4% in raw milk, respectively. Using multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we identified 58.1% of the isolates as Campylobacter jejuni, 30.7% as Campylobacter coli, and 9.7% as other Campylobacter spp. One isolate (1.6%) was positive for both C. jejuni and C. coli specific PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method showed resistance to: ampicillin (63% and 94.1%), ciprofloxacin (9.3% and 11.8%), erythromycin (53.7% and 70.6%), gentamicin (0% and 15.7%), streptomycin (35.2% and 84.3%), and tetracycline (18.5% and 17.7%), respectively. Resistance to azithromycin (42.6%), nalidixic acid (64.8%), and chloramphenicol (13%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only, while resistance to tylosin (90.2%) was quantified using the broth microdilution method. The blaOXA-61 (52.6% and 28.1%), cmeB (26.3% and 31.3%), tet(O) (26.3% and 31.3%), and aph-3-1 (5.3% and 3.0%) were detected in C. coli and C. jejuni. These findings highlight the extent of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter occurring in important foods in Tanzania. The potential risks to consumers emphasize the need for adequate control approaches, including the prudent use of antimicrobials to minimize the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Kashoma
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- 3 Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
| | - Julius John
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Beda M Kessy
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- 2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
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Usui M, Uchida I, Tamura Y. Selection of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter
in pigs treated with macrolides. Vet Rec 2014; 175:430. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Usui
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai Ebetsu Hokkaido Japan
| | - I. Uchida
- Dairy Hygiene Research Division; Hokkaido Research Station; National Institute of Animal Health; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Y. Tamura
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai Ebetsu Hokkaido Japan
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13
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Pyörälä S, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Greko C, Moreno MA, Pomba MCMF, Rantala M, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Threlfall EJ, Torren-Edo J, Törneke K. Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: use and development of antimicrobial resistance. Vet J 2014; 200:230-9. [PMID: 24685099 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides and lincosamides are important antibacterials for the treatment of many common infections in cattle and pigs. Products for in-feed medication with these compounds in combination with other antimicrobials are commonly used in Europe. Most recently approved injectable macrolides have very long elimination half-lives in both pigs and cattle, which allows once-only dosing regimens. Both in-feed medication and use of long-acting injections result in low concentrations of the active substance for prolonged periods, which causes concerns related to development of antimicrobial resistance. Acquired resistance to macrolides and lincosamides among food animal pathogens, including some zoonotic bacteria, has now emerged. A comparison of studies on the prevalence of resistance is difficult, since for many micro-organisms no agreed standards for susceptibility testing are available. With animal pathogens, the most dramatic increase in resistance has been seen in the genus Brachyspira. Resistance towards macrolides and lincosamides has also been detected in staphylococci isolated from pigs and streptococci from cattle. This article reviews the use of macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs, as well as the development of resistance in target and some zoonotic pathogens. The focus of the review is on European conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Pyörälä
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
| | | | - Boudewijn Catry
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 13720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel A Moreno
- Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Merja Rantala
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Pascal Sanders
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), 35302 Fougères Cedex, France
| | - E John Threlfall
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Jordi Torren-Edo
- European Medicines Agency, Animal and Public Health, London E14 8HB, UK
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14
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Garcia-Migura L, Hendriksen RS, Fraile L, Aarestrup FM. Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: the missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:1-9. [PMID: 24589430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance in food animals has been associated to the consumption of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Consequently, monitoring programs have been designed to monitor the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study analyses the amount of antimicrobial agents used in nine European countries from 2005 to 2011, and compares by univariate analysis the correlations between consumptions of each of the following antimicrobial classes; tetracycline, penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones and macrolides. An overview of resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe focusing on Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter sp. and Enterococcus sp., during the same period of time based on monitoring programs is also assessed. With the exception of cephalosporins, linear regressions showed strong positive associations between the consumption of the four different antimicrobial classes. Substantial differences between countries were observed in the amount of antimicrobials used to produce 1 kg of meat. Moreover, large variations in proportions of resistant bacteria were reported by the different countries, suggesting differences in veterinary practice. Despite the withdrawn of a specific antimicrobial from "on farm" use, persistence over the years of bacteria resistant to this particular antimicrobial agent, was still observed. There were also differences in trends of resistance associated to specific animal species. In order to correlate the use of antimicrobial agents to the presence of resistance, surveillance of antimicrobial consumption by animal species should be established. Subsequently, intervention strategies could be designed to minimize the occurrence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Garcia-Migura
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Universidad de Lleida, Departamento de Producción Animal, Lleida, Spain
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among Campylobacter. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:340605. [PMID: 23865047 PMCID: PMC3707206 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are recognized as the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. Humans most often become infected by ingesting contaminated food, especially undercooked chicken, but also other sources of bacteria have been described. Campylobacteriosis is normally a self-limiting disease. Antimicrobial treatment is needed only in patients with more severe disease and in those who are immunologically compromised. The most common antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of Campylobacter infections are macrolides, such as erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines have been suggested as an alternative choice in the treatment of clinical campylobacteriosis but in practice are not often used. However, during the past few decades an increasing number of resistant Campylobacter isolates have developed resistance to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials such as macrolides, aminoglycosides, and beta-lactams. Trends in antimicrobial resistance have shown a clear correlation between use of antibiotics in the veterinary medicine and animal production and resistant isolates of Campylobacter in humans. In this review, the patterns of emerging resistance to the antimicrobial agents useful in treatment of the disease are presented and the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs in Campylobacter are discussed.
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16
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Juntunen P, Laurila T, Heinonen M, Hänninen ML. Absence of tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter coli isolates from Finnish finishing pigs treated with chlortetracycline. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:974-81. [PMID: 23282197 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether therapeutic treatment of pigs with chlortetracycline affects the susceptibility of their Campylobacter isolates for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. METHODS AND RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and presence of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(O) were studied in Campylobacter collected before, during and after chlortetracycline treatment. Tetracycline MICs and the presence of tet(O) for additional Campylobacter coli isolates collected previously from seven farrowing farms were also determined. Isolates with ciprofloxacin MICs above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) were subtyped by flaA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Tetracycline MICs of 221 Camp. coli isolates remained under the ECOFF at all sampling stages as well as the MICs for 63 isolates from the other farms. The ciprofloxacin MIC was above the ECOFF for 22% of the isolates, and one Camp. coli isolate had an erythromycin MIC above the ECOFF. None of the studied 300 Campylobacter isolates from nine herds carried tet(O). flaA-RFLP typing revealed the heterogeneity of Camp. coli isolates with high ciprofloxacin MICs. CONCLUSION Use of chlortetracycline did not increase the MIC values for the antimicrobials studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrated that susceptibility of Camp. coli isolates is not affected by chlortetracycline therapy if tet(O) is not present in Camp. coli population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Juntunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Associations of antimicrobial use with antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli from grow-finish pigs in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:295-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Juntunen P, Heiska H, Hänninen ML. Campylobacter coli isolates from Finnish farrowing farms using aminopenicillins: high prevalence of bla(OXA-61) and β-lactamase production, but low MIC values. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:902-6. [PMID: 22924522 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment of animals may select resistance in Campylobacter to antimicrobial agents belonging to several classes of compounds. We investigated the effect of widely used aminopenicillin therapy on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels in porcine Campylobacter coli isolates and investigated the presence of a β-lactamase gene and β-lactamase production. Epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) were applied to detect decreased susceptibility. Fifty-three isolates were obtained from aminopenicillin-treated (ampicillin or amoxicillin) sows and piglets during and up to 3 weeks post-treatment. All isolates had ampicillin MICs below the ECOFF (≤ 8 μg/mL). An additional 63 isolates were sampled before treatment or from other untreated sows and piglets. Of these isolates, four had ampicillin MICs above the ECOFF. All ciprofloxacin MICs were below the ECOFF (≤ 1 μg/mL), except for three isolates from untreated sows and four isolates after aminopenicillin therapy. One isolate originating from an untreated sow had an erythromycin MIC above the ECOFF (> 16 μg/mL). None of the isolates had MICs above the ECOFFs for two or three studied antimicrobials simultaneously. Of the 116 C. coli isolates, 90 (77.6%) isolates carried the bla(OXA-61) β-lactamase gene, and 63 (70.0%) of those produced β-lactamase. The isolates producing β-lactamase had higher ampicillin MICs than those without the bla(OXA-61) gene and production of β-lactamase. Proportion of the bla(OXA-61)-positive C. coli isolates was similar among untreated animals or during and after the treatment. In conclusion, C. coli isolates did not acquire high ampicillin MICs even though aminopenicillins were administered at therapeutic levels for several days. The bla(OXA-61) gene and production of β-lactamase increased ampicillin MICs in C. coli, but the values remained mainly under the ECOFF. We also demonstrated that aminopenicillin therapy did not select simultaneously resistance to the major antimicrobials used in human therapy against campylobacteriosis (i.e., erythromycin and ciprofloxacin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Juntunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ruiz-Martínez L, López-Jiménez L, Fusté E, Vinuesa T, Martínez JP, Viñas M. Class 1 integrons in environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:398-402. [PMID: 21873033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to ascertain the presence and spread of class 1 integrons amongst environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to characterise their variable regions. A total of 76 isolates (56 clinical and 20 environmental) were studied. The presence of plasmids was explored, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for integron detection. All amplicons were sequenced. PCR detected class 1 integrons in 26 of the 56 clinical isolates; environmental isolates were integron-free. No plasmids were found, thus all the integrons found are possibly on the chromosome. Most isolates presented one amplicon, except PA110514 and PA116136, which showed two PCR products each. Variable regions revealed that 18 strains carried only one gene involved in aminoglycoside resistance, whereas in 3 strains gene cassettes were not found. The most prevalent cassettes amongst isolates were those encoding aminoglycoside adenyltransferase B (aadB). Several of the strains had acquired the same or a highly similar cassette array as those detected in geographically distant P. aeruginosa. This finding suggests that contact with bacterial reservoirs contributes to the evolution of this pathogen towards multiresistance. Empty structures found may represent a reservoir increasing the capacity to adapt to the environment. However, these integrons are not retained when the selective pressure disappears. It is hypothesised that integrons containing gene cassettes are crucial vehicles for the rapid horizontal transfer of resistance. If this is so, reduced use of antibiotics may lead to a significant decrease in the carriage of integrons amongst P. aeruginosa strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruiz-Martínez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona-IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Juntunen P, Olkkola S, Hänninen ML. Longitudinal on-farm study of the development of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli from pigs before and after danofloxacin and tylosin treatments. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:322-30. [PMID: 21397412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of danofloxacin or consecutive fluoroquinolone and macrolide treatments on resistance development in Campylobacter have remained uncharacterised. Therefore we analysed the development of resistance in porcine Campylobacter coli before and after danofloxacin and tylosin treatments at a farrowing farm. Danofloxacin-treated (n=12, group A) and control pigs (n=15, group B) were subsequently treated with tylosin and sampled longitudinally. C. coli were isolated and susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin were assessed, isolates were genotyped with PFGE and resistance-related mutations were identified. Isolates from the danofloxacin-treated pigs had more frequently non-wild type MICs (above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF)) for ciprofloxacin (P<0.001) and erythromycin (P<0.05) than those isolated before danofloxacin or those from the controls. Subsequent tylosin treatment increased proportion of isolates with non-wild type MICs for erythromycin in both groups A and B (P<0.01) and, interestingly, proportion of isolates with non-wild type MICs for ciprofloxacin in group B (P<0.001) with high MICs (128 μg/ml). PFGE analysis revealed treatments selecting predominant genotypes with variable resistance patterns and decreasing initial diversity of genotypes. The most common genotype had mainly high MICs for ciprofloxacin among danofloxacin-treated pigs but wild type MICs (below the ECOFF) among the controls housed in the same pens. This suggests that the non-wild type isolate was rarely transmitted or outcompeting wild type genotype in the control pigs without selection pressure. Isolates exhibiting non-wild type MICs for ciprofloxacin harboured the C257T (Thr-86-Ile) mutation in the gyrA gene. In conclusion, a high dose of danofloxacin used at the farm did not prevent emergence of isolates with high MICs for ciprofloxacin. After subsequent tylosin treatment isolates had even higher MICs for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin than before the treatment. Therefore, controlled use of antimicrobials in food animal production is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Juntunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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