1
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Arai N, Sekizuka T, Tamamura-Andoh Y, Barco L, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S, Iwata T, Watanabe-Yanai A, Kuroda M, Akiba M, Kusumoto M. Identification of a Recently Dominant Sublineage in Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- Sequence Type 34 Isolated From Food Animals in Japan. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690947. [PMID: 34276624 PMCID: PMC8281233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type 34 (ST34) and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are among the most frequently isolated clones from both humans and animals worldwide. Our previous study demonstrated that Salmonella Typhimurium/4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated in Japan could be classified into nine clades and that clade 9 consisted of ST34 strains. In Japan, ST34/clade 9 was first found in the 1990s and has become predominant among food animals in recent years. In the present study, we analyzed the whole genome-based phylogenetic relationships and temporal information of 214 Salmonella Typhimurium/4,[5],12:i:- ST34/clade 9 strains isolated from 1998 to 2017 in Japan. The 214 strains were classified into two sublineages: the newly identified clade 9–2 diverged from clade 9 in the early 2000s and has predominated in recent years. Clonally expanding subclades in clades 9–1 or 9–2 lacked Gifsy-1 or HP1 prophages, respectively, and some strains in these subclades acquired plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance genes. Additional genome reduction around the fljB gene encoding the phase 2-H antigen was generated by an IS26-mediated deletion adjacent to the transposon in clade 9–2. Although most of the clade 9 strains were isolated from cattle in Japan, the clonally expanding subclades in clade 9–2 (i.e., all and 24% strains of subclades 9–2a and 9–2b, respectively) were isolated from swine. The spread of clade 9 in recent years among food animals in Japan was responsible for the emergence of multiple host-adapted sublineages involving the clonally expanding subclades generated by mobile genetic element-mediated microevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Arai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura-Andoh
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lisa Barco
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Iwata
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayako Watanabe-Yanai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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He J, Sun F, Sun D, Wang Z, Jin S, Pan Z, Xu Z, Chen X, Jiao X. Multidrug resistance and prevalence of quinolone resistance genes of Salmonella enterica serotypes 4,[5],12:i:- in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108692. [PMID: 32521291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, which is responsible for global foodborne disease outbreaks. Here, 255 S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated from humans (11.0%) or food-borne animals (89.0%) between 2010 and 2018 were examined. Tests of susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents using the broth micro dilution method showed that 99.2% (n = 253) of the isolates were resistant to at least one compound. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis demonstrated that 91.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with predominant resistance to tetracycline (90.6%), followed by resistance to ampicillin (86.3%), streptomycin (63.5%), chloramphenicol (62.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (55.3%). The 5 major distinct patterns of multi-resistance were identified as R-type AST, R-type ACTSxt, R-type ACSTSxt, R-type ACGSTSxt and R-type ASTSxt. Among the PMQR genes examined in this study, oqxAB and aac (6')-Ib-cr were the most prevalent resistance genes in the multi-resistant isolates. Our findings highlight the prevalence of the resistance of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in some regions of China, and several common types of multidrug resistance phenotypes, to provide valuable information for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dewei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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3
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Naberhaus SA, Krull AC, Bradner LK, Harmon KM, Arruda P, Arruda BL, Sahin O, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Kreuder AJ. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- as the primary serovar identified from swine clinical samples and development of a multiplex real-time PCR for improved Salmonella serovar-level identification. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:818-827. [PMID: 31646949 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719883843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of the infecting Salmonella serovar from porcine diagnostic samples is vital to allow implementation of appropriate on-farm treatment and management decisions. Although identification at the serogroup level can be rapidly achieved at most veterinary diagnostic laboratories, final Salmonella serovar identification often takes several weeks because of the limited number of reference laboratories performing the complex task of serotyping. Salmonella serogroup B, currently the dominant serogroup identified from swine clinical samples in the United States, contains serovars that vary from highly pathogenic to minimally pathogenic in swine. We determined the frequency of detection of individual group B serovars at the Iowa State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2008 to 2017, and validated a multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) to distinguish pathogenic serogroup B serovars from those of lesser pathogenicity. Our results indicate that, since 2014, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- has been the dominant serovar identified from swine clinical samples at the ISU-VDL, with S. Typhimurium now the second most common serovar identified. We developed a rtPCR to allow rapid differentiation of samples containing S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium from samples containing serovars believed to be of less pathogenicity, such as S. Agona and S. Derby. When combined with enrichment culture, this rtPCR has the ability to significantly improve the time to final serovar identification of the 2 most commonly identified pathogenic Salmonella serovars in swine, and allows rapid implementation of serovar-specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Naberhaus
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adam C Krull
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Laura K Bradner
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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4
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Sun H, Wan Y, Du P, Bai L. The Epidemiology of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:87-97. [PMID: 31532231 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains an important foodborne pathogen in all regions of the world, with Typhimurium as one of the most frequent serotypes causing foodborne disease. However, the past two decades have seen a rapid worldwide emergence of a new Salmonella serotype, namely monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, whose antigenic formula is 1,4,[5],12:i:-. It has become one of the 2-5 most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for animal and human infections in different regions. The global epidemic of monophasic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- has mainly been characterized by an increase in multidrug-resistant S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Europe since 1997. The unexpected link to swine has escalated monophasic S. Typhimurium infections to the status of a global public health emergency. The large-scale application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the last 10 years has revealed the phylogenetic associations of the bacterium and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Local and global transmission reconstructed by WGS have shown that different clones have emerged following multiple independent events worldwide, and have elucidated the role of this zoonotic pathogen in the spread of AMR. This article discusses our current knowledge of the global ecology, epidemiology, transmission, bacterial adaptation, and evolution of this emerging Salmonella serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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5
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Salmonella Genomic Island 3 Is an Integrative and Conjugative Element and Contributes to Copper and Arsenic Tolerance of Salmonella enterica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00429-19. [PMID: 31209002 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00429-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genomic island 3 (SGI3) was first described as a chromosomal island in Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, a monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. The SGI3 DNA sequence detected from Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Japan was identical to that of a previously reported one across entire length of 81 kb. SGI3 consists of 86 open reading frames, including a copper homeostasis and silver resistance island (CHASRI) and an arsenic tolerance operon, in addition to genes related to conjugative transfer and DNA replication or partitioning, suggesting that the island is a mobile genetic element. We successfully selected transconjugants that acquired SGI3 after filter-mating experiments using the S. enterica serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Hadar, Newport, Cerro, and Thompson as recipients. Southern blot analysis using I-CeuI-digested genomic DNA demonstrated that SGI3 was integrated into a chromosomal fragment of the transconjugants. PCR and sequencing analysis demonstrated that SGI3 was inserted into the 3' end of the tRNA genes pheV or pheR The length of the target site was 52 or 55 bp, and a 55-bp attI sequence indicating generation of the circular form of SGI3 was also detected. The transconjugants had a higher MIC against CuSO4 compared to the recipient strains under anaerobic conditions. Tolerance was defined by the cus gene cluster in the CHASRI. The transconjugants also had distinctly higher MICs against Na2HAsO4 compared to recipient strains under aerobic conditions. These findings clearly demonstrate that SGI3 is an integrative and conjugative element and contributes to the copper and arsenic tolerance of S. enterica.
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6
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Murase T, Ozaki H, Phuektes P, Angkititrakul S. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variants isolated in Thailand and Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1839-1846. [PMID: 30369553 PMCID: PMC6305511 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Monophasic variants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated
in Thailand and Japan were characterized to elucidate the genetic basis of the monophasic
phenotype, genetic relatedness, and antimicrobial resistance. A total of 20
Salmonella isolates agglutinated with anti-O4 and anti-H:i serum and
not agglutinated with either anti-H:1 or anti-H:2 serum were identified as monophasic
variants of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium because they harbored
IS200, specific to this serovar, and lacked the fljB
gene. An allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method that detects a clade-specific single
nucleotide polymorphism indicated that seven swine isolates and one human isolate from
Thailand were grouped into clade 1; five isolates from layer chicken houses and layer
chicken feces from Japan were grouped into clade 8, together with two
Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolates from chicken houses in Japan;
and five isolates from swine feces from Thailand and two isolates from layer chicken feces
from Japan were grouped into clade 9. Multilocus sequencing typing demonstrated that
sequence type (ST) 34 isolates were solely grouped into clade 9. Clade 1 and 8 isolates
were assigned as ST19. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed multiple types within
each of the clades. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicon
type, of the clade 1 and 9 isolates were comparable to those reported for epidemic strains
of monophasic variants. Our results suggest that monitoring monophasic variants of serovar
Typhimurium is important for understanding of the spread of these variants in Thailand and
Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murase
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand
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7
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Arai N, Sekizuka T, Tamamura Y, Tanaka K, Barco L, Izumiya H, Kusumoto M, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S, Iwata T, Watanabe A, Kuroda M, Uchida I, Akiba M. Phylogenetic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant Isolated from Food Animals in Japan Revealed Replacement of Major Epidemic Clones in the Last 4 Decades. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01758-17. [PMID: 29491013 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01758-17/suppl_file/zjm999095924sd2.xlsx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are the major causes of gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis have been used widely as subtyping methods for these pathogens in molecular epidemiological analyses, but the results do not precisely reflect phylogenetic information. In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of these serovars using whole-genome sequencing data and identified nine distinct genotypic clades. Then, we established an allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method detecting a clade-specific single nucleotide polymorphism to rapidly identify the clade of each isolate. Among a total of 815 isolates obtained from cattle in Japan between 1977 and 2017, clades 1, 7, and 9 contained 77% of isolates. Obvious replacement of the dominant clone was observed five times in this period, and clade 9, which mostly contains Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, is currently dominant. Among 140 isolates obtained from swine in Japan between 1976 and 2017, clades 3 and 9 contained 64% of isolates. Clade 9 is the latest clone as is the case in cattle isolates. Clade 9 is similar to an epidemic clone from Europe, which is characterized by sequence type 34 (ST34), chromosomal Salmonella genomic island 3, and a composite transposon containing antimicrobial resistance genes. The increased prevalence of clade 9 among food animals in Japan might be a part of the pandemic of the European Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Arai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lisa Barco
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Iwata
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayako Watanabe
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Unit of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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8
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Phylogenetic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant Isolated from Food Animals in Japan Revealed Replacement of Major Epidemic Clones in the Last 4 Decades. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01758-17. [PMID: 29491013 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01758-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are the major causes of gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis have been used widely as subtyping methods for these pathogens in molecular epidemiological analyses, but the results do not precisely reflect phylogenetic information. In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of these serovars using whole-genome sequencing data and identified nine distinct genotypic clades. Then, we established an allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method detecting a clade-specific single nucleotide polymorphism to rapidly identify the clade of each isolate. Among a total of 815 isolates obtained from cattle in Japan between 1977 and 2017, clades 1, 7, and 9 contained 77% of isolates. Obvious replacement of the dominant clone was observed five times in this period, and clade 9, which mostly contains Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, is currently dominant. Among 140 isolates obtained from swine in Japan between 1976 and 2017, clades 3 and 9 contained 64% of isolates. Clade 9 is the latest clone as is the case in cattle isolates. Clade 9 is similar to an epidemic clone from Europe, which is characterized by sequence type 34 (ST34), chromosomal Salmonella genomic island 3, and a composite transposon containing antimicrobial resistance genes. The increased prevalence of clade 9 among food animals in Japan might be a part of the pandemic of the European Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone.
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9
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Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen PHN, Conte-Junior CA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Eligible Methods for Salmonella Typhimurium Source Tracking. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2587. [PMID: 29312260 PMCID: PMC5744012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of foodborne infection and a leading cause of human gastroenteritis. Throughout the last decade, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (ST) has shown an increase report with the simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates, as phage type DT104. Therefore, to successfully control this microorganism, it is important to attribute salmonellosis to the exact source. Studies of Salmonella source attribution have been performed to determine the main food/food-production animals involved, toward which, control efforts should be correctly directed. Hence, the election of a ST subtyping method depends on the particular problem that efforts must be directed, the resources and the data available. Generally, before choosing a molecular subtyping, phenotyping approaches such as serotyping, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance profiling are implemented as a screening of an investigation, and the results are computed using frequency-matching models (i.e., Dutch, Hald and Asymmetric Island models). Actually, due to the advancement of molecular tools as PFGE, MLVA, MLST, CRISPR, and WGS more precise results have been obtained, but even with these technologies, there are still gaps to be elucidated. To address this issue, an important question needs to be answered: what are the currently suitable subtyping methods to source attribute ST. This review presents the most frequently applied subtyping methods used to characterize ST, analyses the major available microbial subtyping attribution models and ponders the use of conventional phenotyping methods, as well as, the most applied genotypic tools in the context of their potential applicability to investigates ST source tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G. Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Food Science Program, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. N. Panzenhagen
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Food Science Program, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Food Science Program, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Tamamura Y, Uchida I, Tanaka K, Nakano Y, Izumiya H, Takahashi T, Kikuchi N. A case study on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at a dairy farm associated with massive sparrow death. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:23. [PMID: 27112780 PMCID: PMC4845370 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonellaenterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is the most common cause of bovine salmonellosis in Japan and where it is also cause of salmonellosis in wild birds. In 2008, a postpartum cow at a dairy farm developed diarrhea caused by S. Typhimurium. The herd was extensively surveilled for Salmonella sp. and we characterized bacterial isolates from this and other cows to determine the source of infection. Results Eight isolates of S. Typhimurium from cattle were identified as phage type DT40 and showed a 100 % similarity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the same or similar multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis profiles as those of S. Typhimurium isolated from dead sparrows (Passer montanus) collected at Asahikawa in 2006. S. Typhimurium DT40 was considered to be a major cause of high sparrow mortality in Hokkaido in 2005–2006 and 2008–2009, suggesting that DT40 maintained in sparrows was transmitted to cattle. Conclusions S. Typhimurium DT40 may be transmitted from sparrows to dairy cattle.
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11
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Ktari S, Ksibi B, Gharsallah H, Mnif B, Maalej S, Rhimi F, Hammami A. Molecular epidemiological characteristics ofSalmonella entericaserovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Livingstone strains isolated in a Tunisian university hospital. APMIS 2015; 124:194-200. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ktari
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
| | - Boutheina Ksibi
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
| | - Houda Gharsallah
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
| | - Basma Mnif
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
| | - Sonda Maalej
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
| | - Fouzia Rhimi
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
| | - Adnene Hammami
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Faculté de Medecine Sfax; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Habib Bourguiba; Sfax Tunisia
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12
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Yang X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Guo W, Cai S. Prevalence and Characterization of Monophasic Salmonella Serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- of Food Origin in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137967. [PMID: 26360603 PMCID: PMC4567320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, which has recently been recognized as an emerging cause of infection worldwide. This bacterium has also ranked among the four most frequent serovars causing human salmonellosis in China. However, there are no reports on its contamination in Chinese food. Serotyping, polymerase chain reaction, antibiotic resistance, virulotyping, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assays were used to investigate the prevalence of this serological variant in food products in China, and to determine phenotypic and genotypic difference of monophasic isolates and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated over the same period. Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- was prevalent in various food sources, including beef, pork, chicken, and pigeon. The study also confirmed the high prevalence (53.8%) of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline in Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, which was higher than that in Salmonella Typhimurium. Moreover, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates in our study were different from Salmonella Typhimurium isolates by the absence of three plasmid-borne genes (spvC, pefA, and rck) and the presence of gipA in all isolates. All Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates demonstrated MLST pattern ST34. Genomic deletions within the fljBA operon and surrounding genes were only found in Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates, with all isolates containing a deletion of fljB. However, hin and iroB were identified in all Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates. Three different deletion profiles were observed and two of them were different from the reported Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- clones from Spain, America, and Italy, which provided some new evidence on the independent evolution of the multiple successful monophasic clones from Salmonella Typhimurium ancestors. This study is the first report of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- in food products from China. The data are more comprehensive and representative, providing valuable information for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Ruggeri J, Pesciaroli M, Foresti F, Giacomini E, Lazzaro M, Ossiprandi MC, Corradi A, Lombardi G, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Inactivated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant (S. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i-) in sows is effective to control infection in piglets under field condition. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:82-9. [PMID: 26260858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, namely Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i-, has been increasingly responsible for foodborne human cases of disease and is most frequently detected in pork, since the variant is widely spread in pig farms. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an autologous vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i-, in pigs. The trial was performed in a multisite pig production system of Northern Italy. The autogenous vaccine was prepared from the Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i- strain isolated from the clinical case occurring in the Farm. Different immunization protocols were applied, ranging from interventions only in sows or piglets, or both. Microbiological analysis was performed to assess faecal shedding in sows and their offspring from birth till end of the production cycle and organ colonization of slaughtered pigs. Body weight of pigs was recorded at different time-points. Humoral immune response was evaluated in serum samples of sows and piglets. S. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i- determines reduction of animal growth and farm production, furthermore, contamination of carcasses at the slaughterhouse. The load of bacteria entering into the food processing chain is differently influenced by the regimen of administration of inactivated vaccine. In particular, a combined vaccination of sows and their offspring was able to improve the weight gain of growing pigs, to limit Salmonella colonization of organs and to reduce the number of carrier pigs, and hence lowering the risk of introducing Salmonella organisms in the slaughter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Pesciaroli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy, FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health; UCM-UPM, Campus Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - E Giacomini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Lazzaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M C Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - P Pasquali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy, FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health.
| | - G L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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14
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Lee KE, Lee DY, Choi HW, Chae SJ, Yun YS, Lee KC, Cho YS, Yang DK. Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from pigs presenting with diarrhea in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1511-5. [PMID: 26074410 PMCID: PMC4667674 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2011 and 2012, a total of 896 pig fecal samples were collected from nine
provinces in Korea, and 50 salmonella enterica susp.
enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was
isolated. The characteristics of the 50 strains were analyzed, and 4 strains were
identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar 4,[5],12:i:-. Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- could not be distinguished
from S. Typhimurium through phage typing, antimicrobial resistance
testing or multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). However, among
the four Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- strains, one (KVCC-BA1400078) was
identified as a Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone isolated from humans in the
United States, and another (KVCC-BA1400080) was identified as DT193, which has been
primarily isolated from humans and animals in European countries. The presence of
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in Korea poses a significant threat of
horizontal transfer between pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Eun Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Republic of Korea
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15
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Zhou X, He S, Song Q, Zhuang X, Wang Y, Huang X, Shi C, Shi X. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Enteritidis Isolates Associated with a Mousse Cake–Related Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in Ningbo, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:433-40. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhou
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoukui He
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifa Song
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhuang
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Huang
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST)–U.S. Department of Agriculture Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Löfström C, Hintzmann AS, Sørensen G, Baggesen DL. Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT41 in Danish poultry production. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:167-72. [PMID: 25962983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most prevalent serovars in Europe - where both poultry and poultry related products are common sources of human salmonellosis. Due to efficient control programs, the prevalence of S. Typhimurium in Danish poultry production is very low. Despite this, during the past decades there has been a reoccurring problem with infections with S. Typhimurium phage type DT41 in the Danish poultry production without identifying a clear source. In the end of 2013 and beginning of 2014 an increased isolation of S. Typhimurium DT41 was noted mainly in this production, but also in other samples. To investigate this is in more detail, 47 isolates from egg layers (n=5, 1 flock), broilers (n=33, 13 flocks), broiler breeding flocks and hatches (n=5; 2 flocks and 1 environmental hatchery sample), feed (n=1), poultry slaughter house (n=3, environmental sample and meat) were typed with multi locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to investigate the epidemiology of the outbreak. Based on PFGE results isolates were divided into four groups (Simpson's index of diversity (DI)=0.24±0.15). Due to the low DI, PFGE was not sufficient to provide information to unravel the outbreak. Based on MLVA typing the DT41 (42/47 isolates) and the RDNC isolates (5/47) were split into nine groups (DI=0.65±0.14). When a maximum divergence at one locus was permitted these could be gathered into four groups. Using this criterion, combined with epidemiological information, a spread of one type from broiler breeders to broilers and further to the poultry slaughter house was plausible. In conclusion, although it could be concluded that a spread within the broiler production pyramid had taken place the source of the sudden increase of S. Typhimurium DT41 remains unclear. To investigate this in more detail, further studies using whole genome sequencing to obtain a higher discriminatory strength and including isolates from a longer period of time and from various sources are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Löfström
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Ann-Sofie Hintzmann
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Lau Baggesen
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
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17
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Ido N, Iwabuchi K, Sato'o Y, Sato Y, Sugawara M, Yaegashi G, Konno M, Akiba M, Tanaka K, Omoe K, Uchida I. Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from humans, animals and river water in Japan by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:609-13. [PMID: 25649169 PMCID: PMC4478744 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-one Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-
(S. 4, [5],12:i:-) isolates (14 human strains, 34 animal strains and 3
river water strains) which are assumed to be monophasic variants of S.
Typhimurium were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus
variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) in order to investigate their genetic
diversities and relationships. PFGE, MLVA and combination of them identified 28, 27 and 34
profiles (Simpson’s diversity indices [DI]=0.94, 0.96 and 0.97), respectively. No
correlations were detected between MLVA clustering and PFGE clustering or phage typing.
These results suggested that S. 4,[5],12:i:- originated from multiple
S. Typhimurium ancestors. Two cattle and one pig isolates showing
identical phage types as well as PFGE and MLVA profiles to human isolates
S. 4,[5],12:i:- suggested the existence of the links between human
infections and animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ido
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Takizawa, Japan
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18
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Barco L, Ramon E, Cortini E, Longo A, Dalla Pozza MC, Lettini AA, Dionisi AM, Olsen JE, Ricci A. Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- DT193 ASSuT strains from two outbreaks in Italy. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 11:138-44. [PMID: 24328499 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- DT193 is recognized as an emerging monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium in many European countries. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracycline (R-type ASSuT) is described as one of the most common profiles of resistance within this clone. Recently, strains presenting such features were isolated from two unrelated outbreaks in Italy. Strains were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), performed with XbaI, BlnI, and SpeI, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). XbaI-PFGE showed strains related to the two outbreaks as indistinguishable. Conversely, both BlnI-PFGE and MLVA characterized the strains related the two outbreaks as different. XbaI-PFGE identified two profiles, differing by one band, within strains isolated from one of the two outbreaks. Also BlnI-PFGE and MLVA generated different profiles among the strains related to that outbreak. Combining the PFGE profiles obtained by XbaI and BlnI and comparing them with the MLVA profiles, the two methods grouped the same isolates based on identity. Moreover, genomic deletions of the genes included in the operon fljAB, the flanking iroB gene, and the closely located STM2757 gene were investigated. For all strains, the same profile of deletion characterized by the absence of fljA, fljB, and hin genes and the presence of STM2757 and iroB genes was identified. This profile of deletion represents a mixture between two profiles of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- described as the "Spanish" and the "U.S." clones. This study demonstrated that although strains of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- DT193 ASSuT are highly clonal, minor differences between strains may be seen during the same outbreak by using in parallel PFGE with different restriction enzymes, MLVA, and the analysis of molecular markers related to the operon fljAB. The combination of these different molecular approaches was essential to clarify the epidemiological relationship among the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barco
- 1 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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19
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Paranthaman K, Haroon S, Latif S, Vinnyey N, de Souza V, Welfare W, Tahir M, Cooke E, Stone K, Lane C, Peters T, Puleston R. Emergence of a multidrug-resistant (ASSuTTm) strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT120 in England in 2011 and the use of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis in supporting outbreak investigations. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:850-5. [PMID: 23869962 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In summer 2011, two outbreaks of a unique, multidrug-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type 120 (DT120) occurred mainly in the Midlands, England. The first outbreak occurred among guests attending a wedding in July 2011 ('Wedding outbreak'), followed by a more geographically dispersed outbreak in August and September 2011 ('Midlands outbreak'). Fifty-one cases were confirmed. Detailed epidemiological and environmental health investigations suggested that pork was the most likely source of both outbreaks. All human samples and one pork sample showed the specific multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) profile 3-11-12-NA-0211, with at most two loci variations. Trace-back investigations suggested a link to a butcher's shop and a pig farm in the East Midlands. The investigations highlight the utility of molecular analysis (MLVA) in supporting epidemiological investigations of outbreaks caused by S. Typhimurium DT120. Safe handling and cooking of pork by food business operators and consumers are key interventions to prevent future outbreaks.
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