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Kabeta T, Tolosa T, Duchateau L, Van Immerseel F, Antonissen G. Prevalence and serotype of poultry salmonellosis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Avian Pathol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38639048 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2344549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The pooled sample prevalence of poultry salmonellosis in Africa is high (14.4%).The highest PPE was recorded in meat and meat products.Salmonella serotypes of zoonotic importance were found in all sample types.Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium are common serotypes spreading in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Kabeta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biometrics Research Group, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wang J, Vaddu S, Bhumanapalli S, Mishra A, Applegate T, Singh M, Thippareddi H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sources of Salmonella in poultry production (pre-harvest) and their relative contributions to the microbial risk of poultry meat. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102566. [PMID: 36996513 PMCID: PMC10074252 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen associated with poultry and poultry products and a leading cause for human salmonellosis. Salmonella is known to transmit in poultry flocks both vertically and horizontally. However, there is a lack of knowledge on relative contribution of the factors on Salmonella prevalence in poultry live production system including hatchery, feed, water, environment-interior, and -exterior. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the potential sources of Salmonella during preharvest and their relative contributions to the microbial risk of poultry meat. A total of 16,800 studies identified from Google Scholar and 37 relevant studies were included in the meta-analysis for relative contributions to Salmonella positivity on broilers after applying exclusion criteria. A generalized linear mixed model approach combined with logit transformation was used in the current study to stabilize the variance. The analysis revealed that the hatchery is the most significant contributor of Salmonella with a prevalence of 48.5%. Litter, feces, and poultry house internal environment were the other 3 major contributing factors with a prevalence of 25.4, 16.3, and 7.9%, respectively. Moreover, poultry house external environment (4.7%), feed (4.8%), chicks (4.7%), and drinker water also contributed to the Salmonella positivity. Results from this meta-analysis informed the urgent need for controls in live production to further reduce Salmonella in fresh, processed poultry. The control strategies can include eliminating the sources of Salmonella and incorporating interventions in live production to reduce Salmonella concentrations in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Vaddu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Bhumanapalli
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - A Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - T Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - H Thippareddi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Chicken Carcass Rinse Water in Thailand. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0123522. [PMID: 36598278 PMCID: PMC9872574 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01235-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the circularized complete genome sequences, containing a circular chromosome and two circular plasmids, of strains SalSpp05 (4.9 Mbp) and SalSpp10 (4.8 Mbp), which were isolated from chicken carcass rinse water samples; the sequences were obtained by combining Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read data and Illumina short-read data. Whole-genome alignments indicated that both strains belong to Salmonella enterica.
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Poultry Products in Central Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:8625636. [PMID: 36582464 PMCID: PMC9794417 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8625636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection caused by salmonella, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. From December 2021 to May 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out to isolate Salmonella from poultry farms in the towns of Bishoftu and Adama and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility frequency of the isolates. A total of 384 samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella, including 259 feces, 56 eggs, and 69 types of meat, using the ISO, 2002 standard procedures. The raw data were organized, coded, and entered into an Excel spreadsheet before being analyzed with STATA via descriptive analysis with chi-square. From 384 collected samples, 62 (16.15%) isolates were obtained, with 9.9%, 3.65, and 2.6% found in feces, eggs, and meat, respectively. Statistically, there was a significant difference between breeds (p value = 0.036). Bovines had the highest prevalence (32.83%), while Saso had the lowest (30.81%). The variation within each sample type, housing condition, and age group was not statistically significant (p value >0.05). Antimicrobial resistance was found in 29 (96.77%) of the isolates. Ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim were effective against all isolates. Salmonella was isolated from various locations, sample types, ages, and breeds, indicating a wider distribution. Salmonellosis detection isolates suggested that it could be an emerging poultry and public health issue. As a result, future research should concentrate on isolating and identifying salmonella from poultry in backyard systems and comparing it to that of an intensive farm, as well as molecular characterization for serotyping and genetic studies, as well as genes responsible for salmonella pathogenicity and drug resistance.
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Ogunlaja A, Ogunlaja OO, Olukanni OD, Taylor GO, Olorunnisola CG, Dougnon VT, Mousse W, Fatta-Kassinos D, Msagati TAM, Unuabonah EI. Antibiotic resistomes and their chemical residues in aquatic environments in Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119783. [PMID: 35863703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is a hotspot for the transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans and animals. Several reviews have put together research efforts on the presence and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic chemical residue (ACRs) in food, hospital wastewater, and even in other aquatic environments. However, these reports are largely focused on data from developed countries, while data from developing countries and especially those in Africa, are only marginally discussed. This review is the first effort that distills information on the presence and distribution of ARGs and ACRs in the African aquatic environments (2012-2021). This review provides critical information on efforts put into the study of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa through the lens of the different sub-regions in the continent. The picture provided is compared with those from some other continents in the world. It turns out that the large economies in Africa (South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Kenya) all have a few reports of ARB and ARGs in their aquatic environment while smaller economies in the continent could barely provide reports of these in their aquatic environment (in most cases no report was found) even though they have some reports on resistomes from clinical studies. Interestingly, the frequency of these reports of ARB and ARGs in aquatic environments in Africa suggests that the continent is ahead of the South American continent but behind Europe and Asia in relation to providing information on these contaminants. Common ARGs found in African aquatic environment encode resistance to sulfonamide, tetracycline, β-lactam, and macrolide classes of antibiotics. The efforts and studies from African scientists in eliminating ARB and ARGs from the aquatic environment in Africa are also highlighted. Overall, this document is a ready source of credible information for scientists, policy makers, governments, and regional bodies on ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will inspire some necessary responses from all stakeholders in the water quality sector in Africa to put in more effort into providing more scientific evidence of the presence of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in their aquatic environment and seek more efficient ways to handle them to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance among the population in the continent. This will in turn, put the continent on the right path to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals #3 and #6, which at the moment, appears to be largely missed by most countries in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aemere Ogunlaja
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olumuyiwa O Ogunlaja
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumide D Olukanni
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Gloria O Taylor
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chidinma G Olorunnisola
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Victorien T Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel I Unuabonah
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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Kipper D, Mascitti AK, De Carli S, Carneiro AM, Streck AF, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Emergence, Dissemination and Antimicrobial Resistance of the Main Poultry-Associated Salmonella Serovars in Brazil. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080405. [PMID: 36006320 PMCID: PMC9415136 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonellosis is a human and animal disease caused by Salmonella, a bacterial genus classified into different species, subspecies, and serological variants (serovars) according to adaptation to one or more different hosts (animals and humans), pathogenicity profiles, and antigenic properties. Some specific Salmonella serovars can spread more easily in the enteric microbiota of avian species, often causing disease in birds and/or being transmitted to humans through food (such as chicken and eggs). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has also been reported in poultry-associated Salmonella isolates due to the widespread use of antimicrobials on farms. The availability of comprehensive data on the emergence and spread of Salmonella serovars, as well as their AMR profiles in farms and food products in Brazil (a major producer of poultry in the World), is necessary to understand their relevance in all avian production chains and also occurrence in poultry-derived foods. This article aims to provide an overview of the genus Salmonella and the main serovars that emerged in Brazilian poultry over time (Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Minnesota), reviewing the scientific literature and suggesting more effective prevention and control for the future. Abstract Salmonella infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of Salmonella transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main Salmonella serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Salmonella Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diéssy Kipper
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Andréa Karoline Mascitti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Andressa Matos Carneiro
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: or or
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Wan Y, Ma R, Qi R, Li Y, Liu W, Li J, Liu L, Zheng J, Yue J, Zhan K. Dietary fresh lemon improves the albumen quality, immune status and lipid metabolism of Jingfen laying hens during the late laying period. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1870174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Ruiyu Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Renrong Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Yue
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
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Course CE, Boerlin P, Slavic D, Vaillancourt JP, Guerin MT. Factors associated with Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli during downtime in commercial broiler chicken barns in Ontario. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101065. [PMID: 33765489 PMCID: PMC8008170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli are bacteria of concern to veterinary public health and poultry health. Our research aimed to determine the factors associated with S. enterica and E. coli in commercial broiler chicken barns during the rest period between flocks to identify the best methods of sanitation for bacterial load reduction. This involved collecting samples from September 2015 to July 2016 from the floors of 36 barns before sanitation (baseline) and at 2 time intervals after sanitation, followed by microbiological and molecular analysis. A priori variables of interest included sanitation procedure (dry cleaning, wet cleaning, disinfection), sampling point (baseline, 2 d after sanitation, 6 d after sanitation), and flooring type (concrete, wood). The odds of detecting S. enterica were higher on wooden floors that were wet-cleaned than on concrete floors that were dry-cleaned, lower in the winter and spring than in the fall, and lower when samples were collected 2 d and 6 d after sanitation than at baseline. For E. coli, the concentration was higher on wooden floors than on concrete floors and in the summer than in the fall, and it was lower in postsanitation samples from disinfected barns than in presanitation samples from dry-cleaned barns and in the winter than in the fall. Among E. coli isolates, factors associated with the presence of qacEΔ1, a gene associated with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, included sanitation procedure, flooring type, cycle length, and the number of times per yr the barn is disinfected. Our findings highlight the importance of cleaning after litter removal, although the sanitation procedure chosen might differ depending on which pathogen is present and causing disease issues; dry cleaning appears to be preferable for S. enterica control, especially in barns with wooden floors, whereas disinfection appears to be preferable for E. coli reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Course
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 6R8
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Raji MA, Kazeem HM, Magyigbe KA, Ahmed AO, Lawal DN, Raufu IA. Salmonella Serovars, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors Isolated from Intestinal Content of Slaughtered Chickens and Ready-to-Eat Chicken Gizzards in the Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8872137. [PMID: 33748266 PMCID: PMC7943306 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8872137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food-borne diseases, and the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products is a global public health problem. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to July 2017 with an aim of determining the isolation rates of Salmonella species from the intestinal contents of slaughtered chickens, the most common serotypes that invade and colonize the tissues of chickens in Ilorin, and the susceptibilities of the isolated species to commonly used antibiotics. Four hundred samples of intestinal contents from apparently healthy slaughtered chickens and one hundred ready-to-eat chicken gizzards in Ilorin, Kwara State, were examined for the presence of Salmonella and their serotypes. Salmonellae were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by the World Health Organization: preenrichment, selective plating, biochemical testing, and serotyping. A total number of forty-three (43) Salmonella isolates consisting of 33 from intestinal contents and 10 from ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were isolated and identified. There was an overall Salmonella prevalence rate of 8.6% (43/500), and the isolates were distributed as follows: gizzard, 2% (n = 10) and intestinal contents, 6.6% (n = 33). The predominant serovars were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (16) and S. Haifa (5). All ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (5). The Salmonella from intestinal contents belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars 45: d: 1, 7 (11) and S. Haifa (5). Salmonella species isolated were 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime. This is followed by cloxacillin (81%), tetracycline (75%), and sulfamethoxazole (67%). The Salmonella isolates were, however, 100% sensitive to enrofloxacin, 74% to streptomycin, and 72% to gentamycin antibiotics. The most common serotype was S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7. All the twenty five Salmonella serovars consisting of twenty-one serotypes (n = 21), two of the Salmonella that could not be cultured after enrichment, and the two that were contaminated with Proteus possessed the virulence genes of invA and stn. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 and S. Haifa possess virulence genes so they are potentially virulent for humans in this area. The national and local health authorities in Nigeria should improve hygiene measures especially at retail slaughter markets to reduce salmonellosis which is one of the most important food-borne diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Raji
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - H. M. Kazeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K. A. Magyigbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A. O. Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - D. N. Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - I. A. Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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11
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Ngogang MP, Ernest T, Kariuki J, Mouliom Mouiche MM, Ngogang J, Wade A, van der Sande MAB. Microbial Contamination of Chicken Litter Manure and Antimicrobial Resistance Threat in an Urban Area Setting in Cameroon. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010020. [PMID: 33383622 PMCID: PMC7824223 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pilot study to assess microbiological safety of chicken litter, an affordable organic and main fertilizer used in Cameroon and worldwide. A convenience sampling of 26 farms was done and a questionnaire was administered. Samples of litter were aseptically collected. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were isolated using CLSI standards. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method and a micro broth dilution method for colistin. In broiler farms, 90% of participating farmers gave antibiotic prophylaxis. The prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was 59.1% and 15.5%, respectively. All E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant as well as 36.4% for Salmonella spp. No resistance was found against cefepime and imipenem. All Salmonella spp. tested were found sensitive to colistin while 26.7% of E. coli spp. were colistin resistant. Contamination of chicken litter may be an underestimated source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission towards animals, humans and the environment with multidrug resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. This shows the need and opportunity for a One Health approach in AMR surveillance and control in Cameroon. Continued surveillance in chicken litter would enable monitoring of AMR risks and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paule Ngogang
- Laboratoire de Recherche et d’Expertise Biomédicale (LABOREB), P.O. Box 35262 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (T.E.); (J.N.)
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.K.); (M.A.B.v.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tambo Ernest
- Laboratoire de Recherche et d’Expertise Biomédicale (LABOREB), P.O. Box 35262 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (T.E.); (J.N.)
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, P.O. Box 208 Bagangté, Cameroon
| | - Jennifer Kariuki
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.K.); (M.A.B.v.d.S.)
| | | | - Jeanne Ngogang
- Laboratoire de Recherche et d’Expertise Biomédicale (LABOREB), P.O. Box 35262 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (T.E.); (J.N.)
| | - Abel Wade
- Laboratoire National Veterinaire (LANAVET), P.O. Box 503 Garoua, Cameroon;
| | - Marianne Antonia Bernada van der Sande
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.K.); (M.A.B.v.d.S.)
- Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Andrew Selaledi L, Mohammed Hassan Z, Manyelo TG, Mabelebele M. The Current Status of the Alternative Use to Antibiotics in Poultry Production: An African Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E594. [PMID: 32932751 PMCID: PMC7559726 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years the growth and health of food-producing animals have been enhanced by the use of antibiotics. These have helped reduce on-farm mortalities, lower incidences of diseases and more importantly improve productivity. Generally, the utilization of antibiotics in feed has been reevaluated since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can easily be spread within microbial communities. Multiple countries have introduced bans or severe restrictions on the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics. This has therefore warranted the urgent need for alternatives. Africa is facing its own challenges as it has been reported to be one of the continents with the highest number of foodborne diseases with approximately 91 million related diseases and 137,000 death per annum. Stakeholder and policy direction has been put in place to curb this escalation; however, the problem persists. The use of alternatives has been recommended and some successfully used in other countries as well as Africa, including pro- and prebiotics and phytochemicals. This then leads to the core aim of this review which is to (1) determine the extent to which antimicrobial-resistant pathogens have affected Africa, (2) assess the current measures put in place by Africa to reduces antimicrobial resistance and finally (3) explore the alternative use of antibiotics in poultry production. Improved sanitary conditions and farm biosecurity are important alternatives that could be adopted by farmers instead of depending on antibiotic drugs for disease control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letlhogonolo Andrew Selaledi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (L.A.S.); (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Zahra Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (L.A.S.); (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.)
| | - Tlou Grace Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (L.A.S.); (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.)
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (L.A.S.); (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.)
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13
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Monte DFM, Nethery MA, Barrangou R, Landgraf M, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Whole-genome sequencing analysis and CRISPR genotyping of rare antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from food and related sources. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103601. [PMID: 32912589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis have prevailed in several countries as agents of salmonellosis outbreaks. In Brazil, the largest exporter of poultry meat, relatively little attention has been paid to infrequent serovars. Here, we report the emergence and characterization of rare serovars isolated from food and related sources collected between 2014 and 2016 in Brazil. Twenty-two Salmonella enterica isolates were analyzed through the use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genotyping. These isolates were classified into 10 infrequent serovars, including S. Abony, S. Isangi, S. Rochdale, S. Saphra, S. Orion, S. Ouakam, S. Grumpensis, S. Carrau, S. Abaetetuba, and S. Idikan. The presence of six antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, qnrB19, blaCMY-2, tetA, aac(6')-Iaa, sul2 and fosA7, which encode resistance to quinolones, third-generation cephalosporin, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and fosfomycin, respectively, were confirmed by WGS. All S. Isangi harbored qnrB19 with conserved genomic context across strains, while S. Abony harbored blaCMY-2. Twelve (54.5%) strains displayed chromosomal mutations in parC (Thr57→Ser). Most serovars were classified as independent lineages, except S. Abony and S. Abaetetuba, which phylogenetically nested with Salmonella strains from different countries. CRISPR analysis revealed that the spacer content was strongly correlated with serovar and multi-locus sequence type for all strains, independently confirming the observed phylogenetic patterns, and highlighting the value of CRISPR-based genotyping for Salmonella. These findings add valuable information to the epidemiology of S. enterica in Brazil, where the emergency of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew A Nethery
- Genomic Sciences Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rodolphe Barrangou
- Genomic Sciences Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Kumar N, Mohan K, Georges K, Dziva F, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence, Serovars, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Cecal Samples of Chickens Slaughtered in Pluck Shops in Trinidad. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1560-1567. [PMID: 31424291 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and zonal distribution of Salmonella serotypes in poultry and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolates. A total of 1,503 cecal samples of poultry were randomly collected from 33 pluck shops across Trinidad. Isolation and identification of Salmonella followed standard methods, and the disk diffusion method was used to determine resistance of isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents. Ninety-one (6.1%) of the 1,503 samples collected from four zones were positive for Salmonella. The frequency of isolation of Salmonella from chicken ceca (6.5%) was higher than that detected in duck ceca (5.1%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Ten serotypes were detected, with Salmonella Molade, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica I, and Salmonella Typhimurium the most prevalent at 56.0, 11.0, and 8.8%, respectively. The highest frequency of isolation of Salmonella was recorded in the northeast zone (59.3%). All 91 isolates exhibited resistance to at least 1 of the 14 antimicrobial agents. The highest frequency of resistance was exhibited to ampicillin (51.0%), kanamycin (49.5%), and streptomycin (37.4%). A total of 22 resistance patterns were exhibited by the 91 isolates of Salmonella, and 13 isolates (14.3%) exhibited multiple drug resistance. The results emphasize the need to implement hygienic practices to reduce the levels of contamination at poultry pluck shops and the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in the poultry production system in Trinidad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Kumar
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Krishna Mohan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Karla Georges
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Francis Dziva
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
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15
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Djeffal S, Mamache B, Elgroud R, Hireche S, Bouaziz O. Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses in the northeast of Algeria. Vet World 2018; 11:1102-1108. [PMID: 30250370 PMCID: PMC6141290 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1102-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to provide information on the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and to identify risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses in the northeast of Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 32 poultry farms and five slaughterhouses in the province of Skikda (northeastern Algeria). A questionnaire was answered by the poultry farmers and slaughterhouses' managers. Biological samples (cloacal swabs, droppings, caeca, livers, and neck skins) and environmental ones (water, feed, surface wipes, rinsing water, and sticking knife swabbing) were taken to assess the Salmonella contamination status. RESULTS Nearly 34.37% of the poultry farms and all the slaughterhouses were contaminated with Salmonella. The isolated Salmonella strains belonged to two major serotypes: Kentucky and Heidelberg followed by Enteritidis, Virginia, and Newport. There was an evident heterogeneous distribution of serotypes in poultry farms and slaughterhouses. Only one factor (earth floor) was significantly associated with Salmonella contamination in poultry houses (p<0.05). CONCLUSION A high prevalence rate of Salmonella contamination was found in poultry farms and slaughterhouses in Skikda region. These results showed the foremost hazardous role of poultry production in the spread and persistence of Salmonella contamination in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Djeffal
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Bakir Mamache
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, University Hadj Lakhdar, Batna, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Sana Hireche
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Omar Bouaziz
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
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16
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Odoch T, Sekse C, L'Abee-Lund TM, Høgberg Hansen HC, Kankya C, Wasteson Y. Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Genotypes in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms in Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E324. [PMID: 29438292 PMCID: PMC5858393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are foodborne pathogens of global public health significance. The aim of this study was to subtype a collection of 85 NTS originating from poultry farms in Uganda, and to evaluate a subgroup of phenotypically resistant isolates for common antimicrobial resistance genes and associated integrons. All isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Phenotypically resistant isolates (n = 54) were screened by PCR for the most relevant AMR genes corresponding to their phenotypic resistance pattern, and all 54 isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of integron class 1 and 2 encoding genes. These genes are known to commonly encode resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide and chloramphenicol. PFGE revealed 15 pulsotypes representing 11 serotypes from 75 isolates, as 10 were non-typable. Thirty one (57.4%) of the 54 resistant isolates carried at least one of the seven genes (blaTEM-1,cmlA, tetA, qnrS,sul1,dhfrI,dhfrVII) identified by PCR and six (11%) carried class 1 integrons. This study has shown that a diversity of NTS-clones are present in Ugandan poultry farm settings, while at the same time similar NTS-clones occur in different farms and areas. The presence of resistance genes to important antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine has been demonstrated, hence the need to strengthen strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Trine M L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helge Christoffer Høgberg Hansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Odoch T, Wasteson Y, L’Abée-Lund T, Muwonge A, Kankya C, Nyakarahuka L, Tegule S, Skjerve E. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:365. [PMID: 29187195 PMCID: PMC5707898 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the leading global foodborne pathogens and a significant public health threat. Their occurrence in animal reservoirs and their susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials are poorly understood in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, determine antimicrobial susceptibility and identify risk factors associated with NTS presence in laying hen farms in Uganda through a cross-sectional study. RESULTS Pooled faecal samples were collected from 237 laying hen farms and these were analysed for NTS following standard laboratory procedures. In total, 49 farms (20.7%; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 15.6-25.6%) were positive for NTS presence. Altogether, ten Salmonella serotypes were identified among the confirmed 78 isolates, and the predominant serotypes were Salmonella Newport (30.8%), S. Hadar (14.1%), S. Aberdeen (12.8%), S. Heidelberg (12.8%), and S. Bolton (12.8%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was detected in 45(57.7%) of the isolates and the highest resistance was against ciprofloxacin (50.0%) followed by sulphonamides (26.9%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.7%). Resistance was significantly associated with sampled districts (p = 0.034). Resistance to three or more drugs, multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 12 (15.4%) of the isolates, 9 (75%) of these were from Wakiso district. A multivariable logistic model identified large farm size (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.5-19.8) and the presence of other animal species on the farm (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1-16.1) as risk factors for NTS prevalence on farms. Having a separate house for birds newly brought to the farms was found to be protective (OR = 0,4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). CONCLUSION This study has highlighted a high prevalence and diversity of NTS species in laying hen farms in Uganda and identified associated risk factors. In addition, it has demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of NTS. This could be because of overuse or misuse of antimicrobials in poultry production. Also importantly, the insights provided in this study justifies a strong case for strengthening One Health practices and this will contribute to the development of NTS control strategies at local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine L’Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Divisions of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) Vet School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Tegule
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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18
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Fashae K, Leekitcharoenphon P, Hendriksen RS. Phenotypic and genotypic comparison of salmonellae from diarrhoeic and healthy humans and cattle, Nigeria. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e185-e195. [PMID: 29193894 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sources and modes of transmission of non-typhoidal Salmonella particularly zoonotic transmission are poorly understood in Africa. This study compared phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Salmonellae isolated from cattle and humans. Faecal samples of diarrhoeic patients (n = 234), and a healthy population (n = 160), beef cattle at slaughter (n = 250), farms (n = 72) and market (n = 100) were cultured for salmonellae and serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility were determined. Whole-genome sequence typing (WGST) of selected isolates and bioinformatic analysis were used to identify the multilocus sequence type (MLST), plasmid replicons, antimicrobial resistance genes and genetic relatedness by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The Salmonella isolates, diarrhoeic patients (n = 17), healthy population (n = 13), cattle (abattoir, n = 67; farms, n = 10; market n = 5), revealed 49 serovars; some serovars were common to humans and cattle. Rare serovars were prevalent: Colindale (cattle and humans); Rubislaw and Bredeney (humans); and Dublin, Give, Eastbourne, Hadar, Marseille, Sundsvall, Bergen, Ekotedo, Carno and Ealing (cattle). The sequence types (ST) include ST 584, ST 198, ST 562 and ST 512 for S. Colindale, S. Kentucky S. Rubislaw and S. Urbana, respectively. Clonal cluster shared by cattle and human WGST isolates was not found. Antimicrobial resistance rates were generally low and towards only chloramphenicol, ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and streptomycin, range 2.7% (chloramphenicol) to 8.9% (streptomycin). Multiply resistant isolates included serovars Kentucky, 4,5,12:i:- and Typhimurium. The study presents a baseline description of the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genetic relatedness of Salmonella isolated from healthy and diarrhoeic humans, and cattle at harvest, on farm and at market. Cattle are a reservoir of diverse salmonellae with shared serovars with humans, but WGST does not support zoonotic transmission. Further study with larger samples is recommended to determine whether epidemiological link exists between cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fashae
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - P Leekitcharoenphon
- WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food borne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R S Hendriksen
- WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food borne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Zhao X, Yang J, Zhang B, Sun S, Chang W. Characterization of Integrons and Resistance Genes in Salmonella Isolates from Farm Animals in Shandong Province, China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1300. [PMID: 28747906 PMCID: PMC5506228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 154 non-duplicate Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1,105 rectal swabs collected from three large-scale chicken farms (78/325, 24.0%), three large-scale duck farms (56/600, 9.3%) and three large-scale pig farms (20/180, 11.1%) between April and July 2016. Seven serotypes were identified among the 154 isolates, with the most common serotype in chickens and ducks being Salmonella enteritidis and in pigs Salmonella typhimurium. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (72.0%) and ampicillin (69.4%) in all sources. Class 1 integrons were detected in 16.9% (26/154) of these isolates and contained gene cassettes aadA2, aadA1, drfA1-aadA1, drfA12-aadA2, and drfA17-aadA5. Three β-lactamase genes were detected among the 154 isolates, and most of the isolates carried blaTEM-1(55/154), followed by blaPSE-1(14/154) and blaCTX-M-55 (11/154). Three plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected among the 154 isolates, and most of the isolates carried qnrA (113/154), followed by qnrB (99/154) and qnrS (10/154). Fifty-four isolates carried floR among the 154 isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis showed that nine sequence types (STs) were identified; ST11 was the most frequent genotype in chickens and ducks, and ST19 was identified in pigs. Our findings indicated that Salmonella was widespread, and the overuse of antibiotics in animals should be reduced considerably in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China
| | - Baozhen Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproduction Health Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen University TownShenzhen, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China
| | - Weishan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China
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20
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Fagbamila IO, Barco L, Mancin M, Kwaga J, Ngulukun SS, Zavagnin P, Lettini AA, Lorenzetto M, Abdu PA, Kabir J, Umoh J, Ricci A, Muhammad M. Salmonella serovars and their distribution in Nigerian commercial chicken layer farms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173097. [PMID: 28278292 PMCID: PMC5344354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry farms (n° 523), located in all the six regions of Nigeria were sampled with a view to generate baseline information about the distribution of Salmonella serovars in this country. Five different matrices (litter, dust, faeces, feed and water) were collected from each visited farm. Salmonella was isolated from at least one of the five matrices in 228 farms, with a farm prevalence of 43.6% (CI95[39.7-48.3%]). Altogether, 370 of 2615 samples collected (14.1%, CI95[12.8; 15.5%]) contained Salmonella. Considering the number of positive farms and the number of positive samples, it was evident that for the majority of the sampled farms, few samples were positive for Salmonella. With regard to the matrices, there was no difference in Salmonella prevalence among the five matrices considered. Of the 370 isolates serotyped, eighty-two different serotypes were identified and Salmonella Kentucky was identified as having the highest isolation rate in all the matrices sampled (16.2%), followed by S. Poona and S. Elisabethville. S. Kentucky was distributed across the country, whereas the other less frequent serovars had a more circumscribed diffusion. This is one of few comprehensive studies on the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial chicken layer farms from all the six regions of Nigeria. The relatively high prevalence rate documented in this study may be attributed to the generally poor infrastructure and low biosecurity measures in controlling stray animals, rodents and humans. Data collected could be valuable for instituting effective intervention strategies for Salmonella control in Nigeria and also in other developing countries with a similar poultry industry structure, with the final aim of reducing Salmonella spread in animals and ultimately in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Jacob Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sati Samuel Ngulukun
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Paola Zavagnin
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonia Anna Lettini
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzetto
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Paul Ayuba Abdu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Junaidu Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jarlath Umoh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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21
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Lettini AA, Vo Than T, Marafin E, Longo A, Antonello K, Zavagnin P, Barco L, Mancin M, Cibin V, Morini M, Dang Thi Sao M, Nguyen Thi T, Pham Trung H, Le L, Nguyen Duc T, Ricci A. Distribution of Salmonella Serovars and Antimicrobial Susceptibility from Poultry and Swine Farms in Central Vietnam. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:569-576. [PMID: 26952244 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their antimicrobial susceptibilities on poultry and swine farms, sampled in 2 regions in Central Vietnam. A total of 67 poultry farms and 46 swine farms were sampled in a period of 5 months (from September 2012 to January 2013). Salmonella spp. was prevalent in 46.3% and 71.7% of poultry and swine farms, respectively. Altogether, 99 non-typhoidal Salmonella were isolated and the most common serovars were Salmonella Weltevreden (19%), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (12%) and Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- (11%). Overall, 71 of 99 (72%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobial agents tested. Both in poultry and swine farms, high levels of resistance were observed for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline. The presence of Salmonella isolates from poultry and swine farms which were resistant to different classes of antimicrobials suggests that alternative control measures to antimicrobials should be implemented. Moreover, an effective policy should be promoted to encourage a prudent use of these agents in animal farming in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lettini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - T Vo Than
- Central of Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - E Marafin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Longo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - K Antonello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - P Zavagnin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L Barco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Mancin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - V Cibin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Morini
- International Cooperation Office, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Dang Thi Sao
- Central of Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - T Nguyen Thi
- Central of Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - H Pham Trung
- Central of Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - L Le
- Central of Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - T Nguyen Duc
- Central of Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - A Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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22
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Are Salmonella-Induced Gastroenteritis Neglected in Developing Countries? Feedback from Microbiological Investigations in N'Djamena Hospitals, Chad. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136153. [PMID: 26313150 PMCID: PMC4552384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is considered to be one of the main pathogens causing human gastroenteritis worldwide. Looking for Salmonella in Africa in patients suffering from gastroenteritis is rather unusual, and the use of antibiotics is not subject to any regulation. This study intends for stressing the possible prominent importance of Salmonella in digestive diseases in Africa as well as identifying antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from faeces samples of human origin. All samples were collected from five N’Djamena hospitals, from patients suffering from diarrhoea. The collecting was undertaken over two periods of six months each: from August 2010 to January 2011 and from September 2011 to February 2012. Salmonella isolates were obtained by standard cultivation and serotyping methods. A total of 43 Salmonella isolates were identified, belonging to 21 different serovars. The most prevalent serovar was Salmonella Stanleyville (n = 7), followed by S. Anatum (n = 4) and S. Kottbus (n = 3). The other serovars were under-represented. The majority of these isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested (CLSI Standards), except two S. Enteritidis isolates that exhibited resistance to fluoroquinolones. The different serovars and antibiotic resistance profiles that were observed highlight the substantial diversity of Salmonella in N’Djamena, Chad. Roughly, one out of ten patients who consulted for gastroenteritis was shedding Salmonella spp. and none of them would have been diagnosed outside the context of this research program. This study may encourage local clinicians to explore more often salmonellosis suspicion in their daily practice.
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Rodríguez R, Fandiño C, Donado P, Guzmán L, Verjan N. Characterization ofSalmonellafrom Commercial Egg-Laying Hen Farms in a Central Region of Colombia. Avian Dis 2015; 59:57-63. [DOI: 10.1637/10873-052714-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Voss-Rech D, Vaz CS, Alves L, Coldebella A, Leão JA, Rodrigues DP, Back A. A temporal study of Salmonella enterica serotypes from broiler farms in Brazil. Poult Sci 2015; 94:433-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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25
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Adesiyun A, Webb L, Musai L, Louison B, Joseph G, Stewart-Johnson A, Samlal S, Rodrigo S. Resistance to antimicrobial agents among Salmonella isolates recovered from layer farms and eggs in the Caribbean region. J Food Prot 2014; 77:2153-60. [PMID: 25474066 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This investigation determined the frequency of resistance of 84 isolates of Salmonella comprising 14 serotypes recovered from layer farms in three Caribbean countries (Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, and St. Lucia) to eight antimicrobial agents, using the disc diffusion method. Resistance among isolates of Salmonella was related to the country of recovery, type of sample, size of layer farms, and isolate serotype. Overall, all (100.0%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to one or more of seven antimicrobial agents tested, and all were susceptible to chloramphenicol. The resistance detected ranged from 11.9% to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) to 100.0% to erythromycin. The difference was, however, not statistically significant (P = 0.23). Across countries, for types of samples that yielded Salmonella, significant differences in frequency of resistance were detected only to SXT (P = 0.002) in Trinidad and Tobago and to gentamycin (P = 0.027) in St. Lucia. For the three countries, the frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents was significantly different for ampicillin (P = 0.001) and SXT (P = 0.032). A total of 83 (98.8%) of the 84 isolates exhibited 39 multidrug resistance patterns. Farm size significantly (P = 0.032) affected the frequency of resistance to kanamycin across the countries. Overall, among the 14 serotypes of Salmonella tested, significant (P < 0.05) differences in frequency of resistance were detected to kanamycin, ampicillin, and SXT. Results suggest that the relatively high frequency of resistance to six of the antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline) tested and the multidrug resistance detected may pose prophylactic and therapeutic concerns for chicken layer farms in the three countries studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
| | - Lloyd Webb
- Institute of Public Health Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA
| | - Lisa Musai
- Poultry Surveillance Unit, Ministry of Food Production, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Bowen Louison
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministerial Complex, Tanteen, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - George Joseph
- Veterinary and Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production, Rural Development and Fisheries, Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies
| | - Alva Stewart-Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Sannandan Samlal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Shelly Rodrigo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George's University, University Centre, Grenada, West Indies
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