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Røken M, Iakhno S, Haaland AH, Bjelland AM, Wasteson Y. The Home Environment Is a Reservoir for Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Mammaliicocci. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:279. [PMID: 38534714 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and mammaliicocci are opportunistic human and animal pathogens, often resistant to multiple antimicrobials, including methicillin. Methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) have traditionally been linked to hospitals and healthcare facilities, where they are significant contributors to nosocomial infections. However, screenings of non-hospital environments have linked MRCoNS and methicillin-resistant mammaliicocci (MRM) to other ecological niches. The aim of this study was to explore the home environment as a reservoir for MRCoNS and MRM. A total of 33 households, including households with a dog with a methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infection, households with healthy dogs or cats and households without pets, were screened for MRCoNS and MRM by sampling one human, one pet (if present) and the environment. Samples were analyzed by a selective culture-based method, and bacterial species were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by the agar disk diffusion method. Following whole-genome sequencing, a large diversity of SCCmec elements and sequence types was revealed, which did not indicate any clonal dissemination of specific strains. Virulome and mobilome analyses indicated a high degree of species specificity. Altogether, this study documents that the home environment is a reservoir for a variety of MRCoNS and MRM regardless of the type of household.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Røken
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
- Institute of Microbiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Anita Haug Haaland
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
- Regulations and Control Department, Animal Health, 0304 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
- Department of Bacteriology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Witsø IL, Basson A, Vinje H, Llarena AK, Bringas CS, Aspholm M, Wasteson Y, Myrmel M. Freshwater plastispheres as a vector for foodborne bacteria and viruses. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2864-2881. [PMID: 37964725 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that plastic particles can accumulate microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans or animals. In the current study, the composition of the plastispheres that accumulated on polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pieces submerged in a river in the southeast Norway was characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Seasonal and geographical effects on the bacterial composition of the plastisphere were identified, in addition to the detection of potential foodborne pathogenic bacteria and viruses as part of the plastisphere. The diversity and taxonomic composition of the plastispheres were influenced by the number of weeks in the river, the season, and the location. The bacterial diversity differed significantly in the plastisphere from June and September, with a generally higher diversity in June. Also, the community composition of the plastisphere was significantly influenced by the geographical location, while the type of plastic had less impact. Plastics submerged in river water assembled a variety of microorganisms including potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses (noro- and adenovirus) detected by qPCR. Cultivation methods detected viable bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The results highlight the need for additional research on the risk of contaminating food with plastic particles colonized with human pathogens through irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingun Lund Witsø
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Safety Unit, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Adelle Basson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Safety Unit, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Vinje
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Safety Unit, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Carlos Salas Bringas
- Institute for Marine Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Marina Aspholm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Safety Unit, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Safety Unit, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Unit, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Bengtsson-Palme J, Abramova A, Berendonk TU, Coelho LP, Forslund SK, Gschwind R, Heikinheimo A, Jarquín-Díaz VH, Khan AA, Klümper U, Löber U, Nekoro M, Osińska AD, Ugarcina Perovic S, Pitkänen T, Rødland EK, Ruppé E, Wasteson Y, Wester AL, Zahra R. Towards monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the environment: For what reasons, how to implement it, and what are the data needs? Environ Int 2023; 178:108089. [PMID: 37441817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to human and animal health and well-being. To understand AMR dynamics, it is important to monitor resistant bacteria and resistance genes in all relevant settings. However, while monitoring of AMR has been implemented in clinical and veterinary settings, comprehensive monitoring of AMR in the environment is almost completely lacking. Yet, the environmental dimension of AMR is critical for understanding the dissemination routes and selection of resistant microorganisms, as well as the human health risks related to environmental AMR. Here, we outline important knowledge gaps that impede implementation of environmental AMR monitoring. These include lack of knowledge of the 'normal' background levels of environmental AMR, definition of high-risk environments for transmission, and a poor understanding of the concentrations of antibiotics and other chemical agents that promote resistance selection. Furthermore, there is a lack of methods to detect resistance genes that are not already circulating among pathogens. We conclude that these knowledge gaps need to be addressed before routine monitoring for AMR in the environment can be implemented on a large scale. Yet, AMR monitoring data bridging different sectors is needed in order to fill these knowledge gaps, which means that some level of national, regional and global AMR surveillance in the environment must happen even without all scientific questions answered. With the possibilities opened up by rapidly advancing technologies, it is time to fill these knowledge gaps. Doing so will allow for specific actions against environmental AMR development and spread to pathogens and thereby safeguard the health and wellbeing of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bengtsson-Palme
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Life Sciences, SciLifeLab, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) in Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Abramova
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Life Sciences, SciLifeLab, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) in Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luis Pedro Coelho
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rémi Gschwind
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, IAME F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, P.O.Box 66, FI-00014, Finland; Finnish Food Authority, P.O.Box 100, 00027 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Víctor Hugo Jarquín-Díaz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayaz Ali Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Uli Klümper
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marmar Nekoro
- Swedish Knowledge Centre on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, Swedish Medical Products Agency, P.O Box 26, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriana D Osińska
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, P.O.Box 5003 NMBU, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svetlana Ugarcina Perovic
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, P.O.Box 66, FI-00014, Finland; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Etienne Ruppé
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, IAME F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, P.O.Box 5003 NMBU, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Rabaab Zahra
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Buberg ML, Wasteson Y, Lindstedt BA, Witsø IL. In vitro digestion of ESC-resistant Escherichia coli from poultry meat and evaluation of human health risk. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1050143. [PMID: 36846779 PMCID: PMC9947789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a threat against human and animal health. Third and fourth generation cephalosporins have been defined as critically important antimicrobials by The World Health Organization. Exposure to Extended spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli may result in consumers becoming carriers if these bacteria colonize the human gut or their resistance genes spread to other bacteria in the gut microbiota. In the case that these resistant bacteria at later occasions cause disease, their resistance characteristics may lead to failure of treatment and increased mortality. We hypothesized that ESC-resistant E. coli from poultry can survive digestion and thereby cause infections and/or spread their respective resistance traits within the gastro-intestinal tract. Methods In this study, a selection of 31 ESC-resistant E. coli isolates from retail chicken meat was exposed to a static in vitro digestion model (INFOGEST). Their survival, alteration of colonizing characteristics in addition to conjugational abilities were investigated before and after digestion. Whole genome data from all isolates were screened through a custom-made virulence database of over 1100 genes for virulence- and colonizing factors. Results and discussion All isolates were able to survive digestion. Most of the isolates (24/31) were able to transfer their bla CMY2-containing plasmid to E. coli DH5-á, with a general decline in conjugation frequency of digested isolates compared to non-digested. Overall, the isolates showed a higher degree of cell adhesion than cell invasion, with a slight increase after digestion compared non-digested, except for three isolates that displayed a major increase of invasion. These isolates also harbored genes facilitating invasion. In the virulence-associated gene analysis two isolates were categorized as UPEC, and one isolate was considered a hybrid pathogen. Altogether the pathogenic potential of these isolates is highly dependent on the individual isolate and its characteristics. Poultry meat may represent a reservoir and be a vehicle for dissemination of potential human pathogens and resistance determinants, and the ESC-resistance may complicate treatment in the case of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Linn Buberg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Lindstedt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingun Lund Witsø
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,*Correspondence: Ingun Lund Witsø ✉
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Tchamba CN, Touzain F, Fergestad M, De Visscher A, L'Abee-Lund T, De Vliegher S, Wasteson Y, Blanchard Y, Argudín MA, Mainil J, Thiry D. Identification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci from dairy cattle in Belgium: Comparison of multiplex PCR and whole genome sequencing. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:150-155. [PMID: 36696786 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared multiplex PCR (mPCR) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) using the SCCmecFinder database to identify the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCC) mec in five Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and nine non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) isolated from dairy cattle. mPCR identified an SCCmecIV in four SA and one NAS, but could not differentiate between SCCmecII and IV in the fifth SA, that all harbored the mecA gene and were phenotypically resistant to cefoxitin. SCCmecFinder confirmed the presence of an SCCmecIVc(2B) in four SA and of the SCCmecIVa(2B) in the fifth SA and the one NAS. Both methods also detected one untypeable SCCmec in another cefoxitin-resistant NAS harboring the mecA gene and a pseudo SCCmec in one cefoxitin-sensitive NAS harboring one mecC-related gene. No SCCmec elements were identified either in one cefoxitin-sensitive NAS harboring the mecA2 gene, or in five NAS (one resistant and four sensitive to cefoxitin) harboring the mecA1 gene. SCCmecFinder could even not identify the presence of any mecA1 gene in these five NAS, whose presence was nevertheless confirmed by ResFinder. The conclusions of this study are: (i) mPCR and WGS sequencing using SCCmecFinder are complementary methodologies to identify SCCmec; (ii) SCCmecFinder and ResFinder to a lesser extent cannot identify all mec gene allotypes; (iii) a specific classification of the SCCmec in NAS would be epidemiologically helpful; (iv) presence of a mecA gene and a complete SCCmec is linked to cefoxitin resistance, whereas presence of other mec genes and of pseudo or no SCCmec is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Marte Fergestad
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Trine L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Maria A Argudín
- Molecular Biology, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège Liège, Belgium.
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Sternberg-Lewerin S, Boqvist S, Nørstebø SF, Grönthal T, Heikinheimo A, Johansson V, Heljanko V, Kurittu P, Fall N, Magnusson U, Mohn Bjelland A, Sørum H, Wasteson Y. Nordic Vets against AMR—An Initiative to Share and Promote Good Practices in the Nordic–Baltic Region. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081050. [PMID: 36009919 PMCID: PMC9405251 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Nordic countries, antimicrobial use in animals and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance are among the lowest in Europe. The network “Nordic Vets Against AMR” organized a meeting in 2021, with key actors including representatives from universities, veterinary authorities and veterinary organizations in Finland, Norway and Sweden. This paper reflects the most important discussions on education, research, policy and future perspectives, including the experiences of these countries. It concludes that Nordic veterinarians are well placed to lead the way in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and that the sharing of experiences can support colleagues in other countries. Veterinary education must go hand in hand with research activities and continuously updated guidelines and legislation. There is also a need for postgraduate training on antimicrobial resistance and prudent antimicrobial use. The veterinary profession must, by any means necessary, protect the efficiency of antimicrobials for the sake of animal health, animal welfare and productivity, as well as public health. While restrictive use of antimicrobials is crucial, the ability of veterinarians to use this medical tool is also important for the sake of animal welfare and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-1867-3192
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Simen Foyn Nørstebø
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (A.M.B.); (H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Thomas Grönthal
- Animal Health Diagnostics Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, PL 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland or (A.H.); (V.J.); (V.H.); (P.K.)
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venla Johansson
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, PL 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland or (A.H.); (V.J.); (V.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Viivi Heljanko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, PL 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland or (A.H.); (V.J.); (V.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Paula Kurittu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, PL 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland or (A.H.); (V.J.); (V.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Nils Fall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (N.F.); (U.M.)
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (N.F.); (U.M.)
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (A.M.B.); (H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (A.M.B.); (H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (A.M.B.); (H.S.); (Y.W.)
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7
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Røken M, Forfang K, Wasteson Y, Haaland AH, Eiken HG, Hagen SB, Bjelland AM. Antimicrobial resistance- Do we share more than companionship with our dogs? J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1027-1039. [PMID: 35596927 PMCID: PMC9542740 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate and compare antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in faeces from cohabiting dogs and owners. Methods and Results DNA from faecal samples from 35 dogs and 35 owners was screened for the presence of 34 clinically relevant ARGs using high throughput qPCR. In total, 24 and 25 different ARGs were present in the dog and owner groups, respectively. The households had a mean of 9.9 ARGs present, with dogs and owners sharing on average 3.3 ARGs. ARGs were shared significantly more in households with dogs over 6 years old (3.5, interquartile range 2.75–5.0) than in households with younger dogs (2.5, interquartile range 2.0–3.0) (p = 0.02). Dogs possessed significantly more mecA and aminoglycoside resistance genes than owners. Conclusions Dogs and owners can act as reservoirs for a broad range of ARGs belonging to several antimicrobial resistance classes. A modest proportion of the same resistance genes were present in both dogs and owners simultaneously, indicating that ARG transmission between the dog and human gut is of minor concern in the absence of antimicrobial selection. Significance and Impact of the Study This study provides insight into the common dog and human gut resistomes, contributing to an improved knowledge base in risk assessments regarding ARG transmission between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Røken
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristin Forfang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anita Haug Haaland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Snorre B Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Røken M, Iakhno S, Haaland AH, Wasteson Y, Bjelland AM. Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. from Infected Dogs to the Home Environment and Owners. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050637. [PMID: 35625281 PMCID: PMC9137922 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) infections often undergo treatment in their homes, interacting with their owners and surroundings. This close contact between dogs and owners may facilitate the interspecies transmission of MRS. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the transmission of MRS from infected dogs to their owners and home environments. Seven households with dogs that had been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and one household with a dog with methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) participated in the study. Dogs, owners, and the home environments were screened for the presence of clinical MRS. A selection of 36 staphylococcal isolates were whole-genome sequenced and screened for resistance genes and virulence genes. Clinical MRS were primarily identified from the dogs and their immediate surroundings, but these were also detected in locations that were out of reach for the dogs, indicating indirect transmission. Two of eight owners carried clinical MRS in their nostrils, while one owner carried methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP). All clinical MRS were multi-resistant, and several possessed resistance genes that were not expressed phenotypically. Clinical MRSP persisted in the home environment for a prolonged period, despite infection recovery and one dog being euthanized. Regardless of the stable presence of MRSP in the surroundings, the owners in these homes remained negative, but tested positive for MSSP on three occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Røken
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (Y.W.); (A.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-97-066-921
| | | | - Anita Haug Haaland
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (Y.W.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (Y.W.); (A.M.B.)
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9
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Fergestad ME, Touzain F, De Vliegher S, De Visscher A, Thiry D, Ngassam Tchamba C, Mainil JG, L’Abee-Lund T, Blanchard Y, Wasteson Y. Whole Genome Sequencing of Staphylococci Isolated From Bovine Milk Samples. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715851. [PMID: 34987483 PMCID: PMC8721127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are among the commonly isolated bacteria from intramammary infections in bovines, where Staphylococcus aureus is the most studied species. This species carries a variety of virulence genes, contributing to bacterial survival and spread. Less is known about non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and their range of virulence genes and mechanisms, but they are the most frequently isolated bacteria from bovine milk. Staphylococci can also carry a range of antimicrobial resistance genes, complicating treatment of the infections they cause. We used Illumina sequencing to whole genome sequence 93 staphylococcal isolates selected from a collection of staphylococcal isolates; 45 S. aureus isolates and 48 NAS isolates from 16 different species, determining their content of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes. Antimicrobial resistance genes were frequently observed in the NAS species as a group compared to S. aureus. However, the lincosamide resistance gene lnuA and penicillin resistance gene blaZ were frequently identified in NAS, as well as a small number of S. aureus. The erm genes conferring macrolide resistance were also identified in several NAS isolates and in a small number of S. aureus isolates. In most S. aureus isolates, no antimicrobial resistance genes were detected, but in five S. aureus isolates three to six resistance genes were identified and all five of these carried the mecA gene. Virulence genes were more frequently identified in S. aureus, which contained on average five times more virulence genes compared to NAS. Among the NAS species there were also differences in content of virulence genes, such as S. chromogenes with a higher average number of virulence genes. By determining the content of a large selection of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in S. aureus and 16 different NAS species our results contribute with knowledge regarding the genetic basis for virulence and antimicrobial resistance in bovine staphylococci, especially the less studied NAS. The results can create a broader basis for further research into the virulence mechanisms of this important group of bacteria in bovine intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Ekeland Fergestad
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques G. Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Trine L’Abee-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Yngvild Wasteson,
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10
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Ramstad SN, Brandal LT, Taxt AM, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Naseer U. Prevalence of genotypic antimicrobial resistance in clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Norway, 2018 to 2020. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34870582 PMCID: PMC8744279 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe to fatal disease in humans. Antimicrobial treatment is sometimes necessary, but contraindicated due to undesirable clinical outcome. However, recent studies have shown promising outcomes following antimicrobial treatment. Before the establishment of a possible antimicrobial treatment strategy for STEC infections, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in STEC needs to be determined. Gap statement The resistance status of Norwegian clinical STEC is not known and should be assessed. Aim We aim to characterize genotypic antimicrobial resistance determinants in clinical STEC in Norway, and determine the prevalence of genotypic resistance in order to inform possible antimicrobial treatment options for STEC infections. Methodology We included all clinical STEC submitted to the Norwegian Reference Laboratory from March 2018 to April 2020. All samples were whole-genome sequenced and screened for genotypic antimicrobial resistance,virulence determinants and plasmid incompatibility groups. We performed phylogenetic clustering of STEC by core-genome multi-locus sequence typing, and statistical association analyses between isolate characteristics and genotypic resistance. Results A total of 459 STEC were analysed. For 385 (83.9 %) STEC we did not identify any antimicrobial resistance determinants. Seventy-four STEC (16.1 %) harboured antimicrobial resistance determinants against one or more antimicrobial classes. The most frequent genotypic resistance was identified against aminoglycosides (10.5 %). Thirty-nine STEC (8.5 %) had a multi-drug resistance (MDR) genotype. Genotypic resistance was more prevalent in non-O157 than O157 STEC (P=0.02). A positive association was seen between genotypic resistance and the low-virulent STEC O117:H7 phylogenetic cluster (no. 14) (P<0.001). Genotypic resistance was not significantly associated to high-virulent STEC. STEC O146:H28 and isolates harbouring the plasmid replicon type IncQ1 were positively associated with MDR. Conclusion The overall prevalence of genotypic resistance in clinical STEC in Norway is low (16.1 %). Genotypic resistance is more prevalent in non-O157 strains compared to O157 strains, and not significantly associated to high-virulent STEC. Resistance to antimicrobials suggested for treatment, especially azithromycin is low and may present an empiric treatment alternative for severe STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje N Ramstad
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,ECDC fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Arne M Taxt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen V Bjørnholt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Umaer Naseer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Ramstad SN, Wasteson Y, Lindstedt BA, Taxt AM, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT, Bohlin J. Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2a Encoding Bacteriophages Isolated From High-Virulent O145:H25 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728116. [PMID: 34566932 PMCID: PMC8456039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause severe disease mainly due to the ability to produce Shiga toxins (Stx) encoded on bacteriophages. In Norway, more than 30% of the reported cases with STEC O145:H25 develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and most cases, with known travel history, acquired the infection domestically. To describe phage characteristics associated with high virulence, we extracted the Stx2a phage sequences from eight clinical Norwegian O145:H25 STEC to conduct in-depth molecular characterization using long and short read sequencing. The Stx2a phages were annotated, characterized, and compared with previously published Stx2a phages isolated from STEC of different serotypes. The Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phages showed high sequence identity (>99%) with 100% coverage. The Stx2a phages were located at the integration site yciD, were approximately 45 kbp long, and harbored several virulence-associated genes, in addition to stx2a, such as nanS and nleC. We observed high sequence identity (>98%) and coverage (≥94%) between Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phages and publicly available Stx2a phages from O145:H25 and O145:H28 STEC, isolated from HUS cases in the USA and a hemorrhagic diarrhea case from Japan, respectively. However, low similarity was seen when comparing the Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phage to Stx2a phages from STEC of other serotypes. In all the Norwegian O145:H25 STEC, we identified a second phage or remnants of a phage (a shadow phage, 61 kbp) inserted at the same integration site as the Stx2a phage. The shadow phage shared similarity with the Stx2a phage, but lacked stx2a and harbored effector genes not present in the Stx2a phage. We identified a conserved Stx2a phage among the Norwegian O145:H25 STEC that shared integration site with a shadow phage in all isolates. Both phage and shadow phage harbored several virulence-associated genes that may contribute to the increased pathogenicity of O145:H25 STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje N Ramstad
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Arne M Taxt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen V Bjørnholt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology Path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Jon Bohlin
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Fergestad ME, De Visscher A, L'Abee-Lund T, Tchamba CN, Mainil JG, Thiry D, De Vliegher S, Wasteson Y. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in 3 collections of staphylococci from bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10250-10267. [PMID: 33934873 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a prevalent disease in dairy cattle, and staphylococci are among the most common causative pathogens. Staphylococci can express resistance to a range of antimicrobials, of which methicillin resistance is of particular public health concern. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus carries a variety of virulence factors, although less is understood about the virulence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). The aim of our study was to identify and characterize 3 collections of staphylococcal isolates from bovine milk samples regarding antimicrobial resistance, with emphasis on methicillin resistance, and their carriage of virulence genes typically displayed by Staph. aureus. A total of 272 staphylococcal isolates collected in Norway and Belgium in 2016 were included, distributed as follows: group 1, Norway, 100 isolates; group 2, Flanders, Belgium, 64 isolates; group 3, Wallonia, Belgium, 108 isolates. Species identification was performed by use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Phenotypic resistance was determined via disk diffusion, and PCR was used for detection of methicillin resistance genes, mecA and mecC, and virulence genes. Antimicrobial resistance was common in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus from all different groups, with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfonamide frequently occurring in Staph. epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus as well as in Staph. aureus. Resistance to penicillin was most frequently observed in group 1. Ten Belgian isolates (1 from group 2, 9 from group 3) carried the methicillin resistance determinant mecA: 5 Staph. aureus from 2 different farms and 5 NAS from 3 different farms. Almost all Staph. aureus isolates were positive for at least 3 of the screened virulence genes, whereas, in total, only 8 NAS isolates harbored any of the same genes. Our study contributes to the continuous need for knowledge regarding staphylococci from food-producing animals as a basis for better understanding of occurrence of resistance and virulence traits in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Fergestad
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - A De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (UGent), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - C Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - J G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (UGent), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Y Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Buberg ML, Mo SS, Sekse C, Sunde M, Wasteson Y, Witsø IL. Population structure and uropathogenic potential of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from retail chicken meat. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:94. [PMID: 33781204 PMCID: PMC8008618 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food-producing animals and their products are considered a source for human acquisition of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, and poultry are suggested to be a reservoir for Escherichia coli resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC), a group of antimicrobials used to treat community-onset urinary tract infections in humans. However, the zoonotic potential of ESC-resistant E. coli from poultry and their role as extraintestinal pathogens, including uropathogens, have been debated. The aim of this study was to characterize ESC-resistant E. coli isolated from domestically produced retail chicken meat regarding their population genetic structure, the presence of virulence-associated geno- and phenotypes as well as their carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes, in order to evaluate their uropathogenic potential. Results A collection of 141 ESC-resistant E. coli isolates from retail chicken in the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food, feed and animals (NORM-VET) in 2012, 2014 and 2016 (n = 141) were whole genome sequenced and analyzed. The 141 isolates, all containing the beta-lactamase encoding gene blaCMY-2, were genetically diverse, grouping into 19 different sequence types (STs), and temporal variations in the distribution of STs were observed. Generally, a limited number of virulence-associated genes were identified in the isolates. Eighteen isolates were selected for further analysis of uropathogen-associated virulence traits including expression of type 1 fimbriae, motility, ability to form biofilm, serum resistance, adhesion- and invasion of eukaryotic cells and colicin production. These isolates demonstrated a high diversity in virulence-associated phenotypes suggesting that the uropathogenicity of ESC-resistant E. coli from chicken meat is correspondingly highly variable. For some isolates, there was a discrepancy between the presence of virulence-associated genes and corresponding expected phenotype, suggesting that mutations or regulatory mechanisms could influence their pathogenic potential. Conclusion Our results indicate that the ESC-resistant E. coli from chicken meat have a low uropathogenic potential to humans, which is important knowledge for improvement of future risk assessments of AMR in the food chains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02160-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Linn Buberg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Sølverød Mo
- Section for Food safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Sekse
- Section for Food safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Sunde
- Section for Food safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun Lund Witsø
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Ramstad SN, Taxt AM, Naseer U, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT. Effects of antimicrobials on Shiga toxin production in high-virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104636. [PMID: 33242644 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antimicrobial treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections is controversial because antimicrobials may stimulate Shiga toxin (Stx) production, and thereby increase the risk of developing haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Previous in vitro studies have shown this mainly in infections caused by STEC serotype O157:H7. The aim of this study was to investigate induction of Stx transcription and production in different serotypes of STEC isolated from severely ill patients, following their exposure in vitro to six different classes of antimicrobials. METHODS We investigated Stx transcription and production in 12 high-virulent STEC strains, all carrying the stx2a gene, of six different serotypes following their exposure to six classes of antimicrobials. Liquid cultures of the STEC strains were incubated with sub-inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobials. We used reverse-transcription quantitative PCR to measure the relative expression of Stx2a mRNA and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify Stx production. RESULTS In general the antibiotics tested showed only minor effects on transcriptional levels of Stx2a. Ciprofloxacin caused an increase of Stx production in all but two strains, while gentamicin, meropenem and azithromycin did not induce Stx production in any of the STEC strains examined. STEC O104:H4 was the serotype that in greatest extent responded to antimicrobial exposure with an increase of stx2a transcription and Stx production. CONCLUSION Gentamicin, meropenem and azithromycin exposure did not result in elevated Stx production. We recommend that this finding is investigated further in the search for candidates for future antimicrobial treatment of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje N Ramstad
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Arne M Taxt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Umaer Naseer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen V Bjørnholt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Ngassam-Tchamba C, Duprez JN, Fergestad M, De Visscher A, L'Abee-Lund T, De Vliegher S, Wasteson Y, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Lavigne R, Chanishvili N, Cassart D, Mainil J, Thiry D. In vitro and in vivo assessment of phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:762-770. [PMID: 32645442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of lytic bacteriophages on Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis, by in vitro and in vivo assays using Galleria mellonella and murine mastitis models. METHODS Between May and December 2016, ten S. aureus (five methicillin-resistant and five methicillin-sensitive) isolates were isolated from milk samples of cattle with mastitis in Belgium and Norway. The isolates were assessed in vitro for their susceptibility to four lytic bacteriophages (Romulus, Remus, ISP and DSM105264) and subsequently in vivo in G. mellonella larvae and in murine mastitis model. RESULTS Romulus, Remus and ISP showed a lytic activity against the S. aureus isolates in vitro. A larvae survival rate below 50% was observed at 4 days post-inoculation (DPI) in the groups infected with a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolate and treated with these three phages in vivo. An incomplete recovery of the mouse mastitis was observed at 48h post-inoculation (HPI) in the groups infected and treated with the ISP phage in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The observations are much more pronounced statistically between the infected- phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated and infected-phage-treated groups in G. mellonella and the murine mastitis model demonstrating an effect of the phages against S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ngassam-Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - J N Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Fergestad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - A De Visscher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Y Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - F Touzain
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané laboratory, Rue des Fusillés, 22 440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Y Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané laboratory, Rue des Fusillés, 22 440 Ploufragan, France
| | - R Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - N Chanishvili
- R & D Department, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, 3 Levan Gotua St, T'bilisi, Georgia
| | - D Cassart
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - J Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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16
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Fergestad ME, Stamsås GA, Morales Angeles D, Salehian Z, Wasteson Y, Kjos M. Penicillin-binding protein PBP2a provides variable levels of protection toward different β-lactams in Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1057. [PMID: 32419377 PMCID: PMC7424258 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to most β-lactams due to the expression of an extra penicillin-binding protein, PBP2a, with low β-lactam affinity. It has long been known that heterologous expression of the PBP2a-encoding mecA gene in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) provides protection towards β-lactams, however, some reports suggest that the degree of protection can vary between different β-lactams. To test this more systematically, we introduced an IPTG-inducible mecA into the MSSA laboratory strain RN4220. We confirm, by growth assays as well as single-cell microfluidics time-lapse microscopy experiments, that PBP2a expression protects against β-lactams in S. aureus RN4220. By testing a panel of ten different β-lactams, we conclude that there is also a great variation in the level of protection conferred by PBP2a. Expression of PBP2a resulted in an only fourfold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for imipenem, while a 32-fold increase in MIC was observed for cefaclor and cephalexin. Interestingly, in our experimental setup, PBP2a confers the highest protection against cefaclor and cephalexin-two β-lactams that are known to have a high specific affinity toward the transpeptidase PBP3 of S. aureus. Notably, using a single-cell microfluidics setup we demonstrate a considerable phenotypic variation between cells upon β-lactam exposure and show that mecA-expressing S. aureus can survive β-lactam concentrations much higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. We discuss possible explanations and implications of these results including important aspects regarding treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Ekeland Fergestad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gro Anita Stamsås
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Zhian Salehian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Buberg ML, Witsø IL, L'Abée-Lund TM, Wasteson Y. Zinc and Copper Reduce Conjugative Transfer of Resistance Plasmids from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:842-849. [PMID: 31951514 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work addresses the effect of excess levels of ZnCl2 and CuSO4 in the growth medium on the conjugative transfer of plasmids carrying the antibiotic resistance gene blaCMY-2 from extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Norwegian poultry are not treated prophylactically with antibiotics, but still, ESBL-producing E. coli are found in the chicken populations. Chickens receive higher amounts of Zn and Cu than their biological need, and several metals have been shown to act as drivers of antimicrobial resistance. In the present study, ESBL-producing E. coli strains collected from retail chicken meat were mated in broth containing various concentrations of ZnCl2 and CuSO4. Manual counting of transconjugants showed that ZnCl2 and CuSO4 reduced the conjugation frequency between E. coli strains in a concentration-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that the presence of ZnCl2 and CuSO4 in the growth media reduced expression of the conjugation genes traB and nikB. By propagating monocultures over several generations, it was found that the blaCMY-2 plasmids remained stable in the recipient strains. Together the results show that exposure of ESBL-producing E. coli to Zn and Cu reduce horizontal transfer of the blaCMY-2 resistance plasmid by reducing expression of genes involved in conjugation in the plasmid donor strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Linn Buberg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun Lund Witsø
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Marie L'Abée-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Sæbø Pettersen K, Sundaram AYM, Skjerdal T, Wasteson Y, Kijewski A, Lindbäck T, Aspholm M. Exposure to Broad-Spectrum Visible Light Causes Major Transcriptomic Changes in Listeria monocytogenes EGDe. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01462-19. [PMID: 31492665 PMCID: PMC6821972 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01462-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of the serious foodborne disease listeriosis, can rapidly adapt to a wide range of environmental stresses, including visible light. This study shows that exposure of the L. monocytogenes EGDe strain to low-intensity, broad-spectrum visible light inhibited bacterial growth and caused altered multicellular behavior during growth on semisolid agar compared to when the bacteria were grown in complete darkness. These light-dependent changes were observed regardless of the presence of the blue light receptor (Lmo0799) and the stressosome regulator sigma B (SigB), which have been suggested to be important for the ability of L. monocytogenes to respond to blue light. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed that exposure of L. monocytogenes EGDe to broad-spectrum visible light caused altered expression of 2,409 genes belonging to 18 metabolic pathways compared to bacteria grown in darkness. The light-dependent differentially expressed genes are involved in functions such as glycan metabolism, cell wall synthesis, chemotaxis, flagellar synthesis, and resistance to oxidative stress. Exposure to light conferred reduced bacterial motility in semisolid agar, which correlates well with the light-dependent reduction in transcript levels of flagellar and chemotaxis genes. Similar light-induced reduction in growth and motility was also observed in two different L. monocytogenes food isolates, suggesting that these responses are typical for L. monocytogenes Together, the results show that even relatively small doses of broad-spectrum visible light cause genome-wide transcriptional changes, reduced growth, and motility in L. monocytogenesIMPORTANCE Despite major efforts to control L. monocytogenes, this pathogen remains a major problem for the food industry, where it poses a continuous risk of food contamination. The ability of L. monocytogenes to sense and adapt to different stressors in the environment enables it to persist in many different niches, including food production facilities and in food products. The present study shows that exposure of L. monocytogenes to low-intensity broad-spectrum visible light reduces its growth and motility and alters its multicellular behavior. Light exposure also caused genome-wide changes in transcript levels, affecting multiple metabolic pathways, which are likely to influence the bacterial physiology and lifestyle. In practical terms, the data presented in this study suggest that broad-spectrum visible light is an important environmental variable to consider as a strategy to improve food safety by reducing L. monocytogenes contamination in food production environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Sæbø Pettersen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arvind Y M Sundaram
- Norwegian Sequencing Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Hartnack S, Odoch T, Kratzer G, Furrer R, Wasteson Y, L'Abée-Lund TM, Skjerve E. Additive Bayesian networks for antimicrobial resistance and potential risk factors in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from layer hens in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:212. [PMID: 31234834 PMCID: PMC6591809 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-drug resistant bacteria are seen increasingly and there are gaps in our understanding of the complexity of antimicrobial resistance, partially due to a lack of appropriate statistical tools. This hampers efficient treatment, precludes determining appropriate intervention points and renders prevention very difficult. Methods We re-analysed data from a previous study using additive Bayesian networks. The data contained information on resistances against seven antimicrobials and seven potential risk factors from 86 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from laying hens in 46 farms in Uganda. Results The final graph contained 22 links between risk factors and antimicrobial resistances. Solely ampicillin resistance was linked to the vaccinating person and disposal of dead birds. Systematic associations between ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, which was also linked to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were detected. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was also directly linked to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim. Trimethoprim was linked to sulfonamide and ciprofloxacin, which was also linked to sulfonamide. Tetracycline was solely linked to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions Although the results needs to be interpreted with caution due to a small data set, additive Bayesian network analysis allowed a description of a number of associations between the risk factors and antimicrobial resistances investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Terence Odoch
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gilles Kratzer
- Department of Mathematics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Furrer
- Department of Mathematics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine M L'Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Mwega E, Colquhoun DJ, Tuntufye H, Mdegela R, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Wasteson Y. Isolation and Characterization of Flavobacteriaceae from Farmed and Wild Nile Tilapia in Tanzania. J Aquat Anim Health 2019; 31:23-30. [PMID: 30291645 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of Flavobacteriaceae in wild Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n = 108) collected from Lake Victoria and farmed Nile Tilapia (n = 187) collected from 12 ponds in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The size of the ponds surveyed ranged from 130 to 150 m2 . Pond parameters and fish morphometric data were recorded during sampling. In total, 67 Flavobacterium-like isolates (n = 44 from farmed fish; n = 23 from wild fish) were identified on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical tests. Sequences from the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that all 67 isolates belonged to the genera Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium. Based on 16S rRNA nucleotide identity, 26 isolates showed high similarity with C. indologenes (99-100% identity), 16 showed similarity to C. joostei (98-99.9%), and 17 were similar to diverse species of Chryseobacterium (97-99%). Three isolates were similar to F. aquatile and three were similar to F. indicum, with 99-100% nucleotide identity in both cases, and two isolates were similar to F. oryzae (99-100% identity). The findings obtained in this study provide a baseline for future studies and contribute to an understanding of the threats presented by the aquatic Flavobacteriaceae reservoir toward the development of healthy fish farming in Tanzania. Such knowledge is vital for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry in Tanzania that will contribute to increased food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mwega
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Duncan J Colquhoun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Post Office Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huruma Tuntufye
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Robinson Mdegela
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
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Yazdankhah S, Skjerve E, Wasteson Y. Antimicrobial resistance due to the content of potentially toxic metals in soil and fertilizing products. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2018; 29:1548248. [PMID: 32547355 PMCID: PMC7273308 DOI: 10.1080/16512235.2018.1548248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Potentially toxic metals (PTM), along with PTM-resistant bacteria and PTM-resistance genes, may be introduced into soil and water through sewage systems, direct excretion, land application of biosolids (organic matter recycled from sewage, especially for use in agriculture) or animal manures as fertilizers, and irrigation with wastewater or treated effluents. In this review article, we have evaluated whether the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (CrIII + CrVI), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in soil and fertilizing products play a role in the development, spreading, and persistence of bacterial resistance to these elements, as well as cross- or co-resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several of the articles included in this review reported the development of resistance against PTM in both sewage and manure. Although PTM like As, Hg, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni may be present in the fertilizing products, the concentration may be low since they occur due to pollution. In contrast, trace metals like Cu and Zn are actively added to animal feed in many countries. In several studies, several different bacterial species were shown to have a reduced susceptibility towards several PTM, simultaneously. However, neither the source of resistant bacteria nor the minimum co-selective concentration (MCC) for resistance induction are known. Co- or cross-resistance against highly important antimicrobials and critically important antimicrobials were identified in some of the bacterial isolates. This suggest that there is a genetic linkage or direct genetic causality between genetic determinants to these widely divergent antimicrobials, and metal resistance. Data regarding the routes and frequencies of transmission of AMR from bacteria of environmental origin to bacteria of animal and human origin were sparse. Due to the lack of such data, it is difficult to estimate the probability of development, transmission, and persistence of PTM resistance. Abbreviations: PTM: potentially toxic metals; AMR: antimicrobial resistance; ARG: antimicrobial resistance gene; MCC: minimum co-selective concentration; MDR: multidrug resistance; ARB: antimicrobial resistant bacteria; HGT: horizontal gene transfer; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Yazdankhah
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Odoch T, Sekse C, L'Abee-Lund TM, Høgberg Hansen HC, Kankya C, Wasteson Y. Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Genotypes in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms in Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E324. [PMID: 29438292 PMCID: PMC5858393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are foodborne pathogens of global public health significance. The aim of this study was to subtype a collection of 85 NTS originating from poultry farms in Uganda, and to evaluate a subgroup of phenotypically resistant isolates for common antimicrobial resistance genes and associated integrons. All isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Phenotypically resistant isolates (n = 54) were screened by PCR for the most relevant AMR genes corresponding to their phenotypic resistance pattern, and all 54 isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of integron class 1 and 2 encoding genes. These genes are known to commonly encode resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide and chloramphenicol. PFGE revealed 15 pulsotypes representing 11 serotypes from 75 isolates, as 10 were non-typable. Thirty one (57.4%) of the 54 resistant isolates carried at least one of the seven genes (blaTEM-1,cmlA, tetA, qnrS,sul1,dhfrI,dhfrVII) identified by PCR and six (11%) carried class 1 integrons. This study has shown that a diversity of NTS-clones are present in Ugandan poultry farm settings, while at the same time similar NTS-clones occur in different farms and areas. The presence of resistance genes to important antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine has been demonstrated, hence the need to strengthen strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Trine M L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helge Christoffer Høgberg Hansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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Odoch T, Wasteson Y, L’Abée-Lund T, Muwonge A, Kankya C, Nyakarahuka L, Tegule S, Skjerve E. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:365. [PMID: 29187195 PMCID: PMC5707898 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the leading global foodborne pathogens and a significant public health threat. Their occurrence in animal reservoirs and their susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials are poorly understood in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, determine antimicrobial susceptibility and identify risk factors associated with NTS presence in laying hen farms in Uganda through a cross-sectional study. RESULTS Pooled faecal samples were collected from 237 laying hen farms and these were analysed for NTS following standard laboratory procedures. In total, 49 farms (20.7%; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 15.6-25.6%) were positive for NTS presence. Altogether, ten Salmonella serotypes were identified among the confirmed 78 isolates, and the predominant serotypes were Salmonella Newport (30.8%), S. Hadar (14.1%), S. Aberdeen (12.8%), S. Heidelberg (12.8%), and S. Bolton (12.8%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was detected in 45(57.7%) of the isolates and the highest resistance was against ciprofloxacin (50.0%) followed by sulphonamides (26.9%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.7%). Resistance was significantly associated with sampled districts (p = 0.034). Resistance to three or more drugs, multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 12 (15.4%) of the isolates, 9 (75%) of these were from Wakiso district. A multivariable logistic model identified large farm size (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.5-19.8) and the presence of other animal species on the farm (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1-16.1) as risk factors for NTS prevalence on farms. Having a separate house for birds newly brought to the farms was found to be protective (OR = 0,4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). CONCLUSION This study has highlighted a high prevalence and diversity of NTS species in laying hen farms in Uganda and identified associated risk factors. In addition, it has demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of NTS. This could be because of overuse or misuse of antimicrobials in poultry production. Also importantly, the insights provided in this study justifies a strong case for strengthening One Health practices and this will contribute to the development of NTS control strategies at local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine L’Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Divisions of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) Vet School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Tegule
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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Urdahl AM, Solheim HT, Vold L, Hasseltvedt V, Wasteson Y. Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stxgenes) in human faecal samples. APMIS 2012; 121:202-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Margrete Urdahl
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo
| | - Heidi Tetlie Solheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo
| | - Line Vold
- Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo
| | - Viggo Hasseltvedt
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Sykehuset Innlandet Trust; Lillehammer; Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo
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Döpfer D, Sekse C, Beutin L, Solheim H, van der Wal F, de Boer A, Slettemeås J, Wasteson Y, Urdahl A. Pathogenic potential and horizontal gene transfer in ovine gastrointestinalEscherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1552-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sekse C, Muniesa M, Wasteson Y. Conserved Stx2 phages from Escherichia coli O103:H25 isolated from patients suffering from hemolytic uremic syndrome. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 5:801-10. [PMID: 19014273 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main virulence factors produced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is the Shiga toxin (Stx), which is encoded on lambdoid phages (Stx phage). In Norway, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by E. coli O103:H25 was reported during the winter of 2006, but stx(2)-positive isolates were only retrieved from two human samples. METHODS Isolates of E. coli O103:H25 from patients with HUS in Norway, including sporadic cases and the outbreak cases, were investigated for the presence of phages encoding stx(2). The induced Stx phages were characterized morphologically and genetically, and the host susceptibility for these phages of various E. coli O103 isolates, including O103:H25 stx(2) negative isolates from the outbreak, was tested by a plaque assay. RESULTS The Stx2 phages in this study are very closely related in terms of morphology, sequence identity, and host infectivity. There may be a conserved phage within the E. coli O103:H25 population. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that the Stx2 phage, present in the environment either as free phage particles or within a limited pool of Stx-producing E. coli O103 strains, have infected or integrated in the stx(2)-negative E. coli O103:H25 isolates from the Norwegian outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Sekse
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Sekse C, Solheim H, Urdahl A, Wasteson Y. Is lack of susceptible recipients in the intestinal environment the limiting factor for transduction of Shiga toxin-encoding phages? J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1114-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Urdahl AM, Strachan NJC, Wasteson Y, Macrae M, Ogden ID. Diversity of Escherichia coli O157 in a longitudinal farm study using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1344-53. [PMID: 18631199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To perform a longitudinal study of the diversity of Escherichia coli O157 from a ruminant pasture/stream environment using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of faecal droppings from grazing ruminants and from an adjacent stream were tested longitudinally for E. coli O157 by enrichment and immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Using MLVA, 24 different profiles were identified from a total of 231 E. coli O157 isolates, of which 80 were included in a similarity analysis. Four main clusters with several subclusters were observed. Although there was close contact between sheep and cattle during the study period, E. coli O157 was surprisingly not detected from cattle faeces. CONCLUSIONS The cluster analysis indicated both unrelated and closely related E. coli O157 strains. The choice of loci to target in MLVA is important for the subtyping result, as loci with high diversities are essential for discriminating between closely related isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY There is a lack of data available on the use of MLVA to describe E. coli O157 diversity and changes over time in the animal reservoirs and the environment. Such data are needed in order to further develop MLVA as a typing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Urdahl
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Willenbrock H, Petersen A, Sekse C, Kiil K, Wasteson Y, Ussery DW. Design of a seven-genome Escherichia coli microarray for comparative genomic profiling. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:7713-21. [PMID: 16963574 PMCID: PMC1636325 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01043-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the design and evaluate the use of a high-density oligonucleotide microarray covering seven sequenced Escherichia coli genomes in addition to several sequenced E. coli plasmids, bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands, and virulence genes. Its utility is demonstrated for comparative genomic profiling of two unsequenced strains, O175:H16 D1 and O157:H7 3538 (Deltastx(2)::cat) as well as two well-known control strains, K-12 W3110 and O157:H7 EDL933. By using fluorescently labeled genomic DNA to query the microarrays and subsequently analyze common virulence genes and phage elements and perform whole-genome comparisons, we observed that O175:H16 D1 is a K-12-like strain and confirmed that its phi3538 (Deltastx(2)::cat) phage element originated from the E. coli 3538 (Deltastx(2)::cat) strain, with which it shares a substantial proportion of phage elements. Moreover, a number of genes involved in DNA transfer and recombination was identified in both new strains, providing a likely explanation for their capability to transfer phi3538 (Deltastx(2)::cat) between them. Analyses of control samples demonstrated that results using our custom-designed microarray were representative of the true biology, e.g., by confirming the presence of all known chromosomal phage elements as well as 98.8 and 97.7% of queried chromosomal genes for the two control strains. Finally, we demonstrate that use of spatial information, in terms of the physical chromosomal locations of probes, improves the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Willenbrock
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Building 301, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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LeJeune JT, Hancock D, Wasteson Y, Skjerve E, Urdahl AM. Comparison of E. coli O157 and Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx) prevalence between Ohio, USA and Norwegian dairy cattle. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 109:19-24. [PMID: 16504323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and food contamination with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) pose a threat to public health worldwide, with notable geographic differences in incidence of human disease caused by these organisms. The prevalence of E. coli O157 and total stx-positive specimens collected from mature dairy cattle in Ohio and Norwegian dairy farms was compared using identical laboratory methods in a cross-sectional survey. E. coli O157 was isolated from 5/750 (0.66%) of Ohio dairy cows from 4/50 (8%) different herds, whereas E. coli O157 was not isolated from any (0/680) cattle present in 50 Norwegian dairy herds. In contrast, at least one stx-positive faecal sample was identified by PCR on all (50/50) Norwegian farms but only on 70% (35/50) of Ohio farms. Average animal stx prevalence on Ohio farms was also lower; 14% vs. 61% in Ohio and Norwegian herds, respectively. Livestock feed contamination with generic E. coli was uncommon in Norway, 1/50 feeds testing positive, whereas 19/50 (38%) of feeds collected from Ohio farms were contaminated, some as high as 10(5) CFU/g. Despite extreme differences in on-farm management practices between countries, stx appear to be widely disseminated in cattle in both countries, while the human pathogenic O157 serotype is less widely disseminated in Norway than it is in Ohio. Geographic distribution differences of human pathogenic STEC serogroups in the bovine reservoir, as opposed to specific farm management practices affecting on farm STEC prevalence, may be an important defining factor influencing the incidence of human illnesses associated in different areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T LeJeune
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
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Wasteson Y, Johannessen GS, Bruheim T, Urdahl AM, O'Sullivan K, Rørvik LM. Fluctuations in the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a Norwegian farm*. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:373-7. [PMID: 15836742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the distribution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a sporadically positive dairy farm and on possible contact farms over a one-year period. METHODS AND RESULTS Environmental and faecal samples from all animals at the farm, and faecal samples from animals at contact farms were analysed for E. coli O157:H7 by immunomagnetic separation methods or VIDAS. Confirmed isolates were tested for cytotoxicity in the Vero cell assay and typed by PFGE. Escherichia coli O157:H7 (stx2 and eae) of the same PFGE type were isolated from cattle, sheep, hens and environmental samples at variable levels during summer and fall 2002, but were not detected in 2003. CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli O157:H7 had a widespread distribution on the farm investigated, but the original source of contamination could not be identified. The occurrence of this bacterium on the farm did not result in any detectable increase in gastrointestinal disease in the associated population. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Despite a low endemic level of E. coli O157:H7 in the Norwegian cattle population, the growth and spread of this potentially important bacterium may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wasteson
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Sekse C, Solberg A, Petersen A, Rudi K, Wasteson Y. Detection and quantification of Shiga toxin-encoding genes in sheep faeces by real-time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:363-70. [PMID: 16150568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sheep faeces may be an important source of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli. We have, therefore, established and evaluated a real-time 5'-nuclease PCR assay to quantify the stx(1) and stx(2) genes in sheep faeces. The detection limit of our assay for both stx(1) and stx(2) in spiked samples corresponded to 10(2)--10(3)CFU/g, which is lower than for other assays for measuring these genes in faecal samples. Quantification values for our assay ranged from 10(2) to 10(7)CFU/g faeces. The assay was evaluated on native, un-spiked faeces. All sheep tested (n=7) shed stx(1), and the quantitative results corresponded to the gene copies in 10(3)--10(4)CFU/g. The level of stx(2), however, was below the quantitative detection limit in all the samples analyzed. This quantitative stx(1) and stx(2) assay may be important in assessing whether sheep harbouring Shiga toxin-producing bacteria represent a potential hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Sekse
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Johannessen GS, Bengtsson GB, Heier BT, Bredholt S, Wasteson Y, Rørvik LM. Potential uptake of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from organic manure into crisphead lettuce. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:2221-5. [PMID: 15870303 PMCID: PMC1087526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.5.2221-2225.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from contaminated manure to fresh produce, lettuce seedlings were transplanted into soil fertilized with bovine manure which had been inoculated with approximately 10(4) CFU g(-1) E. coli O157:H7. The lettuce was grown for approximately 50 days in beds in climate-controlled rooms in a greenhouse. As the bacterium was not detected in the edible parts of the lettuce, the outer leaves of the lettuce, or the lettuce roots at harvest it was concluded that transmission of E. coli O157:H7 from contaminated soil to lettuce did not occur. The pathogen persisted in the soil for at least 8 weeks after fertilizing but was not detected after 12 weeks. Indigenous E. coli was detected only sporadically on the lettuce at harvest, and enterococci were not detected at all. The numbers of enterococci declined more rapidly than those of E. coli in the soil. Pseudomonas fluorescens, which inhibited growth of E. coli O157:H7 in vitro, was isolated from the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro S Johannessen
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Johannessen GS, Frøseth RB, Solemdal L, Jarp J, Wasteson Y, M Rørvik L. Influence of bovine manure as fertilizer on the bacteriological quality of organic Iceberg lettuce. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:787-94. [PMID: 15012817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the bacteriological quality, and the occurrence of selected pathogenic bacteria from organically grown Iceberg lettuce fertilized with bovine manure in the form of compost, firm manure and slurry in a 2-year field trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of soil, fertilizer, fertilized soil, seedlings and lettuce were analysed for aerobic plate counts (APC), thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB), Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. No difference in bacteriological quality could be shown in lettuce at harvest, however, APC varied significantly from year to year in the study. The various treatments gave significantly different APC and numbers of TCB isolated from fertilized soil. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated from firm manure and slurry, and soils fertilized with the respective fertilizers the second year, but were not recovered from the lettuce. CONCLUSIONS No difference in bacteriological quality could be detected in lettuce at harvest after application of various types of manure-based fertilizers grown under Norwegian conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results may indicate that the use of manure does not have considerable influence on the bacteriological quality of organic lettuce. However, others have suggested that there is a risk by using manure. There is a need for more research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Johannessen
- Section for Food and Feed Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
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Urdahl AM, Beutin L, Skjerve E, Zimmermann S, Wasteson Y. Animal host associated differences in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from sheep and cattle on the same farm. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:92-101. [PMID: 12807458 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate if cattle on the same farm as sheep are a possible risk factor for stx in sheep and to determine whether or not sheep and cattle on the same farm share the same stx pool. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples from sheep and cattle were screened for stx by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of these samples, 87.6 and 64.6% were stx positive in sheep and cattle, respectively. There was no difference in stx occurrence in sheep from farms with or without cattle. From stx positive samples, 118 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates were recovered by a filter-hybridization method. Serotyping, PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that there was a distinct association between serotypes, stx profiles and animal species. CONCLUSIONS Keeping animals together in pens, which enhances faecal-oral contact, is suggested as a possible explanation for the differences seen in stx occurrence. Sheep and cattle isolates are distinctly different in serotype and stx profile although isolated from the same farm, and are more related to isolates within the same serotype with the same stx profile than to isolates with different serotype from the same farm. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The study supports the animal-host relationship hypothesis suggested in other studies and indicates that the STEC sheep reservoir in Norway may not pose a serious public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Urdahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have frequently been isolated from Norwegian poultry production following the prohibition of the glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin since 1995. In the present study, a close genetic linkage between the vanA and erm(B) determinants in an Enterococcus hirae isolate of poultry origin is demonstrated, a result that indicates a mechanism for co-selection and maintenance of vancomycin resistance in absence of selective pressure from avoparcin. A total of 36 vanA-positive enterococci of poultry origin, also phenotypically resistant to erythromycin and/or tetracycline, were analyzed by PCR for identification of erm and tet resistance determinants. An E. hirae isolate harbored erm(B) and tet(K), and in this isolate vanA and erm(B) were located on a BamHI fragment of an approximately 50-kb plasmid. Approximately 3 kb of this fragment was amplified by PCR with vanA and erm(B) primers. Sequence analysis of the region between erm(B) and vanZ of Tn1546 showed a truncated IS1216V inserted downstream of the erm(B) stop codon, aligned with a conserved copy of the 3'-inverted terminal repeat of Tn1546. Mating experiments with the E. hirae isolate as donor and E. faecalis JH2-2 as recipient did not result in any transconjugants, indicating that the vanA/erm(B)-carrying plasmid was nonconjugative under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Borgen
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Urdahl AM, Beutin L, Skjerve E, Wasteson Y. Serotypes and virulence factors of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Norwegian sheep. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 93:1026-33. [PMID: 12452959 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize a number of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates from sheep and to discuss the potential of these isolates as human pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve different O-groups and seven different H-types were identified by standard serotyping methods. The most common serotypes were O5:NM, O6:H10, O91:NM and O128:NM. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of virulence factor genes. Of 102 isolates, 86.3% carried stx1 and 83% of these were also positive in the stx1OX3-specific PCR. stx2 was carried by 55.9% of the isolates and 77.2% of these were also positive in the stx2d-specific PCR. The Vero cell assay showed high toxin production in 70.6% of the isolates. None of the isolates carried eae. CONCLUSIONS The study supports the animal-host relationship suggested in other studies with STEC serogroups O5, O91 and O128 strongly associated with sheep. Most sheep STEC carry stx1OX3 (except O91) and the dominating stx2 variant is stx2d. One stx profile clearly dominates within a serotype. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In spite of the predominance of certain sheep-associated STEC, sheep cannot be excluded as carriers of human pathogenic STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Urdahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Urdahl AM, Cudjoe K, Wahl E, Heir E, Wasteson Y. Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103 from sheep using automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) and AIMS-ELISA: sheep as the source of a clinical E. coli O103 case? Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35:218-22. [PMID: 12180944 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether a sheep flock was the original reservoir of a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O103 strain causing a clinical human case and to compare the two diagnostic methods automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) and AIMS-ELISA. METHODS AND RESULTS AIMS detected Escherichia coli O103 in 36.5% of the samples and AIMS-ELISA detected E. coli O103 in 52.1% of the samples. Polymerase chain reaction detected stx1 and eae in three of 109 E. coli O103 isolates. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed that the sheep and human STEC O103 were characterized by distinctly different profiles. CONCLUSIONS The sheep flock was shown to carry STEC O103, although an association between the sheep flock and the clinical human case could neither be proven nor eliminated. Substantial agreement was found between AIMS and AIMS-ELISA, but AIMS-ELISA was less time consuming and resulted in a higher recovery of E. coli O103. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study shows that sheep may be carriers of STEC that are associated with human disease and that the methods described can be used to increase the sensitivity of STEC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Urdahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Borgen K, Wasteson Y, Kruse H, Willems RJL. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) from Norwegian poultry cluster with VREF from poultry from the United Kingdom and The Netherlands in an amplified fragment length polymorphism genogroup. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3133-7. [PMID: 12039778 PMCID: PMC123917 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.6.3133-3137.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic relationship between 197 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) isolates and 21 vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium isolates from Norwegian poultry was analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The isolates were compared to 255 VREF isolates from various sources and countries. The Norwegian isolates constituted a relatively homogeneous population of E. faecium and clustered in a previously defined poultry AFLP genogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Borgen
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Wasteson Y. Zoonotic Escherichia coli. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 2002; 95:79-84. [PMID: 11995395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of all warm-blooded animals, but variants of this species is also among the important etiological agents of enteritis and several extraintestinal diseases. The E. coli strains that cause diarrhoeal illness are categorised into pathogenicity groups based on virulence properties, mechanisms of pathogenicity, clinical symptoms and serology. The five main categories include enterotoxinogenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Shiga (Vero) toxin-producing E. coli (STEC/VTEC). From a zoonotic point of view, STEC is the only E. coli pathogenicity group of major interest, as the shiga toxin-producing strains are able to cause severe disease in humans when being transmitted through the food chain from their animal reservoirs. The focus of this manuscript is therefore on STEC; pathogenicity factors, disease, the reservoirs and on-farm ecology, transmission into the food chain, growth and survival in food and in the environment, and the shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wasteson
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Postbox 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Visible mould from 225 blocks of the Norwegian semi-hard cheeses Jarlsberg and Norvegia from four factories were subcultured and identified. Altogether 23 different fungal species were detected. The two most important contaminating species were Penicillium commune and P. palitans, constituting 21.4% and 17.9% of the total isolates, respectively. The other dominating contaminants were P. roqueforit spp. roqueforti, Geotrichum candidum, P. solitum and P. crustosum. These species, together with P. commune and P. palitans, represented 80.9% of the total isolates. P. commune, P. palitans, P. roqueforti spp. roqueforti and P. solitum were most common contaminants on cheese produced in all four factories, while G. candidum was found to be important on Jarlsberg cheese from only one factory. P. crustosum was one of the dominating species on Norvegia cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Kure
- Section of Food and Feed Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of shiga toxic genes (stx) in Norwegian sheep herds, and to identify herd management factors related to the occurrence of stx in herds. Faecal samples from 124 sheep-herds were collected at abattoirs in 1998. Pooled samples from lambs and from ewes were screened for stx by a PCR method directly on faeces. Of the 124 herds, 61 were positive for stx, giving an overall herd-prevalence of 49%. Twenty-one of the 61 positive herds were positive both in lamb and ewe samples, 24 only in lamb samples and 16 only in ewe samples. There was no difference in prevalence between regions. From the 21 herds positive both in lamb and ewe samples, stx encoding E. coli were detected in 18 herds using hydrophobic grid membrane filters and subsequent colony hybridization. Information about management factors was collected by telephone interviews. Having cattle at the same farm turned out to be a possible risk factor, with an Odds Ratio of 9.9 (CI 1.2 --> infinity).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Urdahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo
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Oppegaard H, Steinum TM, Wasteson Y. Horizontal transfer of a multi-drug resistance plasmid between coliform bacteria of human and bovine origin in a farm environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3732-4. [PMID: 11472956 PMCID: PMC93080 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.8.3732-3734.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant coliform bacteria were isolated from feces of cattle exposed to antimicrobial agents and humans associated with the animals. Isolates from both cattle and humans harbored an R plasmid of 65 kb (pTMS1) that may have been transferred between them due to selective antibiotic pressure in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oppegaard
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Johansen BK, Wasteson Y, Granum PE, Brynestad S. Mosaic structure of Shiga-toxin-2-encoding phages isolated from Escherichia coli O157:H7 indicates frequent gene exchange between lambdoid phage genomes. Microbiology (Reading) 2001; 147:1929-1936. [PMID: 11429469 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-7-1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-2 (stx(2))-encoding bacteriophages were isolated from Norwegian Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates of cattle and human origin. The phages were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis, hybridization with probes for toxin genes and selected phage DNA such as the P gene, integrase gene and IS1203, and by PCR studies and partial sequencing of selected DNA regions in the integrase to stx(2) region of the phages. The stx(2)-phage-containing bacteria from which inducible phages were detected produced similar amounts of toxin, as shown by a Vero cell assay. The results indicate that the population of stx(2)-carrying phages is heterogeneous, although the phages from epidemiologically linked E. coli O157:H7 isolates were similar. There appears to have been frequent recombination of stx(2) phages with other lambdoid phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit K Johansen
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway1
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway1
| | - Per E Granum
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway1
| | - Sigrid Brynestad
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway1
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Johnsen G, Wasteson Y, Heir E, Berget OI, Herikstad H. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 65:193-200. [PMID: 11393688 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During a 2-year period from January 1998 to December 1999, intestinal content from 1541 cattle, 665 sheep and 1976 pigs were analysed for Escherichia coli O157:H7 using the immunomagnetic separation procedure. The animals originated from 848, 605 and 832 herds from the southwest part of Norway, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 was present in three samples from cattle from different herds, giving a herd prevalence of 0.35% and an animal prevalence of 0.19%. From pigs, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from two pigs from different herds, giving a herd prevalence of 0.24% and an animal prevalence of 0.1%. A follow-up study revealed another positive testing pig from one of these herds. E. coli O157:H7 was not found from any of the 665 investigated sheep. By PCR analysis, all six E. coli O157:H7 isolates were shown to contain the genes encoding Shiga toxin 2 (stx2), the intimin protein (eae) and the H7 flagellum (fliC-H7). One of the cattle isolates also harboured the Shiga toxin 1 encoding (stx1) gene. The six isolates were differentiated into three pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles. The results indicate that the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of Norway is low compared to other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Johnsen
- Regional Food Control Authority of Midt-Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway.
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Borgen K, Sørum M, Wasteson Y, Kruse H. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) remain prevalent in poultry carcasses 3 years after avoparcin was banned. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 64:89-94. [PMID: 11252515 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avoparcin was used as a growth promoting feed additive in Norwegian broiler and turkey production from 1986 until it was banned in 1995, when an association between vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and avoparcin use became apparent. A recent study regarding faecal samples documented a continuing high prevalence of VRE among Norwegian poultry 3 years after avoparcin was banned. In the present study, carcasses of broilers and turkeys from farms where avoparcin had previously been in use and carcasses of layer chickens from farms where avoparcin had never been used were examined for the presence of VRE. One carcass from each of 150 different farms was included. By a direct plating method, VRE were isolated from 30 of 100 samples of broilers and turkeys, but not from any samples of layer chickens. When an enrichment step was included, VRE were isolated from a total of 81 of the 100 samples of broilers and turkeys and from nine of the 50 samples of layer chickens. All VRE isolated were highly resistant to vancomycin (MIC > or = 256 microg/ml) and possessed the vanA gene. These results correspond to the prevalence of VRE recently documented in faecal samples from Norwegian poultry. The present study reveals a high prevalence of VRE in broiler and turkey carcasses. Consequently, consumers are exposed to VRE when handling raw poultry meat, although the public health significance of such exposure is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Borgen
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
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Abstract
Faecal samples from 504 imported beef cattle were screened to investigate the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157. The results were compared with those from a previous screening of Norwegian dairy cattle, and the occurrence was found to be higher in the imported beef cattle. The E. coli O157 isolates from the previous and present studies were characterized for the genes encoding for shigatoxin 1 (stx1), shigatoxin 2 (stx2), the intimin protein (eae) and the flagellar protein H7 (fliC) using PCR analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the restriction enzyme XbaI, and bacteriophage lambda RFLP analysis using the PvuII restriction enzyme. The isolates from the dairy and beef cattle could be distinguished by the profiles of the toxin genes and by PFGE patterns. Whether the importation of animals in itself should be regarded as a risk factor for the occurrence of E. coli O157, or whether other management factors contribute to the differences in carrier rates compared to the previous study on domestic cattle, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vold
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
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Myrmel M, Rimstad E, Wasteson Y. Immunomagnetic separation of a Norwalk-like virus (genogroup I) in artificially contaminated environmental water samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 62:17-26. [PMID: 11139018 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against a recombinant capsid protein from a genogroup I Norwalk-like virus (NLV). Magnetic beads coated with these antibodies were used in immunomagnetic separation (IMS) of the NLV. After capture of the NLV and washing of the beads, viral RNA was heat released and detected by RT-PCR. This IMS procedure was shown to have high sensitivity for detection of homologous NLV, while capture of a genogroup II NLV was less efficient. Antigen capture was not influenced by the content of humic acids in the samples. The combination of IMS and heat release was found to be more efficient than organic extraction of RNA from water contaminated with humic acids. The efficacy and simplicity of IMS/heat release render this combination a feasible tool for the preparation of NLV RNA from environmental samples, although the antigenic diversity of NLV may be a complicating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Myrmel
- Department of Pharmacologv, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
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Heir E, Lindstedt BA, Vardund T, Wasteson Y, Kapperud G. Genomic fingerprinting of shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains: comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and fluorescent amplified-fragment-length polymorphism (FAFLP). Epidemiol Infect 2000; 125:537-48. [PMID: 11218204 PMCID: PMC2869637 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800004908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For epidemiological studies of shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, rapid, reproducible and highly discriminative methods are required. In this study, we examined the performance of the fluorescent amplified-fragment-length polymorphism (FAFLP) technique for epidemiological fingerprinting of STEC isolates and compared it to the acknowledged fingerprinting method pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 88 STEC isolates, including 82 of serotype O157:H7 or O157:H-, were subjected to fingerprinting by both PFGE and FAFLP. The isolates included sporadic and epidemiologically related strains of both animal and human origin from widespread geographical locations. The FAFLP fingerprint patterns confirmed the clonal nature of STEC O157 strains. Among the 82 O157:H7/H- isolates belonging to 49 distinct groups of epidemiological unrelated isolates, 24 FAFLP profiles and 51 PFGE patterns were obtained. Thus, PFGE had a higher discriminatory power than FAFLP and overall correlated better to available epidemiological data. Consequently, the PFGE technique remains the method of choice in epidemiological investigations of STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Heir
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Five Norwegian broiler farms previously identified as housing broilers carrying vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were examined for the presence of VRE 4 years after avoparcin was banned. Environmental samples were obtained from empty, cleaned broiler houses. Faecal samples were collected weekly from the flock housed after the environmental sampling. The hatchery from where the chicks originated was also sampled. VRE were found to be present in the farm environment after depopulation and cleanup of the broiler houses. Within 3 weeks after introduction to the farm, all broiler flocks tested positive for VRE. VRE were not isolated from the hatchery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Borgen
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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