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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wei H, Yan X, Jiang X, Yang L. MCC950 as a promising candidate for blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation: A review of preclinical research and future directions. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400459. [PMID: 39180246 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune system that triggers inflammation and pyroptosis and contributes to the development of several diseases. Therefore, blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has therapeutic potential for the treatment of these diseases. MCC950, a selective small molecule inhibitor, has emerged as a promising candidate for blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Ongoing research is focused on elucidating the specific targets of MCC950 as well as assessfing its metabolism and safety profile. This review discusses the diseases that have been studied in relation to MCC950, with a focus on stroke, Alzheimer's disease, liver injury, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis, using bibliometric analysis. It then summarizes the potential pharmacological targets of MCC950 and discusses its toxicity. Furthermore, it traces the progression from preclinical to clinical research for the treatment of these diseases. Overall, this review provides a solid foundation for the clinical therapeutic potential of MCC950 and offers insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Huayuan Wei
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Medicial Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, Jinghai, China
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2
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Li X, Li Q, Zhang Z, Wang C, Huo X, Lai H, Lu H, Lu W, Qian Y, Dong W, Tan C, Liu M. Canagliflozin Inhibited the Activity of Hemolysin and Reduced the Inflammatory Response Caused by Streptococcus suis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13074. [PMID: 37685881 PMCID: PMC10487456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly virulent Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infections can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) in pigs and humans, in which an excessive inflammatory response causes severe damage. Hemolysin (SLY) is a major virulence factor of S. suis serotype 2 that produces pores in the target cell membrane, leading to cytoplasmic K+ efflux and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, ultimately causing STSLS. The critical aspect of hemolysin in the pathogenesis of S. suis type 2 makes it an attractive target for the development of innovative anti-virulence drugs. Here, we use the S. suis toxin protein (SLY) as a target for virtual screening. A compound called canagliflozin, a hypoglycemic agent, was identified through screening. Canagliflozin significantly inhibits the hemolytic activity of hemolysin. The results combined with molecular dynamics simulation, surface plasmon resonance, and nano differential scanning fluorimetry show that canagliflozin inhibits the hemolytic activity of SLY by binding to SLY. In addition, canagliflozin markedly reduced the release of SC19-induced inflammatory factors at the cellular level and in mice. Importantly, the combination of canagliflozin and ampicillin had a 90% success rate in mice, significantly greater than the therapeutic effect of ampicillin. The findings suggest that canagliflozin may be a promising new drug candidate for S. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Wuhan 430000, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Qingyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Zhaoran Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Chenchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Xinyu Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Hongjiang Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Wenjia Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Yulin Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Wenqi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Chen Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Manli Liu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Wuhan 430000, China;
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3
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Neila-Ibáñez C, Brogaard L, Pailler-García L, Martínez J, Segalés J, Segura M, Heegaard PMH, Aragon V. Piglet innate immune response to Streptococcus suis colonization is modulated by the virulence of the strain. Vet Res 2021; 52:145. [PMID: 34924012 PMCID: PMC8684544 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen of swine involved in arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. Colonization of piglets by S. suis is very common and occurs early in life. The clinical outcome of infection is influenced by the virulence of the S. suis strains and the immunity of the animals. Here, the role of innate immunity was studied in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated intranasally with either virulent S. suis strain 10 (S10) or non-virulent S. suis strain T15. Colonization of the inoculated piglets was confirmed at the end of the study by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Fever (≥40.5 °C) was more prevalent in piglets inoculated with S10 compared to T15 at 4 h after inoculation. During the 3 days of monitoring, no other major clinical signs were detected. Accordingly, only small changes in transcription of genes associated with the antibacterial innate immune response were observed at systemic sites, with S10 inducing an earlier response than T15 in blood. Local inflammatory response to the inoculation, evaluated by transcriptional analysis of selected genes in nasal swabs, was more sustained in piglets inoculated with the virulent S10, as demonstrated by transcription of inflammation-related genes, such as IL1B, IL1A, and IRF7. In contrast, most of the gene expression changes in trachea, lungs, and associated lymph nodes were observed in response to the non-virulent T15 strain. Thus, S. suis colonization in the absence of systemic infection induces an innate immune response in piglets that appears to be related to the virulence potential of the colonizing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Section for Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Current Affiliation: Section for Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Center for Diagnostics, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sun Q, Li N, Jia L, Guo W, Jiang H, Liu B, Bao C, Liu M, Huang J, Lei L. Ribosomal Protein SA-Positive Neutrophil Elicits Stronger Phagocytosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Subdues Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion Against Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:585399. [PMID: 33603733 PMCID: PMC7884477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2), an important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, arthritis, and irreversible meningitis in pigs and humans, can be transmitted to humans from pigs. S. suis causes huge economic losses to the swine industry and poses a serious threat to public health. Previously, we found that the brain tissues of mice with SS2-induced meningitis showed disrupted structural integrity and significantly enhanced polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. We showed that the brain tissues of SS2-infected mice had increased ribosomal protein SA (RPSA)-positive PMN counts. However, the inflammatory responses of RPSA+ PMNs to SS2 and their effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain unclear. Therefore, in studying the pathogenesis of SS2-induced meningitis, it is essential that we explore the functions of RPSA+ PMNs and their effects on the BBB. Herein, using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses, we found that RPSA expression enhances PMN-induced phagocytosis and PMN-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which facilitate further elimination of bacteria. PMN surface expression of RPSA also alleviates local inflammation and tissue injuries by inhibiting secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, the single-cell BBB model showed that RPSA disrupts BBB integrity by downregulating expression of tight junction-associated membrane proteins on PMNs. Taken together, our data suggest that PMN-surface expression of RPSA is a double-edged sword. RPSA+ PMN owns a stronger ability of bacterial cleaning and weakens inflammatory cytokines release which are useful to anti-infection, but does hurt BBB. Partly, RPSA+ PMN may be extremely useful to control the infection as a therapeutic cellular population, following novel insights into the special PMN population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenfei Guo
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hexiang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baijun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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5
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Liu L, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Huang J, Zhu W, Zhang A, Sun X, Jin M. HP1717 Contributes to Streptococcus suis Virulence by Inducing an Excessive Inflammatory Response and Influencing the Biosynthesis of the Capsule. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110522. [PMID: 31684161 PMCID: PMC6920816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that substantially harms the swine industry and poses threats to human health. Excessive inflammation is considered to be a hallmark of SS2 infection because it is responsible for most clinical signs of SS2, especially streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. However, the current knowledge of SS2-induced excessive inflammation remains limited. In this study, we identified HP1717 as a novel extracellular pro-inflammatory protein in SS2 that can induce robust expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. Notably, the pro-inflammatory ability of HP1717 was dose-dependent and heat-sensitive, and it required the recognition of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Further, by constructing a deletion mutant, we demonstrated that HP1717 significantly influenced the biosynthesis of the bacterial capsule, which plays a critical role in the virulence of SS2 by interfering with the ability of host immune cells to phagocytize and kill the pathogen. Indeed, the mutant strain displayed reduced resistance to whole-blood killing compared with the wild strain. Finally, murine experiments indicated that the deletion of hp1717 in SS2 reduced the lethality, pro-inflammatory activity, and bacterial loads in mice. Collectively, our data reveal HP1717 as a novel virulence-related factor of SS2 that can induce an excessive inflammatory response and significantly affect the bacterial capsule, thus expanding our understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhongmin Xu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Anding Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meilin Jin
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Viral Coinfection Replaces Effects of Suilysin on Streptococcus suis Adherence to and Invasion of Respiratory Epithelial Cells Grown under Air-Liquid Interface Conditions. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00350-19. [PMID: 31138613 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00350-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen which can infect humans and pigs worldwide, posing a potential risk to global public health. Suilysin, a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, is considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of S. suis infections. It is known that infection with influenza A viruses may favor susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection, resulting in more severe disease and increased mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these coinfections are incompletely understood. Applying highly differentiated primary porcine respiratory epithelial cells grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions, we analyzed the contribution of swine influenza viruses (SIV) to the virulence of S. suis, with a special focus on its cytolytic toxin, suilysin. We found that during secondary bacterial infection, suilysin of S. suis contributed to the damage of well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells in the early stage of infection, whereas the cytotoxic effects induced by SIV became prominent at later stages of infection. Prior infection by SIV enhanced the adherence to and colonization of porcine airway epithelial cells by a wild-type (wt) S. suis strain and a suilysin-negative S. suis mutant in a sialic acid-dependent manner. A striking difference was observed with respect to bacterial invasion. After bacterial monoinfection, only the wt S. suis strain showed an invasive phenotype, whereas the mutant remained adherent. When the epithelial cells were preinfected with SIV, the suilysin-negative mutant also showed an invasion capacity. Therefore, we propose that coinfection with SIV may compensate for the lack of suilysin in the adherence and invasion process of suilysin-negative S. suis.
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7
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Lin L, Xu L, Lv W, Han L, Xiang Y, Fu L, Jin M, Zhou R, Chen H, Zhang A. An NLRP3 inflammasome-triggered cytokine storm contributes to Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007795. [PMID: 31170267 PMCID: PMC6553798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Streptococcus suis (S. suis) epidemic strain can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), which is characterized by a cytokine storm, dysfunction of multiple organs and a high incidence of mortality despite adequate treatment. Despite some progress concerning the contribution of the inflammatory response to STSLS, the precise mechanism underlying STSLS development remains elusive. Here, we use a murine model to demonstrate that caspase-1 activity is critical for STSLS development. Furthermore, we show that inflammasome activation by S. suis is mainly dependent on NLRP3 but not on NLRP1, AIM2 or NLRC4. The important role of NLRP3 activation in STSLS is further confirmed in vivo with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and nlrp3-knockout mice. By comparison of WT strain with isogenic strains with mutation of various virulence genes for inflammasome activation, Suilysin is essential for inflammasome activation, which is dependent on the membrane perforation activity to cause cytosolic K+ efflux. Moreover, the mutant strain msly (P353L) expressing mutagenic SLY without hemolytic activity was unable to activate the inflammasome and does not cause STSLS. In summary, we demonstrate that the high membrane perforation activity of the epidemic strain induces a high level of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is essential for the development of the cytokine storm and multi-organ dysfunction in STSLS and suggests NLRP3 inflammasome as an attractive target for the treatment of STSLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weihua Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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8
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Ma F, Chang X, Wang G, Zhou H, Ma Z, Lin H, Fan H. Streptococcus Suis Serotype 2 Stimulates Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation via Activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2854. [PMID: 30581435 PMCID: PMC6292872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major pathogen of swine streptococcicosis, which result in serious economic loss worldwide. SS2 is an important zoonosis causing meningitis and even death in humans. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) constitute a significant bactericidal strategy of innate immune. The battle between SS2 and NETs may account for the pathogenicity of SS2. However, the molecular mechanism underlying release of SS2-induced NETs remains unclear. In this study, SS2 was found to induce NETs within 2–4 h, and was dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) from NADPH oxidase. Moreover, SS2 could activate neutrophil p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. Blockage of p38 MAPK or ERK1/2 activation decreased SS2-induced NETs formation by 65 and 85%, respectively. In addition, NADPH oxidase derived ROS inhibition negatively affected phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 in SS2 induced neutrophils. Both TLR2 and TLR4 were significantly up-regulated by SS2 infection in blood cells in vivo and neutrophils in vitro, which indicates these two receptors are involved in SS2 recognition. Blocking TLR4 signaling could further inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK; however, TLR4 signaling inhibition reduced NETs formation induced by SS2. In conclusion, SS2 could be recognized by TLR2 and/or TLR4, initiating NETs formation signaling pathways in a NADPH oxidase derived ROS dependent manner. ROS will activate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, which ultimately induces NETs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojing Chang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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9
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Sun Y, Liu H, Du R, Li S, Qu G, Zhu R, Zhao S, Gu J, Sun C, Feng X, Han W, Lei L. Characteristic Comparison of Meningitis and Non-meningitis of Streptococcus suis in an Experimentally Infected Porcine Model. Inflammation 2018; 41:368-377. [PMID: 29159765 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the differences of meningitis and non-meningitis of Streptococcus suis (SS). In this study, an infected pig model of streptococcal meningitis was established. Compared with the non-meningitis Streptococcus suis group (JZLQ001 group), the meningitis Streptococcus suis group (JZLQ022) exhibited neurological symptoms, such as ataxia and foaming at the mouth, and the brain showed a large area of congestion at 5 days post-infection (p.i.). Moreover, bacterial counts, white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, and blood glucose in the blood reached a peak and were significantly higher than those of the JZLQ001 group at 3 days p.i. These values then decreased at 5 days p.i. However, the content of total protein in the blood was lower in the JZLQ022 group than that in the JZLQ001 group, and the difference was most significant at 5 days p.i. When neurological symptoms appeared on 5 days p.i., the bacterial counts in the brain in the JZLQ022 group were significantly higher than those in the JZLQ001 group. The levels of cytokines in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were an important indicator of inflammation. By ELISA detection, the secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17 in the peripheral blood in the JZLQ022 group were significantly higher than those in the JZLQ001 group at 12 and 24 h and 3 days p.i.; however, TNF-α showed no difference. At 5 days p.i., the secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17 in the JZLQ022 group were significantly lower than those in the JZLQ001 group. The results were similar in CSF. HE staining revealed that the JZLQ022 group exhibited neuronophagia and hyperemia in the brain, but no change was found in the JZLQ001 group. A further study investigating the impact of meningitis Streptococcus suis on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity found that the brain tissue content of endogenous IgG in the JZLQ022 group was significantly higher than that in the JZLQ001 group. The present study demonstrated that pigs infected with meningitis and non-meningitis Streptococcus suis exhibit significant differences in immunological aspects such as bacterial counts, WBCs, neutrophils, blood glucose and total protein in the peripheral blood, the secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17, and BBB integrity. These data provide the necessary evidence to better understand SS meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rining Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Zong B, Wang X, Zhu Y, Hu L, Li P, Zhang A, Chen H, Liu M, Tan C. Fisetin Lowers Streptococcus suis serotype 2 Pathogenicity in Mice by Inhibiting the Hemolytic Activity of Suilysin. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1723. [PMID: 30105012 PMCID: PMC6077255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a serious zoonotic pathogen and has attracted worldwide attention since the first human case was reported in Denmark in 1968. Some virulence factors have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2, and then novel strategies to identify some anti-virulence compounds which can effectively inhibit the pathogenic bacterial infection have recently been reported. Suilysin is an essential virulence factor for Streptococcus suis serotype 2 since it creates pores in the target cells membranes, which aids bacterial colonization. The important role of suilysin in the virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 renders it an ideal target for designing novel anti-virulence therapeutics. We find that fisetin, as a natural flavonoid, is a potent antagonist against suilysin-mediated hemolysis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of fisetin on the hemolytic activity of suilysin from Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Fisetin is found to significantly inhibit the hemolytic activity of suilysin. Within the range of effective concentrations, fisetin does not influence the growth of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 and the expression of suilysin protein. In vitro, fisetin effectively inhibits the death of macrophages (J774A.1 and RAW264.7) infected with Streptococcus suis serotype 2 by weakening intracellular bacterial multiplication. Animal model experiment shows that fisetin effectively improves the survival rate of animals infected with Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Our findings suggest that fisetin could be used as an antitoxin against suilysin and be developed into a promising therapeutic candidate for treating Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingbing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Liu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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11
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Xu Z, Chen B, Zhang Q, Liu L, Zhang A, Yang Y, Huang K, Yan S, Yu J, Sun X, Jin M. Streptococcus suis 2 Transcriptional Regulator TstS Stimulates Cytokine Production and Bacteremia to Promote Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1309. [PMID: 29973920 PMCID: PMC6020791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two large-scale outbreaks of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) have revealed Streptococcus suis 2 to be a severe and evolving human pathogen. We investigated the mechanism by which S. suis 2 causes STSLS. The transcript abundance of the transcriptional regulator gene tstS was found to be upregulated during experimental infection. Compared with the wild-type 05ZY strain, a tstS deletion mutant (ΔtstS) elicited reduced cytokine secretion in macrophages. In a murine infection model, tstS deletion resulted in decreased virulence and bacterial load, and affected cytokine production. Moreover, TstS expression in the P1/7 strain of S. suis led to the induction of STSLS in the infected mice. This is noteworthy because, although it is virulent, the P1/7 strain does not normally induce STSLS. Through a microarray-based comparative transcriptomics analysis, we found that TstS regulates multiple metabolism-related genes and several virulence-related genes associated with immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Xu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaisong Huang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxian Yan
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junping Yu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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12
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Siemens N, Oehmcke-Hecht S, Mettenleiter TC, Kreikemeyer B, Valentin-Weigand P, Hammerschmidt S. Port d'Entrée for Respiratory Infections - Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2602. [PMID: 29312268 PMCID: PMC5742597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract are life-threatening and present a global burden to the global community. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are frequent colonizers of the upper respiratory tract. Imbalances through acquisition of seasonal viruses, e.g., Influenza A virus, can lead to bacterial dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which in turn can result in severe pneumonia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract and focus on potential experimental models suitable for mimicking this disease. Transmission of IAV and pneumonia is mainly modeled by mouse infection. Few studies utilizing ferrets, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates are also available. The knowledge gained from these studies led to important discoveries and advances in understanding these infectious diseases. Nevertheless, mouse and other infection models have limitations, especially in translation of the discoveries to humans. Here, we suggest the use of human engineered lung tissue, human ex vivo lung tissue, and porcine models to study respiratory co-infections, which might contribute to a greater translation of the results to humans and improve both, animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Zhang Q, Huang J, Yu J, Xu Z, Liu L, Song Y, Sun X, Zhang A, Jin M. HP1330 Contributes to Streptococcus suis Virulence by Inducing Toll-Like Receptor 2- and ERK1/2-Dependent Pro-inflammatory Responses and Influencing In Vivo S. suis Loads. Front Immunol 2017; 8:869. [PMID: 28824616 PMCID: PMC5534446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis 2 (SS2) has evolved into a highly invasive pathogen responsible for two large-scale outbreaks of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) in China. Excessive inflammation stimulated by SS2 is considered a hallmark of STSLS, even it also plays important roles in other clinical symptoms of SS2-related disease, including meningitis, septicemia, and sudden death. However, the mechanism of SS2-caused excessive inflammation remains poorly understood. Here, a novel pro-inflammatory protein was identified (HP1330), which could induce robust expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1β) in RAW264.7 macrophages. To evaluate the role of HP1330 in SS2 virulence, an hp1330-deletion mutant (Δhp1330) was constructed. In vitro, hp1330 disruption led to a decreased pro-inflammatory ability of SS2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo, Δhp1330 showed reduced lethality, pro-inflammatory activity, and bacterial loads in mice. To further elucidate the mechanism of HP1330-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, antibody blocking and gene-deletion experiments with macrophages were performed. The results revealed that the pro-inflammatory activity of HP1330 depended on the recognition of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Furthermore, a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways could significantly decrease HP1330-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and western blot analysis showed that HP1330 could induce activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that HP1330 contributes to SS2 virulence by inducing TLR2- and ERK1/2-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production and influencing in vivo bacterial loads, implying that HP1330 may be associated with STSLS caused by SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junping Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongmin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajing Song
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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14
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Tenenbaum T, Asmat TM, Seitz M, Schroten H, Schwerk C. Biological activities of suilysin: role in Streptococcus suis pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:941-54. [PMID: 27357518 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine and zoonotic pathogen equipped with several virulence factors. The pore-forming toxins are the most abundant bacterial toxins and classified as critical virulence (associated) factors of several pathogens. The role of suilysin (SLY), a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin of S. suis, as a true virulence factor is under debate. Most of the bacterial toxins have been reported to modulate the host immune system to facilitate invasion and subsequent replication of bacteria within respective host cells. SLY has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of S. suis infection and inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the contributions of SLY to the pathogenicity of S. suis. It will address its role during the development of S. suis meningitis in pigs, as well as humans, and discuss SLY as a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Tauseef M Asmat
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Brewery Road, University of Balochistan, 87300 Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Maren Seitz
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover D-30173, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
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15
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Liu J, Tian ZY, Xiao YC, Wang XL, Jin ML, Shi DS. The Role of Porcine Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) in the Inflammation Storm Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151256. [PMID: 26974437 PMCID: PMC4790972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and zoonotic agent. Infection with this highly pathogenic strain can cause streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), characterized by a Th-1 inflammatory cytokine storm, and a high mortality rate. Monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) are known to stimulate Th-1 cell differentiation, but the role of MoDCs in STSLS remains to be elucidated. Methodology and Findings Porcine CD14-positive monocytes, purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were used to generate MoDCs using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Highly pure MoDCs were generated, as proved by their morphology, phenotype analysis, phagocytic ability, and induction of T cells proliferation. The MoDCs were further stimulated by the virulent S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) SC19 strain which triggered a strong release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12. Furthermore, the stimulated MoDCs induced CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells in vitro. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that the porcine MoDCs stimulated by SS2 could release high levels of Th-1 inflammatory cytokines and induce CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells. Hence, it is likely that porcine MoDCs play an important role in the STSLS caused by SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yun-Cai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xi-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mei-Lin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - De-Shi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Characterization of Five Zoonotic Streptococcus suis Strains from Germany, Including One Isolate from a Recent Fatal Case of Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome in a Hunter. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3912-5. [PMID: 26424844 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02578-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Streptococcus suis isolate from a German hunter with streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) and four additional zoonotic isolates were genotyped as mrp(+) epf* (variant 1890) sly(+) cps2(+). All five zoonotic German strains were characterized by high multiplication in human blood samples ex vivo, but induction of only low levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared to a Chinese STSLS strain.
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17
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TREM-1 signaling promotes host defense during the early stage of infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3293-301. [PMID: 26056380 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis can cause septic shock, which is characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines and a high mortality rate. Our previous study indicated that TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) was upregulated in swine spleen cells in response to S. suis infection. The role of TREM-1 signaling in enhancement of the proinflammatory response promoted us to examine its effect on the outcome of S. suis infection. In the present study, the recombinant extracellular domain of TREM-1 (rTREM-1) and an agonistic TREM-1 antibody were used to inhibit and activate TREM-1 signaling to evaluate its role in neutrophil activation, pathogen clearance, proinflammatory cytokine response, and the outcome of highly pathogenic S. suis infection in a mouse model. Blockage of TREM-1 signaling caused a more severe proinflammatory response to S. suis infection and increased the mortality rate, while its activation had the opposite effect. Blockage or activation of TREM-1 signaling lowered or raised the number of neutrophils in the blood, which correlated well with host clearance of S. suis. In conclusion, the TREM-1-mediated innate immune response played an essential role in the activation of neutrophils and S. suis clearance, which further reduced severe inflammation and finally benefited the outcome of the infection.
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