1
|
Shaw TM, Huey D, Mousa-Makky M, Compaleo J, Nennig K, Shah AP, Jiang F, Qiu X, Klipsic D, Rowland RRR, Slukvin II, Sullender ME, Baldridge MT, Li H, Warren CJ, Bailey AL. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a pan-arterivirus receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6726. [PMID: 39112502 PMCID: PMC11306234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Arteriviruses infect a variety of mammalian hosts, but the receptors used by these viruses to enter cells are poorly understood. We identified the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) as an important pro-viral host factor via comparative genome-wide CRISPR-knockout screens with multiple arteriviruses. Using a panel of cell lines and divergent arteriviruses, we demonstrate that FcRn is required for the entry step of arterivirus infection and serves as a molecular barrier to arterivirus cross-species infection. We also show that FcRn synergizes with another known arterivirus entry factor, CD163, to mediate arterivirus entry. Overexpression of FcRn and CD163 sensitizes non-permissive cells to infection and enables the culture of fastidious arteriviruses. Treatment of multiple cell lines with a pre-clinical anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody blocked infection and rescued cells from arterivirus-induced death. Altogether, this study identifies FcRn as a novel pan-arterivirus receptor, with implications for arterivirus emergence, cross-species infection, and host-directed pan-arterivirus countermeasure development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teressa M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devra Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Makky Mousa-Makky
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jared Compaleo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kylie Nennig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aadit P Shah
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devon Klipsic
- Research Animal Resources and Compliance (RARC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meagan E Sullender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Haichang Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davis SK, Jia F, Wright QG, Islam MT, Bean A, Layton D, Williams DT, Lynch SE. Defining correlates of protection for mammalian livestock vaccines against high-priority viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397780. [PMID: 39100679 PMCID: PMC11294087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing livestock biosecurity is critical to safeguard the livelihoods of farmers, global and local economies, and food security. Vaccination is fundamental to the control and prevention of exotic and endemic high-priority infectious livestock diseases. Successful implementation of vaccination in a biosecurity plan is underpinned by a strong understanding of correlates of protection-those elements of the immune response that can reliably predict the level of protection from viral challenge. While correlates of protection have been successfully characterized for many human viral vaccines, for many high-priority livestock viral diseases, including African swine fever and foot and mouth disease, they remain largely uncharacterized. Current literature provides insights into potential correlates of protection that should be assessed during vaccine development for these high-priority mammalian livestock viral diseases. Establishment of correlates of protection for biosecurity purposes enables immune surveillance, rationale for vaccine development, and successful implementation of livestock vaccines as part of a biosecurity strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Davis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Su CM, Kim J, Tang J, Hung YF, Zuckermann FA, Husmann R, Roady P, Kim J, Lee YM, Yoo D. A clinically attenuated double-mutant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 that does not prompt overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines during co-infection with a secondary pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012128. [PMID: 38547254 PMCID: PMC11003694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to suppress the type I interferon (IFNs-α/β) response during infection. PRRSV also activates the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines during infection. In swine farms, co-infections of PRRSV and other secondary bacterial pathogens are common and exacerbate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, contributing to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) which is clinically a severe disease. Previous studies identified the non-structural protein 1β (nsp1β) of PRRSV-2 as an IFN antagonist and the nucleocapsid (N) protein as the NF-κB activator. Further studies showed the leucine at position 126 (L126) of nsp1β as the essential residue for IFN suppression and the region spanning the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of N as the NF-κB activation domain. In the present study, we generated a double-mutant PRRSV-2 that contained the L126A mutation in the nsp1β gene and the NLS mutation (ΔNLS) in the N gene using reverse genetics. The immunological phenotype of this mutant PRRSV-2 was examined in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro and in young pigs in vivo. In PAMs, the double-mutant virus did not suppress IFN-β expression but decreased the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokine productions compared to those for wild-type PRRSV-2. Co-infection of PAMs with the mutant PRRSV-2 and Streptococcus suis (S. suis) also reduced the production of NF-κB-directed inflammatory cytokines. To further examine the cytokine profiles and the disease severity by the mutant virus in natural host animals, 6 groups of pigs, 7 animals per group, were used for co-infection with the mutant PRRSV-2 and S. suis. The double-mutant PRRSV-2 was clinically attenuated, and the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly reduced in pigs after bacterial co-infection. Compared to the wild-type PRRSV-2 and S. suis co-infection control, pigs coinfected with the double-mutant PRRSV-2 exhibited milder clinical signs, lower titers and shorter duration of viremia, and lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that genetic modification of the type I IFN suppression and NF-κB activation functions of PRRSV-2 may allow us to design a novel vaccine candidate to alleviate the clinical severity of PRRS-2 and PRDC during bacterial co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Su
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jineui Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Junyu Tang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yu Fan Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Federico A. Zuckermann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert Husmann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ganaie SS, Wang Z, Su B, Mir S. Editorial: Virus-induced innate immune response and inflammation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1213270. [PMID: 37346746 PMCID: PMC10280289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Safder S. Ganaie
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zekun Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheema Mir
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Su CM, Du Y, Rowland RRR, Wang Q, Yoo D. Reprogramming viral immune evasion for a rational design of next-generation vaccines for RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172000. [PMID: 37138878 PMCID: PMC10149994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) are antiviral cytokines that constitute the innate immunity of hosts to fight against viral infections. Recent studies, however, have revealed the pleiotropic functions of IFNs, in addition to their antiviral activities, for the priming of activation and maturation of adaptive immunity. In turn, many viruses have developed various strategies to counteract the IFN response and to evade the host immune system for their benefits. The inefficient innate immunity and delayed adaptive response fail to clear of invading viruses and negatively affect the efficacy of vaccines. A better understanding of evasion strategies will provide opportunities to revert the viral IFN antagonism. Furthermore, IFN antagonism-deficient viruses can be generated by reverse genetics technology. Such viruses can potentially serve as next-generation vaccines that can induce effective and broad-spectrum responses for both innate and adaptive immunities for various pathogens. This review describes the recent advances in developing IFN antagonism-deficient viruses, their immune evasion and attenuated phenotypes in natural host animal species, and future potential as veterinary vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Su
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Raymond R. R. Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongwan Yoo,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jian Z, Ma R, Zhu L, Deng H, Li F, Zhao J, Deng L, Lai S, Sun X, Tang H, Xu Z. Evasion of interferon-mediated immune response by arteriviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963923. [PMID: 36091073 PMCID: PMC9454096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN is the most potent antiviral cytokine required for the innate and adaptive immune responses, and its expression can help the host defend against viral infection. Arteriviruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the host cell’s innate immune responses, interfering with IFN expression by interfering with RIG, blocking PRR, obstructing IRF-3/7, NF-κB, and degrading STAT1 signaling pathways, thereby assisting viral immune evasion. Arteriviruses infect immune cells and may result in persistence in infected hosts. In this article, we reviewed the strategies used by Arteriviruses to antagonize IFN production and thwart IFN-activated antiviral signaling, mainly including structural and nonstructural proteins of Arteriviruses encoding IFN antagonists directly or indirectly to disrupt innate immunity. This review will certainly provide a better insight into the pathogenesis of the arthritis virus and provide a theoretical basis for developing more efficient vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang TY, Sun MX, Zhang HL, Wang G, Zhan G, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, Su C, Tang YD. Evasion of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693799. [PMID: 34512570 PMCID: PMC8430839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the front line for antiviral immune responses and bridges adaptive immunity against viral infections. However, various viruses have evolved many strategies to evade host innate immunity. A typical virus is the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry worldwide. PRRSV engages several strategies to evade the porcine innate immune responses. This review focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by PRRSV to evade pattern recognition receptors signaling pathways, type I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR)-JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and interferon-stimulated genes. Deciphering the antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by PRRSV will enhance our understanding of PRRSV’s pathogenesis and help us to develop more effective methods to control and eliminate PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guoqing Zhan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenhe Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of highly virulent African swine fever virus infection reveals complex and unique virus host interaction. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109211. [PMID: 34481273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), one of the most devastating emerging swine pathogens in China, causes nearly 100 % mortality in naive herds. Here, whole-transcriptome RNA-seq analysis was conducted in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with Pig/Heilongjiang/2018 (Pig/HLJ/18) ASFV at different time points. Our data suggested that ASFV genes expression demonstrated a time-depended pattern and ASFV early genes were involved in antagonizing host innate immunity. Moreover, viral small RNA (vsRNA) was generated as well. Meanwhile, transcriptome analysis of host genes suggested a strong inhibition host immunity-related genes by ASFV infection in PAMs, while enhanced chemokine-mediated signaling pathways and neutrophil chemotaxis were observed in ASFV infected PAMs. Furthermore, ASFV infection also down-regulated host microRNAs (miRNAs) that putatively targeted viral genes, while also triggering dysregulation of host metabolism that promoted virus replication at transcription level. Most importantly, infection of PAMs with ASFV induced a different transcriptome pattern from that of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV), which is known to trigger a host cytokine storm. In conclusion, our transcriptome data implied that ASFV infection in PAMs appeared to be associated with strong inhibition of host immune responses, dysregulation of host chemokine axis and metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Zhu H, Zheng X, Jiao Y, Ning L, Zhou EM, Mu Y. A Double-Antibody Sandwich ELISA for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Swine Fibrinogen-Like Protein 1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670626. [PMID: 33968077 PMCID: PMC8102871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), a member of the fibrinogen family, is a specific hepatocyte mitogen. Recently, it has been reported that FGL1 is the main inhibitory ligand of lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3). Furthermore, the FGL1-LAG3 pathway has a synergistic effect with programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway and is regarded as a promising immunotherapeutic target. However, swine FGL1 (sFGL1) has not been characterized and its detection method is lacking. In the study, the sFGL1 gene was amplified from the liver tissue of swine and then inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector, pQE-30. The recombinant plasmid pQE30-sFGL1 was transformed into JM109 competent cells. The recombinant sFGL1 was induced expression by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and the purified sFGL1 was used as an antigen to produce mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) and rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb). After identification, a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for sensitive and specific detection of sFGL1 was developed. Swine FGL1 in samples was captured by anti‐sFGL1 mAb followed by detection with anti‐sFGL1 rabbit pAb and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. The limit of detection of the developed sFLG1-DAS-ELISA is 35 pg/ml with recombinant sFLG1. Besides, it does not show cross‐reactivity with the control protein. Then serum samples of PRRSV-negative and -positive pigs were tested with the established DAS-ELISA and calculated according to the equation of y=0.0735x+0.0737. The results showed that PRRSV infection enhanced the serum FGL1 levels significantly. Our research provides a platform for the research on the functional roles of swine FGL1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Haipeng Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yunjie Jiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Lulu Ning
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang L, Zhang L, Pan Y, Gao J, Xu Y, Li X, Tian Z, Chen H, Wang Y. Downregulation of miR-218 by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus facilitates viral replication via inhibition of type I interferon responses. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100683. [PMID: 33887325 PMCID: PMC8131720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a devastating pathogen in the swine industry worldwide. miRNAs are reported to be involved in virus-host interaction. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing and miRNA inhibitors to screen possible miRNAs that can inhibit PRRSV infection on its target cell, porcine alveolar macrophages. We observed that miR-218 was downregulated upon virus infection, and knockdown of miR-218 significantly enhanced PRRSV replication. Overexpression of miR-218 resulted in a decrease in PRRSV replication, and this overexpression did not alter viral genomic RNA levels, but rather increased antiviral interferon signaling. Further analysis revealed that miR-218 regulated PRRSV replication by directly targeting porcine suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a JAK2 kinase inhibitor. Knockdown of the endogenous SOCS3 expression led to augmentation of type I interferon genes and resulted in decreased PRRSV replication, and vice versa. During PRRSV infection in vivo and in vitro, cellular miR-218 expression was downregulated and SOCS3 expression was upregulated, further supporting the inverse correlation between miR-218 and SOCS3 expression. The data on SOCS3 depletion in combination with miR-218 inhibition suggested that the antiviral activity of miR-218 required the SOCS3-mediated signaling pathway. Similarly, miR-218 negatively regulated PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells, as well as the replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in Vero and ST cells respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PRRSV-induced miR-218 downregulation serves to inhibit the type I interferon response and may provide a novel therapeutic target for treatment of PRRSV and other viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vreman S, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Popma-de Graaf DJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Collins D, McDaid D, Moore AC, Rebel JMJ. Immune responses induced by inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in neonatal pigs using different adjuvants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 232:110170. [PMID: 33383553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of neonatal pigs could be supportive to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is an important porcine pathogen causing worldwide welfare and health problems in pigs of different age classes. However, neonatal immunity substantially differs to adults, thus different vaccines may be required in neonateal pigs. We examined if the immunogenicity and efficacy of inactivated PRRSV (iPRRSV) vaccines in neonatal pigs could be improved with adjuvants containing oil-in water (O/W) emulsions with or without Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and by altering the delivery route from intramuscular (i.m.) to the skin. Three-day-old PRRSV-naïve piglets (n = 54, divided in 6 groups) received a prime vaccination and a booster vaccination four weeks later. The vaccine formulations consisted of different O/W emulsions (Montanide™ ISA28RVG (ISA28)), a squalene in water emulsion (SWE) for i.m. or a Stable Emulsion (SE) with squalene for skin vaccination) and/or a mixture of TLR1/2, 7/8 and 9 agonists (TLRa) combined with iPRRSV strain 07V063. These vaccines were delivered either i.m. (ISA28, SWE, TLRa or SWE + TLRa) or into the skin (skiSE + TLRa) with dissolving microneedle (DMN)-patches. All animals received a challenge with homologous PRRSV three weeks after booster vaccination. Specific antibodies, IFN-γ production and viremia were measured at several time-points after vaccination and/or challenge, while lung pathology was studied at necropsy. After booster vaccination, only ISA28 induced a specific antibody response while a specific T-cell IFN-γ response was generated in the SWE group, that was lower for ISA28, and absent in the other groups. This suggests that prime vaccination in neonates induced a specific immune response after booster vaccination, dependent on the emulsion formulation, but not dependent on the presence of the TLRa or delivery route. Despite the measured immune responses none of the vaccines showed any efficacy. Further research focused on the early immune response in draining lymph nodes is needed to elucidate the potential of TLR agonists in vaccines for neonatal pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Ditta J Popma-de Graaf
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research P.O. Box 338, 6700 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - N Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Transcriptome analysis of pig macrophages expressing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus non-structural protein 1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 231:110147. [PMID: 33249263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a causative pathogen of PRRS, one of the most economically disastrous swine diseases. Non-structural protein 1 (NSP1) of PRRSV consists of NSP1α and NSP1β which exhibit papain like cysteine protease activity. Recent evidence demonstrates that PRRSV NSP1 may be participated in modulating host immunity, but very few host proteins were discovered as targets for NSP1. In this study, we used RNA-seq to investigate the functional role of PRRSV NSP1 in porcine alveolar macrophages, 3D4/31 cells. Compared to empty vector (mock) transfectant, NSP1, NSP1α, and NSP1β expressing 3D4/31 cells displayed a total of 60 genes, 63 genes, and 80 genes as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Most of DEGs are involved in early inflammatory responses including interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α signaling pathway, and cell adhesion molecules. Interestingly, PRRSV NSP1 expression in 3D4/31 cells decreased mRNA transcripts of Fosb and Gdf15 known to be involved in host cell signaling or host cell protection during inflammation. Therefore, PRRSV NSP1 might block the signaling involved in host immune surveillance. Further study is required to define the mechanism on how PRRSV NSP1 protein represses mRNA transcripts of specific host genes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hicks JA, Yoo D, Liu HC. Transcriptional Immune Signatures of Alveolar Macrophages and the Impact of the NLRP3 Inflammasome on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111299. [PMID: 33198300 PMCID: PMC7696364 DOI: 10.3390/v12111299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious viral (PRRSV) disease in pigs characterized by poor reproductive health, increased mortality, and reductions in growth rates. PRRSV is known to implement immuno-antagonistic mechanisms to evade detection and mute host responses to infection. To better understand the cellular immunosignature of PRRSV we have undertaken transcriptome and immunomodulatory studies in PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We first used genome-wide transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) to elucidate PRRSV-induced changes in the PAM transcriptome in response to infection. We found a number of cellular networks were altered by PRRSV infection, including many associated with innate immunity, such as, the NLRP3 inflammasome. To further explore the role(s) of innate immune networks in PRRSV-infected PAMs, we used an NLRP3-specific inhibitor, MCC950, to identify the potential functionality of the inflammasome during PRRSV replication. We found that PRRSV does quickly induce expression of inflammasome-associated genes in PAMs. Treatment of PAMs with MCC950 suggests NLRP3 inflammasome activation negatively impacts viral replication. Treatment of PAMs with cell culture supernatants from macrophages subjected to NLRP3 inflammasome activation (via polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) transfection), prior to PRRSV infection resulted in significantly reduced viral RNA levels compared to PAMs treated with cell culture supernatants from macrophages subjected to NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition (MCC950 treatment/poly I:C transfection). This further supports a role for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the innate macrophagic anti-PRRSV immune response and suggests that PRRSV is sensitive to the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Taken together, these transcriptome and immunoregulatory data highlight the complex changes PRRSV infection induces in the molecular immune networks of its cellular host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Hicks
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Hsiao-Ching Liu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-515-4024; Fax: +1-919-515-6884
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ma H, Li X, Li J, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Hao G, Chen H, Qian P. Immunization with a recombinant fusion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modified GP5 and ferritin elicits enhanced protective immunity in pigs. Virology 2020; 552:112-120. [PMID: 33152628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Live and inactivated vaccines have only been partially successful in generating protective immune responses. The PRRS virus (PRRSV) glycoprotein 5 (GP5) is a major viral antigenic target and is thus suitable for development of genetically engineered PRRSV vaccines. Here, a modified GP5 and ferritin were fused and expressed using a baculovirus system to generate a GP5m-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine. We demonstrated that the GP5m-ferritin vaccine elicited higher serum antibody titers in pigs than inactivated PRRSV. Moreover, immunization with GP5m-Ft promoted a Th1-dominant cellular immune response and enhanced specific T-lymphocyte immune responses. GP5m-ferritin-vaccinated pigs had significantly lower mean rectal temperatures, respiratory scores, viremia, and macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores post-challenge compared with unvaccinated pigs. These results indicated that GP5m-ferritin subunit vaccines can elicit specific protective immune responses and represent promising vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jianglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zekai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Genxi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reverse Genetics and the Major Applications. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111245. [PMID: 33142752 PMCID: PMC7692847 DOI: 10.3390/v12111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is known to infect only pigs. The virus emerged in the late 1980s and became endemic in most swine producing countries, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. The first reverse genetics system for PRRSV was reported in 1998. Since then, several infectious cDNA clones for PRRSV have been constructed. The availability of these infectious cDNA clones has facilitated the genetic modifications of the viral genome at precise locations. Common approaches to manipulate the viral genome include site-directed mutagenesis, deletion of viral genes or gene fragments, insertion of foreign genes, and swapping genes between PRRSV strains or between PRRSV and other members of the Arteriviridae family. In this review, we describe the approaches to construct an infectious cDNA for PRRSV and the ten major applications of these infectious clones to study virus biology and virus–host interaction, and to design a new generation of vaccines with improved levels of safety and efficacy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Park IB, Chun T. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) non-structural protein (NSP)1 transcriptionally inhibits CCN1 and CCN2 expression by blocking ERK-AP-1 axis in pig macrophages in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:462-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Gao F, Li L, Zhao K, Jiang S, Jiang Y, Yu L, Zhou Y, Liu C, Tong G. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Antagonizes PCSK9's Antiviral Effect via Nsp11 Endoribonuclease Activity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060655. [PMID: 32560445 PMCID: PMC7354446 DOI: 10.3390/v12060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the swine industry worldwide. Our previous study had indicated that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) was a responsive gene in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) upon PRRSV infection. However, whether PCSK9 impacts the PRRSV replication and how the PRRSV modulates host PCSK9 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that PCSK9 protein suppressed the replication of both type-1 and type-2 PRRSV species. More specifically, the C-terminal domain of PCSK9 was responsible for the antiviral activity. Besides, we showed that PCSK9 inhibited PRRSV replication by targeting the virus receptor CD163 for degradation through the lysosome. In turn, PRRSV could down-regulate the expression of PCSK9 in both PAMs and MARC-145 cells. By screening the nonstructural proteins (nsps) of PRRSV, we showed that nsp11 could antagonize PCSK9’s antiviral activity. Furthermore, mutagenic analyses of PRRSV nsp11 revealed that the endoribonuclease activity of nsp11 was critical for antagonizing the antiviral effect of PCSK9. Collectively, our data provide further insights into the interaction between PRRSV and the cell host and offer a new potential target for the antiviral therapy of PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khatun A, Nazki S, Jeong CG, Gu S, Mattoo SUS, Lee SI, Yang MS, Lim B, Kim KS, Kim B, Lee KT, Park CK, Lee SM, Kim WI. Effect of polymorphisms in porcine guanylate-binding proteins on host resistance to PRRSV infection in experimentally challenged pigs. Vet Res 2020; 51:14. [PMID: 32075688 PMCID: PMC7031929 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBP1 and GBP5) are known to be important for host resistance against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. In this study, the effects of polymorphisms in GBP1 (GBP1E2 and WUR) and GBP5 on host immune responses against PRRSV were investigated to elucidate the mechanisms governing increased resistance to this disease. Seventy-one pigs [pre-genotyped based on three SNP markers (GBP1E2, WUR, and GBP5)] were assigned to homozygous (n = 36) and heterozygous (n = 35) groups and challenged with the JA142 PRRSV strain. Another group of nineteen pigs was kept separately as a negative control group. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-challenge (dpc). Viremia and weight gain were measured in all pigs at each time point, and a flow cytometry analysis of PBMCs was performed to evaluate T cell activation. In addition, 15 pigs (5 pigs per homozygous, heterozygous and negative groups) were sacrificed at 3, 14 and 28 dpc, and the local T cell responses were evaluated in the lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALc), lymph nodes and tonsils. The heterozygous pigs showed lower viral loads in the serum and lungs and higher weight gains than the homozygous pigs based on the area under the curve calculation. Consistently, compared with the homozygous pigs, the heterozygous pigs exhibited significantly higher levels of IFN-α in the serum, proliferation of various T cells (γδT, Th1, and Th17) in PBMCs and tissues, and cytotoxic T cells in the lungs and BALc. These results indicate that the higher resistance in the pigs heterozygous for the GBP1E2, WUR and GBP5 markers could be mediated by increased antiviral cytokine (IFN-α) production and T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Suna Gu
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Sameer Ul Salam Mattoo
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Myun-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Byeonghwi Lim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Suk Kim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyoungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Novel Lentivirus-Based Method for Rapid Selection of Inhibitory Nanobody against PRRSV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020229. [PMID: 32092857 PMCID: PMC7077216 DOI: 10.3390/v12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has resulted in huge economic losses for the swine industry. Current vaccines are of limited efficacy against endemic circulating PRRSV variants. New strategies against PRRSV infection are in urgent need. Here, a nanobody library in Marc-145 cells is constructed for antiviral nanobodies. Nanobody encoding sequences from two non-immunized llamas were cloned to generate a pseudotyped lentiviral library. Several candidates were selected from survival cells post-PRRSV inoculation and further characterized. Nb9 was identified with strong antiviral activity. Moreover, Nb9 exerted antiviral activity via its interaction with PRRSV viral proteins, as revealed by immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. Taken together, the novel function-based screen of the lentivirus nanobody library, instead of the conventional affinity-based screen, offers an alternative strategy for antiviral reagents against PRRSV and other pathogens.
Collapse
|
22
|
Han G, Lei K, Xu H, He F. Genetic characterization of a novel recombinant PRRSV2 from lineage 8, 1 and 3 in China with significant variation in replication efficiency and cytopathic effects. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1574-1584. [PMID: 31975574 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are four major porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV2) lineages circulating in China based on classification system, including lineages 1 (NADC30-like), 3 (QYYZ-like), 5.1 (VR2332-like) and 8 (JXA1-like/CH-1a-Like), which leads to the potential recombination. In the present study, a novel variant of PRRSV2 strain named JS18-3 was isolated from piglets suffering severe breathing difficulties in Jiangsu Province of China in 2018. Full-length genome analysis indicated that JS18-3 shared 86.5%, 87.9%, 84.2%, 82.2% and 86.4% nucleotide similarity with PRRSVs CH-1a, JXA1, VR2332, QYYZ and NADC30, respectively. 4871-6635 of JS18-3 shared the highest identity of 99.3% in nucleotide sequence with HP-PRRSV representative strain JXA1 indicating ongoing evolution to HP-PRRSV. JS18-3 was classified into classical lineage 8 of PRRSV2 based on phylogenetic analysis of complete genome and ORF5. Genomic break points in structural (ORF3) and non-structural (NSP2, NSP3) regions of genomes were detected in recombination analysis. JS18-3 is a recombinant isolate from lineages 8, 1 and 3. Replication enhancement and severe cytopathic effects caused by JS18-3 were observed in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) as compared to JX07, a typical strain of lineage 8. Pathogenicity results indicated that piglets inoculated with JS18-3 presented persistent fever, dyspnoea, serious microscopic lung lesions and lymph node congestion. The study suggests that lineage 8 of PRRSV2 is involved in continuing evolution by genetic recombination and mutation leading to outbreaks in vaccinated pigs in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaixia Lei
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Efficacy Evaluation of Two Commercial Vaccines Against a Recombinant PRRSV2 Strain ZJnb16-2 From Lineage 8 and 3 in China. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010059. [PMID: 31952177 PMCID: PMC7168615 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2010, novel recombinant lineage 3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV2) has continuously emerged China, which has brought about clinical outbreaks of the disease. Previously, a PRRSV2 strain named ZJnb16-2 was identified as a recombinant virus from lineage 8 and 3. In this study, two modified-live vaccines VR2332 MLV and HuN4-F112, which belong to lineage 5 and 8 respectively, were used for efficacy evaluation against the challenge of ZJnb16-2. Piglets vaccinated with HuN4-F112 exhibited temporary fever, higher average daily weight gain, and mild clinical signs as compared to VR2332 MLV vaccinated and unvaccinated piglets upon ZJnb16-2 challenge. Both vaccines could inhibit virus replication in piglets at 21days post challenge (DPC). Cross-reactivity of interferon (IFN)-γ secreting cells against ZJnb16-2 were detected in both vaccinated piglets. The number of IFN-γ secreting cells against ZJnb16-2 in the vaccination group exhibited sustaining elevation after challenge. Results demonstrated that both vaccines provided partial protection against ZJnb16-2 infection. A cross-neutralization antibody against ZJnb16-2 was not detected in any vaccinated piglet before challenge. A low neutralizing antibody titer against ZJnb16-2 was detected after challenge. Besides, all the vaccinated piglets suffered from different degrees of lung pathological lesions, indicating neither VR2332 MLV nor HuN4-F112 provided full protection against ZJnb16-2. This study provides valuable guidelines to control the recombinant virus from lineage 8 and 3 infection with MLV vaccines in the field.
Collapse
|
24
|
Luo X, Chen XX, Qiao S, Li R, Xie S, Zhou X, Deng R, Zhou EM, Zhang G. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Enhances Self-Replication via AP-1-Dependent Induction of SOCS1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:394-407. [PMID: 31826939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused tremendous economic losses in the swine industry since its emergence in the late 1980s. PRRSV exploits various strategies to evade immune responses and establish chronic persistent infections. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, a member of the SOCS family, is a crucial intracellular negative regulator of innate immunity. In this study, it was shown that SOCS1 can be co-opted by PRRSV to evade host immune responses, facilitating viral replication. It was observed that PRRSV induced SOCS1 production in porcine alveolar macrophages, monkey-derived Marc-145 cells, and porcine-derived CRL2843-CD163 cells. SOCS1 inhibited the expression of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes, thereby markedly enhancing PRRSV replication. It was observed that the PRRSV N protein has the ability to upregulate SOCS1 production and that nuclear localization signal-2 (NLS-2) is essential for SOCS1 induction. Moreover, SOCS1 upregulation was dependent on p38/AP-1 and JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways rather than classical type I IFN signaling pathways. In summary, to our knowledge, the findings of this study uncovered the molecular mechanism that underlay SOCS1 induction during PRRSV infection, providing new insights into viral immune evasion and persistent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Sha Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China; .,Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; and.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cao QM, Tian D, Heffron CL, Subramaniam S, Opriessnig T, Foss DL, Calvert JG, Meng XJ. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes identified from a contemporary strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus enhance CD4+CD8+ T, CD8+ T, and γδ T cell responses. Virology 2019; 538:35-44. [PMID: 31561059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-stimulatory class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are important for vaccine development. In this study we first determined the expression frequency of swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I alleles in commercial pigs in the United States. The SLA genotyping result allowed us to predict potential CTL epitopes from a contemporary strain of PRRSV (RFLP 1-7-4) by using bioinformatic tools. The predicted epitopes were then evaluated in an ex vivo stimulation assay with peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from pigs experimentally-infected with PRRSV. Using flow-cytometry analysis, we identified a number of immuno-stimulatory CTL epitopes, including two peptides from GP3 and two from Nsp9 that significantly improved both degranulation marker CD107a and IFN-γ production in cytotoxic CD4+CD8+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and γδ T cells, and two peptides that inhibited IFN-γ production. These CTL epitopes will aid future vaccine development against PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian M Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - C Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sakthivel Subramaniam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nuclear localization signal in TRIM22 is essential for inhibition of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in MARC-145 cells. Virus Genes 2019; 55:660-672. [PMID: 31375995 PMCID: PMC7089487 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection causes one of the most economically important swine diseases worldwide. Tripartite motif-containing 22 (TRIM22), a TRIM family protein, has been identified as a crucial restriction factor that inhibits a group of human viruses. Currently, the role of cellular TRIM22 in PRRSV infection remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of TRIM22 on PRRSV replication in vitro and explored the underlying mechanism. Ectopic expression of TRIM22 impaired the viral replication, while TRIM22-RNAi favored the replication of PRRSV in MARC-145 cells. Additionally, we observed that TRIM22 deletion SPRY domain or Nuclear localization signal (NLS) losses the ability to inhibit PRRSV replication. Finally, Co-IP analysis identified that TRIM22 interacts with PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein through the SPRY domain, while the NLS2 motif of N protein is involved in interaction with TRIM22. Although the concentration of PRRSV N protein was not altered in the presence of TRIM22, the abundance of N proteins from simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), equine arteritis virus (EAV), and murine lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) diminished considerably with increasing TRIM22 expression. Together, our findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for TRIM22 and extend the antiviral effects of TRIM22 to arteriviruses.
Collapse
|
27
|
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp11 Antagonizes Type I Interferon Signaling by Targeting IRF9. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00623-19. [PMID: 31092569 PMCID: PMC6639278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00623-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nidovirus-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) encoded by PRRSV nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) is a unique NendoU of nidoviruses that infect vertebrates; thus, it is an attractive target for the development of antinidovirus drugs. Previous studies have revealed that the NendoU of nidoviruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), acts as a type I interferon (IFN) antagonist. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that overexpression of PRRSV nsp11 also inhibits IFN signaling by targeting the C-terminal interferon regulatory factor (IRF) association domain of IRF9. This interaction impaired the ability of IRF9 to form the transcription factor complex IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) and to act as a signaling protein of IFN signaling. Collectively, our data identify IRF9 as a natural target of PRRSV NendoU and reveal a novel mechanism evolved by an arterivirus to counteract innate immune signaling. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus from the Nidovirales order that causes reproductive failure and respiratory disease in pigs and poses a constant threat to the global pig industry. The PRRSV-encoded nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) is a nidovirus-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) that is conserved throughout the Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae families. Previously, our research and that of others demonstrated that PRRSV nsp11 inhibits type I interferon (IFN) production through NendoU activity-dependent mechanisms. Here, we found that PRRSV nsp11 also inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity and subsequent transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Detailed analysis showed that nsp11 targeted interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), but not transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) or STAT2, key molecules in the type I IFN signaling pathway. Furthermore, the nsp11-IRF9 interaction impaired the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor complex IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) in both nsp11-overexpressed and PRRSV-infected cells. Importantly, nsp11 mutations (H129A, H144A, and K173A) that ablate NendoU activity or its cell cytotoxicity also interacted with IRF9 and retained the ability to block IFN signaling, indicating that the nsp11-IRF9 interaction is independent of NendoU activity or cell cytotoxicity of nsp11. Taking the results together, our study demonstrated that PRRSV nsp11 antagonizes type I IFN signaling by targeting IRF9 via a NendoU activity-independent mechanism, and this report describes a novel strategy evolved by PRRSV to counteract host innate antiviral responses, revealing a potential new function for PRRSV nsp11 in type I IFN signaling. IMPORTANCE The nidovirus-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) encoded by PRRSV nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) is a unique NendoU of nidoviruses that infect vertebrates; thus, it is an attractive target for the development of antinidovirus drugs. Previous studies have revealed that the NendoU of nidoviruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), acts as a type I interferon (IFN) antagonist. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that overexpression of PRRSV nsp11 also inhibits IFN signaling by targeting the C-terminal interferon regulatory factor (IRF) association domain of IRF9. This interaction impaired the ability of IRF9 to form the transcription factor complex IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) and to act as a signaling protein of IFN signaling. Collectively, our data identify IRF9 as a natural target of PRRSV NendoU and reveal a novel mechanism evolved by an arterivirus to counteract innate immune signaling.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ke H, Han M, Kim J, Gustin KE, Yoo D. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Beta Interacts with Nucleoporin 62 To Promote Viral Replication and Immune Evasion. J Virol 2019; 93:e00469-19. [PMID: 31043527 PMCID: PMC6600190 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00469-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) blocks host mRNA nuclear export to the cytoplasm, and nonstructural protein 1 beta (nsp1β) of PRRSV has been identified as the protein that disintegrates the nuclear pore complex. In the present study, the molecular basis for the inhibition of host mRNA nuclear export was investigated. Nucleoporin 62 (Nup62) was found to bind to nsp1β, and the region representing the C-terminal residues 328 to 522 of Nup62 was determined to be the binding domain for nsp1β. The nsp1β L126A mutant in the SAP domain did not bind to Nup62, and in L126A-expressing cells, host mRNA nuclear export occurred normally. The vL126A mutant PRRSV generated by reverse genetics replicated at a lower rate, and the titer was lower than for wild-type virus. In nsp1β-overexpressing cells or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated Nup62 knockdown cells, viral protein synthesis increased. Notably, the production of type I interferons (IFN-α/β), IFN-stimulated genes (PKR, OAS, Mx1, and ISG15 genes), IFN-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) 1 and 2, and IFN regulatory factor 3 decreased in these cells. As a consequence, the growth of vL126A mutant PRRSV was rescued to the level of wild-type PRRSV. These findings are attributed to nuclear pore complex (NPC) disintegration by nsp1β, resulting in increased viral protein production and decreased host protein production, including antiviral proteins in the cytoplasm. Our study reveals a new strategy of PRRSV for immune evasion and enhanced replication during infection.IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes PRRS and is known to effectively suppress host innate immunity. The PRRSV nsp1β protein blocks host mRNA nuclear export, which has been shown to be one of the viral mechanisms for inhibition of antiviral protein production. nsp1β binds to the cellular protein nucleoporin 62 (Nup62), and as a consequence, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is disintegrated and the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of host mRNAs and host proteins is blocked. We show the dual benefits of Nup62 and nsp1β binding for PRRSV replication: the inhibition of host antiviral protein expression and the exclusive use of host translation machinery by the virus. Our study unveils a novel strategy of PRRSV for immune evasion and enhanced replication during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Ke
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jineui Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kurt E Gustin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, The University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen J, Wang D, Sun Z, Gao L, Zhu X, Guo J, Xu S, Fang L, Li K, Xiao S. Arterivirus nsp4 Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production by Proteolytically Cleaving NEMO at Multiple Sites. J Virol 2019; 93:e00385-19. [PMID: 30944180 PMCID: PMC6613749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00385-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represent two members of the family Arteriviridae and pose major threats for the horse- and swine-breeding industries worldwide. A previous study suggested that PRRSV nsp4, a 3C-like protease, antagonizes interferon beta (IFN-β) production by cleaving the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) at a single site, glutamate 349 (E349). Here, we demonstrated that EAV nsp4 also inhibited virus-induced IFN-β production by targeting NEMO for proteolytic cleavage and that the scission occurred at four sites: E166, E171, glutamine 205 (Q205), and E349. Additionally, we found that, besides the previously reported cleavage site E349 in NEMO, scission by PRRSV nsp4 took place at two additional sites, E166 and E171. These results imply that while cleaving NEMO is a common strategy utilized by EAV and PRRSV nsp4 to antagonize IFN induction, EAV nsp4 adopts a more complex substrate recognition mechanism to target NEMO. By analyzing the abilities of the eight different NEMO fragments resulting from EAV or PRRSV nsp4 scission to induce IFN-β production, we serendipitously found that a NEMO fragment (residues 1 to 349) could activate IFN-β transcription more robustly than full-length NEMO, whereas all other NEMO cleavage products were abrogated for the IFN-β-inducing capacity. Thus, NEMO cleavage at E349 alone may not be sufficient to completely inactivate the IFN response via this signaling adaptor. Altogether, our findings suggest that EAV and PRRSV nsp4 cleave NEMO at multiple sites and that this strategy is critical for disarming the innate immune response for viral survival.IMPORTANCE The arterivirus nsp4-encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro) plays an important role in virus replication and immune evasion, making it an attractive target for antiviral therapeutics. Previous work suggested that PRRSV nsp4 suppresses type I IFN production by cleaving NEMO at a single site. In contrast, the present study demonstrates that both EAV and PRRSV nsp4 cleave NEMO at multiple sites and that this strategy is essential for disruption of type I IFN production. Moreover, we reveal that EAV nsp4 also cleaves NEMO at glutamine 205 (Q205), which is not targeted by PRRSV nsp4. Notably, targeting a glutamine in NEMO for cleavage has been observed only with picornavirus 3C proteases (3Cpro) and coronavirus 3CLpro In aggregate, our work expands knowledge of the innate immune evasion mechanisms associated with NEMO cleavage by arterivirus nsp4 and describes a novel substrate recognition characteristic of EAV nsp4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li R, Chen C, He J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zhang W, Tan K, Huang J. E3 ligase ASB8 promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proliferation by stabilizing the viral Nsp1α protein and degrading host IKKβ kinase. Virology 2019; 532:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
31
|
Jing H, Song T, Cao S, Sun Y, Wang J, Dong W, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang T, Xing Z, Bao W. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor X1 restricts porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 replication by interacting with viral Nsp9. Virus Res 2019; 268:18-26. [PMID: 31132368 PMCID: PMC7114581 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PRRSV infection up-regulates NLRX1 expression. NLRX1 impairs PRRSV replication. NLRX1 suppresses the synthesis of viral subgenomic RNAs. NLRX1 interacts and colocalizes with the Nsp9 of PRRSV.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes one of the most economically important diseases of swine worldwide. Current antiviral strategies provide only limited protection. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) X1 is unique among NLR proteins in its functions as a pro-viral or antiviral factor to different viral infections. To date, the impact of NLRX1 on PRRSV infection remains unclear. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection promoted the expression of NLRX1 gene. In turn, ectopic expression of NLRX1 inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells, whereas knockdown of NLRX1 enhanced PRRSV propagation in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Mechanistically, NLRX1 was revealed to impair intracellular viral subgenomic RNAs accumulation. Finally, Mutagenic analyses indicated that the LRR (leucine-rich repeats) domain of NLRX1 interacted with PRRSV Nonstructural Protein 9 (Nsp9) RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase) domain and was necessary for antiviral activity. Thus, our study establishes the role of NLRX1 as a new host restriction factor in PRRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Tao Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Sufang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- College of Animal Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Catanzaro N, Meng XJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced stress granules are associated with viral replication complexes and suppression of host translation. Virus Res 2019; 265:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
33
|
Nedumpun T, Techakriengkrai N, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Negative Immunomodulatory Effects of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Induced Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist on Porcine Innate and Adaptive Immune Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:579. [PMID: 30972072 PMCID: PMC6443931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses are evidenced throughout the course of PRRSV infection. We previously reported that interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was involved in PRRSV-induced immunosuppression during an early phase of infection. However, the exact mechanism associated with PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra immunomodulation remains unknown. To explore the immunomodulatory properties of PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra on porcine immune functions, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) and leukocytes were cultured with type 2 PRRSV, and the immunological role of IL-1Ra was assessed by addition of anti-porcine IL-1Ra Ab. The results demonstrated that PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra reduced phagocytosis, surface expression of MHC II (SLA-DR) and CD86, as well as downregulation of IFNA and IL1 gene expression in the MoDC culture system. Interestingly, IL-1Ra secreted by the PRRSV-infected MoDC also inhibited T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, but not IFN-γ production. Although PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra was not directly linked to IL-10 production, it contributed to the differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) within the culture system. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra downregulates innate immune functions, T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, and influences collectively with IL-10 in the Treg induction. The immunomodulatory roles of IL-1Ra elucidated in this study increase our understanding of the immunobiology of PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Montaner-Tarbes S, Del Portillo HA, Montoya M, Fraile L. Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:38. [PMID: 30842948 PMCID: PMC6391865 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine diseases in the world. It is causing an enormous economic burden due to reproductive failure in sows and a complex respiratory syndrome in pigs of all ages, with mortality varying from 2 to 100% in the most extreme cases of emergent highly pathogenic strains. PRRSV displays complex interactions with the immune system and a high mutation rate, making the development, and implementation of control strategies a major challenge. In this review, the biology of the virus will be addressed focusing on newly discovered functions of non-structural proteins and novel dissemination mechanisms. Secondly, the role of different cell types and viral proteins will be reviewed in natural and vaccine-induced immune response together with the role of different immune evasion mechanisms focusing on those gaps of knowledge that are critical to generate more efficacious vaccines. Finally, novel strategies for antigen discovery and vaccine development will be discussed, in particular the use of exosomes (extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin). As nanocarriers of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, exosomes have potential effects on cell activation, modulation of immune responses and antigen presentation. Thus, representing a novel vaccination approach against this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Montaner-Tarbes
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ke H, Han M, Zhang Q, Rowland R, Kerrigan M, Yoo D. Type I interferon suppression-negative and host mRNA nuclear retention-negative mutation in nsp1β confers attenuation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs. Virology 2018; 517:177-187. [PMID: 29402432 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has the ability to suppress the type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) induction to facilitate its survival during infection, and the nsp1 protein of PRRSV has been identified as the potent IFN antagonist. The nsp1β subunit of nsp1 has also been shown to block the host mRNA nuclear export as one of the mechanisms to suppress host antiviral protein production. The SAP motif in nsp1β is the functional motif for both IFN suppression and host mRNA nuclear retention, and using infectious clones, two mutant viruses vL126A and vL135A have been generated. These mutants retain the infectivity, but the phenotype is negative for both IFN suppression and host mRNA nuclear retention due to the loss of the SAP motif. To examine the pathogenic role of IFN suppression in pigs, 40 piglets were allotted to four groups and each group was intramuscularly infected with vL126A, vL135A, wild-type (WT) PRRSV, and placebo. Pigs infected with vL126A or vL135A exhibited mild clinical signs with low viral titers and short duration of viremia. The levels of PRRSV-specific antibody remained comparable in all infected groups but the neutralizing antibody titers were high in vL126A-infected or vL135A-infected pigs. The IFN-α concentration was also high in pigs infected with the SAP mutants. Reversion to WT sequence was observed in the SAP motif in some animals, and the revertants regained the function to suppress IFN production and host mRNA nuclear export, indicating strong selection pressure in the SAP motif of nsp1β. Together, our data demonstrate that the IFN antagonism and host mRNA nuclear retention mediated by nsp1β contributes to viral virulence, and loss of these functions confers PRRSV attenuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Ke
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qingzhan Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Raymond Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Maureen Kerrigan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nonstructural proteins nsp2TF and nsp2N of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) play important roles in suppressing host innate immune responses. Virology 2018; 517:164-176. [PMID: 29325778 PMCID: PMC5884420 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified a unique -2/-1 ribosomal frameshift mechanism in PRRSV, which yields two truncated forms of nonstructural protein (nsp) 2 variants, nsp2TF and nsp2N. Here, in vitro expression of individual PRRSV nsp2TF and nsp2N demonstrated their ability to suppress cellular innate immune responses in transfected cells. Two recombinant viruses were further analyzed, in which either nsp2TF was C-terminally truncated (vKO1) or expression of both nsp2TF and nsp2N was knocked out (vKO2). Host cellular mRNA profiling showed that a panel of cellular immune genes, in particular those involved in innate immunity, was upregulated in cells infected with vKO1 and vKO2. Compared to the wild-type virus, vKO1 and vKO2 expedited the IFN-α response and increased NK cell cytotoxicity, and subsequently enhanced T cell immune responses in infected pigs. Our data strongly implicate nsp2TF/nsp2N in arteriviral immune evasion and demonstrate that nsp2TF/nsp2N-deficient PRRSV is less capable of counteracting host innate immune responses. In vitro expression of PRRSV nsp2TF/nsp2N affects cellular innate immune response. Nsp2TF/nsp2N suppressed immune genes expression in PRRSV-infected cells. Nsp2TF/nsp2N-deficient mutants showed attenuated growth in vivo. Nsp2TF/nsp2N-deficient mutants induced augmented immune responses in infected pigs.
Collapse
|
37
|
Song Z, Zhang Q, Liu X, Bai J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Jiang P. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase is an interferon-inducible factor that protects against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:153-161. [PMID: 29103685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of the Arteriviridae family, has become a global health threat for swine. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). The purpose of this study was to explore the antiviral activity of CH25H against PRRSV infection. We found that CH25H was induced by interferon-α and PRRSV in Marc-145 monkey kidney cells. In addition, CH25H and 25HC significantly inhibited PRRSV infection by preventing virus entry. A CH25H mutant that exhibited decreased catalytic activity had an antiviral effect against PRRSV. Treatment with 25HC pre-infection or post-infection significantly inhibited PRRSV infection in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Our results reveal that CH25H is an interferon-stimulated gene and its production of 25HC can be used as a natural antiviral agent to combat PRRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rowland RR, Lunney JK. Alternative strategies for the control and elimination of PRRS. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|