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Seo KW, Do KH, Jung CM, Lee SW, Lee YJ, Lim SK, Lee WK. Comparative genetic characterisation of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from integrated and conventional pig farm in Korea. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 34:74-82. [PMID: 37394034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pig-farming systems consist of integrated or conventional farms, and many antimicrobials are used to treat bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to compare characteristics of third-generation cephalosporin resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/pAmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli between integrated and conventional farms. METHODS Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli was collected from integrated and conventional pig farms from 2021 to 2022. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were performed for the detection of β-lactamase-encoding genes, molecular analysis, and identification of genetic relationships. To determine the transferability of β-lactamase genes, conjugation assays were conducted. RESULTS Antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in conventional farms than in integrated farms; ESBL- and pAmpC-lactamase-producing E. coli rates were higher in conventional farms (9.8%) than in integrated farms (3.4%). Fifty-two (6.5%) isolates produced ESBL/pAmpC β-lactamase genes. Isolates from integrated farms harboured CTX-15 (3 isolates), CTX-55 (9 isolates), CTX-229 (1 isolate), or CMY-2 (1 isolate) genes; isolates from conventional farms harboured CTX-1 (1 isolate), CTX-14 (6 isolates), CTX-15 (2 isolates), CTX-27 (3 isolates), CTX-55 (14 isolates), CTX-229 (1 isolate), and CMY-2 (11 isolates) genes. Of the 52 ESBL/pAmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates, class 1 integrons with 11 different gene cassette arrangements were detected in 39 (75.0%) isolates, and class 2 integrons were detected in 3 isolates. The most common sequence type in both integrated and conventional farms was ST5229, followed by ST101, and then ST10. CONCLUSION Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant patterns and molecular characteristics differed between integrated and conventional farms. Our findings suggest that continuous monitoring of third-generation cephalosporin resistance on pig farms is necessary to prevent the dissemination of resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyo Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang Min Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; Onnuri Animals Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seong Won Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Korea Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; GutBiomeTech, Cheongju, Korea.
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Zelendova M, Papagiannitsis CC, Sismova P, Medvecky M, Pomorska K, Palkovicova J, Nesporova K, Jakubu V, Jamborova I, Zemlickova H, Dolejska M. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance among human clinical Enterobacterales isolates: national surveillance in the Czech Republic. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1147846. [PMID: 37180238 PMCID: PMC10174314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1147846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of colistin resistance has increased rapidly among Enterobacterales around the world. We performed a national survey of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in human clinical isolates through a retrospective analysis of samples from 2009 to 2017 and a prospective sampling in 2018-2020. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize isolates with mcr genes from various regions of the Czech Republic using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Of all 1932 colistin-resistant isolates analyzed, 73 (3.8%) were positive for mcr genes. Most isolates carried mcr-1 (48/73) and were identified as Escherichia coli (n = 44) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 4) of various sequence types (ST). Twenty-five isolates, including Enterobacter spp. (n = 24) and Citrobacter freundii (n = 1) carrying the mcr-9 gene were detected; three of them (Enterobacter kobei ST54) co-harbored the mcr-4 and mcr-9 genes. Multi-drug resistance phenotype was a common feature of mcr isolates and 14% (10/73) isolates also co-harbored clinically important beta-lactamases, including two isolates with carbapenemases KPC-2 and OXA-48. Phylogenetic analysis of E. coli ST744, the dominant genotype in this study, with the global collection showed Czech isolates belonged to two major clades, one containing isolates from Europe, while the second composed of isolates from diverse geographical areas. The mcr-1 gene was carried by IncX4 (34/73, 47%), IncHI2/ST4 (6/73, 8%) and IncI2 (8/73, 11%) plasmid groups. Small plasmids belonging to the ColE10 group were associated with mcr-4 in three isolates, while mcr-9 was carried by IncHI2/ST1 plasmids (4/73, 5%) or the chromosome (18/73, 25%). We showed an overall low level of occurrence of mcr genes in colistin-resistant bacteria from human clinical samples in the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zelendova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Petra Sismova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Matej Medvecky
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Katarina Pomorska
- NRL for ATB, The National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Palkovicova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Vladislav Jakubu
- NRL for ATB, The National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Microbiology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and National Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Jamborova
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Helena Zemlickova
- NRL for ATB, The National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Microbiology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and National Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, The University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Plzen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Monika Dolejska,
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De Jong A, El Garch F, Hocquet D, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Dewulf J, Migura-Garcia L, Perrin-Guyomard A, Veldman KT, Janosi S, Skarzynska M, Simjee S, Moyaert H, Rose M. European-wide antimicrobial resistance monitoring in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy food animals between 2004 and 2018. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3301-3311. [PMID: 36203261 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to medically important antibiotics, collected over four periods (2004-2006, 2008-2009, 2013-2014, 2017-2018), from food-producing animals at slaughter. METHODS Intestinal contents from cattle, pigs and broilers were randomly sampled (5-6 countries/host; ≥4 abattoirs/country; one sample/animal/farm) for isolation of Escherichia coli; antimicrobial susceptibilities were centrally determined by CLSI agar dilution. Clinical breakpoints (CLSI) and epidemiological cut-off values (EUCAST) were applied for data interpretation. RESULTS In total, 10 613 E. coli strains were recovered. In broilers, resistance percentages were the lowest (P ≤ 0.01) in the latest time period. A significant decrease in MDR over time was also observed for broilers and a tendency for a decrease for pigs. Resistance to meropenem and tigecycline was absent, and resistance to azithromycin was 0.2%-2.0%. Also, low resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (1.1%-7.4%) was detected in broilers. Resistance to colistin varied between 0.1%-4.8%. E. coli from broilers showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin (7.3%-23.3%), whereas for cattle and pigs this was 0.2%-2.5%. Low/moderate resistance to chloramphenicol (9.3%-21.3%) and gentamicin (0.9%-7.0%) was observed in pigs and broilers. The highest resistance was noted for ampicillin (32.7%-65.3%), tetracycline (41.3%-67.5%), trimethoprim (32.0%-35.7%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (27.5%-49.7%) from pigs and broilers, with marked country differences. MDR peaked in pigs and broilers with 24 and 26 phenotypes, with 21.9%-26.2% and 18.7%-34.1% resistance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this pan-EU survey antibiotic susceptibility of commensal E. coli varied largely between antibiotics, animal species and countries. Resistance to critically important antibiotics for human medicine was absent or low, except for ciprofloxacin in broilers and ampicillin in pigs and broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anno De Jong
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av. de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Farid El Garch
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av. de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium.,Vetoquinol S.A., Lure, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- Infection Control Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, CHU Besançon, France.,UMR 6249, Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- IRTA-UAB Mixed Research Unit in Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Barcelona, Spain.,IRTA, Animal Health Programme, CReSA, OIE Collaborating Centre, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kees T Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Szilard Janosi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdalena Skarzynska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Shabbir Simjee
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av. de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium.,Elanco Animal health, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Hilde Moyaert
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av. de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium.,Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Markus Rose
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av. de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium.,MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
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Genetic Diversity of Escherichia coli Coharboring mcr-1 and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases from Poultry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8224883. [PMID: 36246985 PMCID: PMC9556198 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8224883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The emergence of resistance to beta-lactam agents in poultry results in multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry birds. The appearance of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes in the poultry sector has further worsened the situation. Therefore, the current study is aimed at investigating the molecular epidemiology of mcr harboring colistin-resistant E. coli among poultry. Methods. The isolation and identification of colistin-resistant E. coli (CR-Ec) were done from the broiler’s fecal samples through culturing using selective media supplemented with colistin sulfate (4 μg/ml). The antibiogram studies of the isolates were performed using the disc diffusion method and broth microdilution method as per CLSI guidelines. The screening for the genes conferring resistance to colistin as well as beta-lactam agents was performed by PCR. The genetic diversity of mcr-positive strains was assessed by multilocus sequencing typing (MLST). Results. Out of 500 fecal samples, 7% (35/500) were found positive for the presence of colistin-resistant E. coli (CR-Ec). Among the CR-Ec isolates, 74.28% (26/35) were detected as ESBL producers carrying the blaCTX-M-1 gene in 15/35 (42.85%) isolates and blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM genes in 21/35 (60%) and 35/35 (100%) isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates were found positive for the presence of mcr-1, although none of the isolates exhibited the mcr-2 or mcr-3 genes. The MLST of CR-Ec has shown the ST1035 as the most prevalent genotype, while 82.85% (29/35) of CR-Ec strains belonged to clonal complex (CC) 131 comprising ST1035, ST131, ST1215, ST1650, and ST2279. Conclusions. The findings suggest a continuous monitoring system in veterinary and clinical settings to avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Further studies are needed at the national level to help control the increasing resistance among Enterobacterales in poultry settings.
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Um MM, Dupouy V, Arpaillange N, Bièche-Terrier C, Auvray F, Oswald E, Brugère H, Bibbal D. High Fecal Prevalence of mcr-Positive Escherichia coli in Veal Calves at Slaughter in France. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081071. [PMID: 36009940 PMCID: PMC9405437 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of healthy veal calves carrying mcr-positive E. coli strains at the time of slaughter in France. Fecal samples were selectively screened for mcr-positive E. coli isolates using media supplemented with colistin. Screening for mcr genes was also carried out in E. coli isolates resistant to critically important antimicrobials used in human medicine recovered from the same fecal samples. Overall, 28 (16.5%) out of the 170 veal calves tested carried mcr-positive E. coli. As some calves carried several non-redundant mcr-positive strains, 41 mcr-positive E. coli were recovered. Thirty-one and seven strains were positive for mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes, respectively, while no strain was positive for the mcr-2 gene. Co-carriage of mcr-1 and mcr-3 was identified in three strains. All mcr-positive E. coli isolates, except one, were multidrug-resistant, with 56.1% being ciprofloxacin-resistant and 31.7% harboring blaCTX-M genes. All mcr-3-positive E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes, mainly blaCTX-M-55. This study highlights the high prevalence of mcr-positive E. coli strains in feces of veal calves at the time of slaughter. It also points out the multidrug (including ciprofloxacin) resistance of such strains and the co-occurrence of mcr-3 genes with blaCTX-M-55 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Michèle Um
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, 31 000 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Dupouy
- Innovations Thérapeutiques et Résistances, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31 000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Arpaillange
- Innovations Thérapeutiques et Résistances, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31 000 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Frédéric Auvray
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, 31 000 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Oswald
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, 31 000 Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31 000 Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, 31 000 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Bibbal
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, 31 000 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
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Worldwide Prevalence of mcr-mediated Colistin-Resistance Escherichia coli in Isolates of Clinical Samples, Healthy Humans, and Livestock-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060659. [PMID: 35745513 PMCID: PMC9230117 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public-health problem throughout the world. Escherichia coli, the most common Gram-negative microorganism, has developed different resistance mechanisms, making treating infections difficult. Colistin is considered a last-resort drug in the treatment of infections caused by E. coli. Plasmid-mediated mobile-colistin-resistant (mcr) genes in E. coli, now disseminated globally, are considered a major public-health threat. Humans, chickens, and pigs are the main reservoirs for E. coli and the sources of antibiotic resistance. Hence, an up-to-date and precise estimate of the global prevalence of mcr resistance genes in these reservoirs is necessary to understand more precisely the worldwide spread and to more effectively implement control and prevention strategies. Methodology: Publications were identified in the PubMed database on the basis of the PRISMA guidelines. English full-text articles were selected from December 2014 to March 2021. Descriptive statistics and a meta-analysis were performed in Excel and R software, respectively. Colistin resistance was defined as the molecular-genetic detection of the mcr genes. The crude and estimated prevalence were calculated for each host and continent. The studies were divided into two groups; community-based when they involved isolates from healthy humans, chickens, or pigs, and clinical studies when they involved only hospital, outpatient, or laboratory isolates. Results: A total of 1278 studies were identified and 218 were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, divided into community studies (159 studies) and clinical studies (59 studies). The general prevalence of mcr-mediated colistin-resistant E. coli (mcrMCRE) was 6.51% (n = 11,583/177,720), reported in 54 countries and on five continents; Asia with 119 studies followed by Europe with 61 studies registered the most articles. Asia reported the major diversity of mcr-variants (eight of nine, except mcr-2). Worldwide, chickens and pigs proved to be the principal reservoir of mcr with an estimated prevalence of 15.8% and 14.9%, respectively. Healthy humans and clinical isolates showed a lower prevalence with 7.4% and 4.2% respectively. Conclusions: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the worldwide prevalence of mcr in E. coli isolated from healthy humans, chickens, and pigs was investigated. A wide prevalence and distribution of mcr genes was demonstrated on all continents in E. coli isolates from the selected reservoirs. Understanding the epidemiology and occurrence in the reservoirs of mcr in E. coli on different continents of the world facilitates tracing how mcr genes are transmitted and determining the infection risks for humans. This knowledge can be used to reduce the incidence of zoonotic transmission by implementing the appropriate control programs.
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Epidemiological Prevalence of Phenotypical Resistances and Mobilised Colistin Resistance in Avian Commensal and Pathogenic E. coli from Denmark, France, The Netherlands, and the UK. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050631. [PMID: 35625275 PMCID: PMC9137498 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin has been used for the treatment of non-invasive gastrointestinal infections caused by avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The discovery of mobilised colistin resistance (mcr) in E. coli has instigated a One Health approach to minimise colistin use and the spread of resistance. The aim of this study was to compare colistin susceptibility of APECs (collected from Denmark n = 25 and France n = 39) versus commensal E. coli (collected from the Netherlands n = 51 and the UK n = 60), alongside genetic (mcr-1−5) and phenotypic resistance against six other antimicrobial classes (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, sulphonamides/trimethoprim, tetracyclines). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using a broth microdilution method (EUCAST guidelines), and phenotypic resistance was determined using disk diffusion. Colistin MIC values of APEC were significantly lower than those for commensals by 1 dilution (p < 0.0001, Anderson-Darling test), and differences in distributions were observed between countries. No isolate carried mcr-1−5. Three phenotypically resistant isolates were identified in 2/62 APEC and 1/111 commensal isolates. Gentamicin or gentamicin−ceftriaxone co-resistance was observed in two of these isolates. This study showed a low prevalence of phenotypic colistin resistance, with no apparent difference in colistin resistance between commensal E. coli strains and APEC strains.
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Conjugative transfer of mcr-1-bearing plasmid from Salmonella to Escherichia coli in vitro on chicken meat and in mouse gut. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Molecular Detection of Integrons, Colistin and β-lactamase Resistant Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Chickens and Rats Inhabiting Poultry Farms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020313. [PMID: 35208768 PMCID: PMC8876313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of multidrug-resistant Salmonella is a global public health concern. The aim of this study was to detect integrons, colistin and β-lactamase resistance genes in Salmonella enteritidis and typhimurium. A total of 63 isolates of S. enteritidis (n = 18) and S. typhimurium (n = 45) from fecal samples of layers and rats at chicken farms were screened for antibiotic resistant genes. Conventional PCR was performed for the detection of integrons (classes 1, 2, and 3), colistin (mcr-1-5) and β-lactamase (blaCTX-M, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaOXA) resistant genes. Of these isolates, 77% and 27% of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis harboured the mcr-4 encoded gene for colistin, respectively. The prevalence of class 1 integrons for S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis was 100% for each serovar, while for class 2 integrons of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis it was 49% and 33% respectively, while class 3 integron genes was not detected. Our study also detected high levels of β-lactamase encoding genes (bla gene), namely blaCTX-M, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9 and blaTEM from both S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis. This, to our knowledge, is the first report of mcr-4 resistance gene detection in Salmonella serovars in South Africa. This study also highlights the importance of controlling rats at poultry farms in order to reduce the risk of transmission of antibiotic resistance to chickens and eventually to humans.
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Fu X, Sun J, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Sun X. A rapid and ultrasensitive dual detection platform based on Cas12a for simultaneous detection of virulence and resistance genes of drug-resistant Salmonella. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113682. [PMID: 34624800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, sensitive, and rapid detection of Salmonella and determination of whether it carries drug resistance genes plays an important role in guiding the clinical medication of salmonellosis and laying a foundation for studying the mechanism of drug resistance transmission of Salmonella. Here, a novel nontransferable, ultrasensitive dual detection platform (Cas12a-Ddp) was developed. The round cap allowed for temporary storage of more Cas12a detection solution than flat cap, enabling one-pot assays and reducing aerosol contamination. The results were read out in dual mode by the microplate reader and UV visualization to achieve sensitive dual-target detection of the virulence genes and drug resistance genes of Salmonella simultaneously, with the possibility of onsite detection. Cas12a-Ddp was combined with multiple polymerase chain reactions and recombinase polymerase amplifications successively. An ultrasensitive dual detection limit of 1 CFU/mL was obtained without any cross-reaction within 40 min. This was an improvement of 1-2 orders of magnitude over the existing methods. Cas12a-Ddp overcame the influence of proteins and fat in liquid matrix foods. It was used for the detection of drug-resistant Salmonella in milk and skim milk powder, also with the dual detection limit of 1 CFU/mL and spiked recovery of 68.58%-158.49%. It was also used for the analysis of Salmonella resistance rate analysis. The Cas12a-Ddp provided a reliable, fast, sensitive, and practical multi-CRISPR detection platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China.
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Valiakos G, Kapna I. Colistin Resistant mcr Genes Prevalence in Livestock Animals (Swine, Bovine, Poultry) from a Multinational Perspective. A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2021; 8:265. [PMID: 34822638 PMCID: PMC8619609 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to collect and present the results of relevant studies on an international level, on the subject of colistin resistance due to mcr genes prevalence in livestock animals. After a literature search, and using PRISMA guidelines principles, a total of 40 swine, 16 bovine and 31 poultry studies were collected concerning mcr-1 gene; five swine, three bovine and three poultry studies referred to mcr-2 gene; eight swine, one bovine, two poultry studies were about mcr-3 gene; six swine, one bovine and one poultry manuscript studied mcr-4 gene; five swine manuscripts studied mcr-5 gene; one swine manuscript was about mcr-6, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9 genes and one poultry study about mcr-10 gene was found. Information about colistin resistance in bacteria derived from animals and animal product foods is still considered limited and that should be continually enhanced; most of the information about clinical isolates are relative to enteropathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. This review demonstrates the widespread dispersion of mcr genes to livestock animals, indicating the need to further increase measures to control this important threat for public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Valiakos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
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12
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Jaja CJI, Oguttu JW, Chah KF, Shoyinka VS. Potential sources and characteristic occurrence of mobile colistin resistance ( mcr) gene-harbouring bacteria recovered from the poultry sector: a literature synthesis specific to high-income countries. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11606. [PMID: 34707919 PMCID: PMC8500085 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the sources, prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mcr gene-harbouring bacteria (MGHB) in the poultry sector is crucial to supplement existing information. Through this, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) could be tackled to improve food safety and reduce public health risks. Therefore, we conducted a literature synthesis of potential sources and characteristic occurrence of MGHB recovered from the poultry sector specific to the high-income countries (HICs). Colistin (COL) is a last-resort antibiotic used for treating deadly infections. For more than 60 years, COL has been used in the poultry sector globally, including the HICs. The emergence and rapid spread of mobile COL resistance (mcr) genes threaten the clinical use of COL. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. By horizontal and vertical transfer, the mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes have disseminated in the poultry sector in HICs, thus posing a grave danger to animal and human health, as harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Aeromonas isolates. Conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids are the major backbones for mcr in poultry isolates from HICs. The mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-9 have been integrated into the chromosome, making them persist among the clones. Transposons, insertion sequences (IS), especially ISApl1 located downstream and upstream of mcr, and integrons also drive the COL resistance in isolates recovered from the poultry sector in HICs. Genes coding multi-and extensive-drug resistance and virulence factors are often co-carried with mcr on chromosome and plasmids in poultry isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among poultry strains in HICs is clonally unrestricted. Additionally, the contact with poultry birds, manure, meat/egg, farmer's wears/farm equipment, consumption of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, and trade of poultry-related products continue to serve as transmission routes of MGHB in HICs. Indeed, the policymakers, especially those involved in antimicrobial resistance and agricultural and poultry sector stakeholders-clinical microbiologists, farmers, veterinarians, occupational health clinicians and related specialists, consumers, and the general public will find this current literature synthesis very useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Foinkfu Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Shodeinde Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
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13
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Portes AB, Rodrigues G, Leitão MP, Ferrari R, Conte Junior CA, Panzenhagen P. Global distribution of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr gene in Salmonella: A systematic review. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:872-889. [PMID: 34480840 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review focuses on obtaining the most relevant information from multiple studies that detected a mobilized colistin resistance mcr gene in Salmonella for a better comprehension of its global distribution. A group of strategic and systematic keywords were combined to retrieve research data on the detection frequency of the mcr gene globally from four database platforms (Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scielo). Forty-eight studies attended all the eligibility criteria and were selected. China was the country with the highest frequency of Salmonella strains with the mcr gene, and Europe exhibited a wide diversity of countries with positive mcr strains. In addition, animals and humans carried the highest frequency of positive strains for the mcr gene. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequent serovar carrying the mcr gene. Apparently, colistin overuse in animal husbandry has increased the selective pressure of antimicrobial resistance, resulting in the emergence of a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr gene in China. The mcr-positive Salmonella strains are recently predominant worldwide, which is probably due to the capacity of this gene to be swiftly horizontally transmissible. The transmission ability of mcr-positive Salmonella strains to humans through the consumption of contaminated animal-based food is a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Portes
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Rodrigues
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mylenna Palma Leitão
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ferrari
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Ribeiro S, Mourão J, Novais Â, Campos J, Peixe L, Antunes P. From farm to fork: Colistin voluntary withdrawal in Portuguese farms reflected in decreasing occurrence of mcr-1-carrying Enterobacteriaceae from chicken meat. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7563-7577. [PMID: 34327794 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of mcr-carrying Enterobacteriaceae (MCR-E) is a well-recognized problem affecting animals, humans and the environment. Ongoing global control actions involve colistin restrictions among food-animal production, but their impact on poultry-derived products is largely unknown, justifying comprehensive farm-to-fork studies. Occurrence of MCR-E among 53 chicken-meat batches supplied from 29 Portuguese farms shortly after colistin withdrawal was evaluated. Strains (FT-IR/MLST/WGS), mcr plasmids and their adaptive features were characterized by cultural, molecular and genomic approaches. We found high rates of chicken-meat batches (80%-100% - 4 months; 12% - the last month) with multiple MDR + mcr-1-carrying Escherichia coli (Ec-including ST117 and ST648-Cplx) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp-ST147-O5:K35) clones, some of them persisting over time. The mcr-1 was located in the chromosome (Ec-ST297/16-farms) or dispersed IncX4 (Ec-ST602/ST6469/5-farms), IncHI2-ST2/ST4 (Ec-ST533/ST6469/5 farms and Kp-ST147/6-farms) or IncI2 (Ec-ST117/1-farm) plasmids. WGS revealed high load and diversity in virulence, antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance genes. This study supports colistin withdrawal potential efficacy in poultry production and highlights both poultry-production chain as a source of mcr-1 and the risk of foodborne transmission to poultry-meat consumers. Finally, in the antibiotic reduction/replacement context, other potential co-selective pressures (e.g., metals-Cu as feed additives) need to be further understood to guide concerted, effective and durable actions under 'One Health' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ribeiro
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ângela Novais
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal
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Köck R, Herr C, Kreienbrock L, Schwarz S, Tenhagen BA, Walther B. Multiresistant Gram-Negative Pathogens—A Zoonotic Problem. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:579-589. [PMID: 33814041 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing, carbapenemase-producing, and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E, CPE, and Col-E) are multiresistant pathogens that are increasingly being encountered in both human and veterinary medicine. In this review, we discuss the frequency, sources, and significance of the zoonotic transmission of these pathogens between animals and human beings. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search. Findings for Germany are presented in the global context. RESULTS ESBL-E are common in Germany in both animals and human beings, with a 6-10% colonization rate in the general human population. A major source of ESBL-E is human-tohuman transmission, partly through travel. Some colonizations are of zoonotic origin (i.e., brought about by contact with animals or animal-derived food products); in the Netherlands, more than 20% of cases are thought to be of this type. CPE infections, on the other hand, are rare in Germany in both animals and human beings. Their main source in human beings is nosocomial transmission. Col-E, which bear mcr resistance genes, have been described in Germany mainly in food-producing animals and their meat. No representative data are available on Col-E in human beings in Germany; in Europe, the prevalence of colonization is less than 2%, with long-distance travel as a risk factor. The relevance of animals as a source of Col-E for human beings is not yet entirely clear. CONCLUSION Livestock farming and animal contact affect human colonization with the multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens CPE, ESBL-E and Col-E to differing extents. Improved prevention will require the joint efforts of human and veterinary medicine.
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Wakabayashi Y, Sekizuka T, Yamaguchi T, Fukuda A, Suzuki M, Kawahara R, Taguchi M, Kuroda M, Semba K, Shinomiya H, Kawatsu K. Isolation and plasmid characterisation of Salmonella enterica serovar Albany harbouring mcr-5 from retail chicken meat in Japan. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5881302. [PMID: 32756977 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr), which is occurring in numerous countries, is a worldwide concern, primarily because colistin is a last-resort antibiotic. Compared to E. coli, prevalence of mcr genes in Salmonella is unclear in Japan. Here we screened for mcr-1-5 genes in our collection of Salmonella strains isolated from retail meat products collected in Japan from 2012 through 2016. We found that Salmonella Albany strain 27A-368 encodes mcr-5 and that mcr genes were undetectable among the remaining 202 isolates. The resistance plasmid p27A-368 was transferred by conjugation to S. Infantis and was stably retained as a transconjugant. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that mcr-5 resided on a 115 kb plasmid (p27A-368). The plasmid backbone of p27A-368 is more similar to that of pCOV27, an ESBL-encoding plasmid recovered from avian pathogenic E. coli, rather than pSE13-SA01718 of S. Paratyphi B that encodes mcr-5. Further, mcr-5 is located on a transposon, and its sequence is similar to that of pSE13-SA01718. A phylogenetic tree based on single nucleotide variants implies a relationship between 27A-368 and S. Albany isolated in Southeast Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Wakabayashi
- Bacteriology Section, Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-3-21 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Bacteriology Section, Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Fukuda
- Microbiology Section, Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34 Toujyo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawahara
- Bacteriology Section, Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masumi Taguchi
- Bacteriology Section, Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-3-21 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Semba
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 8-234 Sanban-cho, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroto Shinomiya
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 8-234 Sanban-cho, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawatsu
- Bacteriology Section, Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Anyanwu MU, Marrollo R, Paolucci M, Brovarone F, Nardini P, Chah KF, Shoyinka SVO, Carretto E. Isolation and characterisation of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales from chickens in Southeast Nigeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:93-100. [PMID: 34091039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resistance to colistin (CST) mediated by mobile genetic elements has had a broad impact worldwide. There is an intensified call for epidemiological surveillance of mcr in different reservoirs to preserve CST for future generations. In Nigeria, the poultry industry is a key livestock sector. This study was undertaken to screen putative colistin-resistant Enterobacterales (CST-r-E) from poultry birds in Southeast Nigeria and to determine the genetic relatedness of mcr-harbouring isolates. METHODS Faecal and cloacal swab samples (n = 785) were collected from chickens in 17 farms located in three contiguous states in Southeast Nigeria between March-November 2018. Following selective culture, CST-r-E were isolated. Confirmation of CST resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular detection of genes mcr-1 to mcr-10, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were performed on the isolates. A questionnaire was distributed to investigate the knowledge about CST and its use of chicken farm caretakers. RESULTS Of the 785 samples evaluated, 45 (5.7%) were positive for 48 CST-r-E, among which 23 harboured the mcr-1 gene (22 Escherichia coli and 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae). In two E.coli isolates, a new allelic variant (mcr-1.22) was detected. RAPD analysis allowed the identification of 11 different fingerprints. MLST also revealed 11 STs, with 3 of them being novel. CONCLUSION mcr has significantly spread in poultry birds of Southeast Nigeria, which poses a worrisome risk to veterinary and human health. Strategies to prevent indiscriminate use of CST in farms should be quickly adopted before CST resistance becomes a huge global health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Anyanwu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - R Marrollo
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Paolucci
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Brovarone
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - P Nardini
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - K F Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - S V O Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - E Carretto
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Nagy Á, Székelyhidi R, Hanczné Lakatos E, Kapcsándi V. Review on the occurrence of the mcr-1 gene causing colistin resistance in cow's milk and dairy products. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06800. [PMID: 33898852 PMCID: PMC8060599 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Both livestock farmers and the clinic use significant amount of antibiotics worldwide, in many cases the same kind. Antibiotic resistance is not a new phenomenon, however, it is a matter of concern that resistance genes (mcr - Mobilized Colistin Resistance - genes) that render last-resort drugs (Colistin) ineffective, have already evolved. Nowadays, there is a significant consumption of milk and dairy products, which, if not treated properly, can contain bacteria (mainly Gram-negative bacteria). We collected articles and reviews in which Gram-negative bacteria carrying the mcr-1 gene have been detected in milk, dairy products, or cattle. Reports have shown that although the incidence is still low, unfortunately the gene has been detected in some dairy products on almost every continent. In the interest of our health, the use of colistin in livestock farming must be banned as soon as possible, and new treatments should be applied so that we can continue to have a chance in fighting multidrug-resistant bacteria in human medicine.
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Farhoumand P, Hassanzadazar H, Soltanpour MS, Aminzare M, Abbasi Z. Prevalence, genotyping and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in fresh beef and chicken meats marketed in Zanjan, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 12:537-546. [PMID: 33613908 PMCID: PMC7884267 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i6.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of present study was to evaluate the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of their serotypes and genotyping profiles in fresh beef and poultry meats marketed in Zanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 (45 chicken and 45 beef) samples were collected from January to June 2018 focusing on retail meat stores of Zanjan city, Iran. Foodborne pathogen detection and antimicrobial resistance of isolates performed by PCR and disc diffusion methods, respectively. Simplex PCR method was used for screening hly and uidA genes in L. monocytogenes and E. coli isolates, respectively. Results: Findings revealed high contamination in beef and chicken meats with E. coli (68.89% and 88.89%, respectively) and L. monocytogenes (53.33% and 46.67%, respectively). The most likelihood of E. coli isolates belonged to E. coli 13479 serotype. All L. monocytogenes isolates from beef and chicken meat samples had high similarity with serotypes L. monocytogenes strain NCTC 10357 and strain MF 4545, respectively. Multi drug resistance (MDR) was seen in both L. monocytogenes and E. coli isolates. Conclusion: This study shows an insight of the current status of beef and chicken meat contamination maketed in Zanjan, Iran with E. coli and L. monocytogenes isolates (high contamination rate), their genotypic profile, epidemiological relationship and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that should be considered as a significant public health concern in Zanjan, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farhoumand
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Hassanzadazar
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soleiman Soltanpour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Aminzare
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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20
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Moon DC, Kim SJ, Mechesso AF, Kang HY, Song HJ, Choi JH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr- 1 Detected on an IncI2 Plasmid in Salmonella Typhimurium Sequence Type 19 from a Healthy Pig in South Korea. Microorganisms 2021; 9:398. [PMID: 33671955 PMCID: PMC7919004 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin is considered the last resort for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. We studied colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene carriage in Salmonella isolates recovered from food animals in South Korea between 2010 and 2018. Colistin resistance was found in 277 isolates, predominantly in Salmonella Enteritidis (57.1%) and Salmonella Gallinarum (41.9%). However, the mcr-1 gene was identified in only one colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC = 16 µg/mL) isolated from a healthy pig. The mcr-1 carrying isolate presented additional resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The strain belonged to sequence type (ST)19 and carried various virulence factor genes that are associated with adhesion and invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells, as well as its survival in macrophages. The mcr-1 gene was identified on an IncI2 plasmid and it was also transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain. The mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pK18JST013) in this study was closely related to that previously reported in S. Indiana (pCFSA664-3) from chicken in China. This is the first report of mcr-1 carrying S. Typhimurium in South Korea. The finding indicates the importance of regular screening for the presence of the mcr-1 gene in S. Typhimurium in food animals to prevent the spread to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (D.C.M.); (S.-J.K.); (A.F.M.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (J.-H.C.); (S.-S.Y.)
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21
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Uddin MB, Hossain SB, Hasan M, Alam MN, Debnath M, Begum R, Roy S, Harun-Al-Rashid A, Chowdhury MSR, Rahman MM, Hossain MM, Elahi F, Chowdhury MYE, Järhult JD, El Zowalaty ME, Ahmed SSU. Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Detection of mcr-1 Gene in Salmonella Species Isolated from Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:206. [PMID: 33467777 PMCID: PMC7829884 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is widely used in animal and human medicine and is increasingly used as one of the last-resort antibiotics against Gram-negative bacilli. Due to the increased use of colistin in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to this antibiotic ought to be monitored. The study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, genetic relationships and phenotype correlations of colistin-resistant isolates. Here, we report the detection of the mcr-1 gene in chicken-associated Salmonella isolates in Bangladesh and its in-silico functional analysis. Out of 100 samples, 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from chicken specimens (liver, intestine). Phenotypic disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay using different antimicrobial agents were performed. Salmonella isolates were characterized using PCR methods targeting genus-specific invA and mcr-1 genes with validation for the functional analysis. The majority of the tested Salmonella isolates were found resistant to colistin (92.68%), ciprofloxacin (73.17%), tigecycline (62.20%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60.98%). When screened using PCR, five out of ten Salmonella isolates were found to carry the mcr-1 gene. One isolate was confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, and other four isolates were confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergent evolutionary relationship between the catalytic domain of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) and MCR proteins, rendering them resistant to colistin. Three-dimensional homology structural analysis of MCR-1 proteins and molecular docking interactions suggested that MCR-1 and LptA share a similar substrate binding cavity, which could be validated for the functional analysis. The comprehensive molecular and in-silico analyses of the colistin resistance mcr-1 gene of Salmonella spp. of chicken origin in the present study highlight the importance of continued monitoring and surveillance for antimicrobial resistance among pathogens in food chain animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (S.M.B.H.); (M.N.A.); (M.S.R.C.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.H.)
| | - S.M. Bayejed Hossain
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (S.M.B.H.); (M.N.A.); (M.S.R.C.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nurul Alam
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (S.M.B.H.); (M.N.A.); (M.S.R.C.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Mita Debnath
- Kazi Farms Poultry Laboratory, Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh;
| | - Ruhena Begum
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh;
| | - Sawrab Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Ahmed Harun-Al-Rashid
- Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (S.M.B.H.); (M.N.A.); (M.S.R.C.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Md. Mahfujur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (S.M.B.H.); (M.N.A.); (M.S.R.C.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Md. Mukter Hossain
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (S.M.B.H.); (M.N.A.); (M.S.R.C.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea;
| | | | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
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Kim S, Kim H, Kang HS, Kim Y, Kim M, Kwak, H, Ryu S. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Meats in South Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1862-1869. [PMID: 32958736 PMCID: PMC9728184 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spread of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance has posed a serious threat to public health owing to its effects on the emergence of pandrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat samples in Korea. In total, 1,205 E. coli strains were isolated from 3,234 retail meat samples in Korea. All E. coli strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and were examined for the presence of mcr-1 gene. All mcr-1-positive E. coli (n = 10, 0.8%) from retail meat were subjected to pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The transferability of mcr-1 gene was determined by conjugation assays. The mcr-1-positive strains exhibited diverse clonal types. Our mcr-1 genes were located in plasmids belonged to the IncI2 (n = 1) and IncX4 (n = 8) types, which were reported to be prevalent in Asia and worldwide, respectively. Most mcr-1 genes from mcr-1-positive strains (9/10) were transferable to the recipient strain and the transfer frequencies ranged from 2.4 × 10-3 to 9.8 × 10-6. Our data suggest that the specific types of plasmid may play an important role in spreading plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Korea. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the retail meat may be an important tool for disseminating plasmid-mediated colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhwan Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 2859, Republic of Korea,Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 0886, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 2859, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Seong Kang
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 2859, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 2859, Republic of Korea
| | - Migyeong Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 2859, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Kwak,
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 2859, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors H.Kwak Phone: +82-43-719-4301 Fax: +82-43-719-4300 E-mail:
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 0886, Republic of Korea,S.Ryu Phone: +82-2-880-4856 Fax: +82-2-873-5095 E-mail:
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23
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Cheng P, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li F, Li X, Liu H, Ishfaq M, Xu G, Zhang X. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Profiles of mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Farms in Heilongjiang Province of China. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2209-2215. [PMID: 32730609 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The emergence and global distribution of the mcr-1 gene for colistin resistance have become a public concern because of threats to the role of colistin as the last line of defense against some bacteria. Because of the prevalence of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates in food animals, production of these animals has been regarded as one of the major sources of amplification and spread of mcr-1. In this study, 249 E. coli isolates were recovered from 300 fecal samples collected from swine farms in Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China. Susceptibility testing revealed that 186 (74.70%) of these isolates were colistin resistant, and 86 were positive for mcr-1. The mcr-1-positive isolates had extensive antimicrobial resistance profiles and additional resistance genes, including blaTEM, blaCTX-M, aac3-IV, tet(A), floR, sul1, sul2, sul3, and oqxAB. No mutations in genes pmrAB and mgrB were associated with colistin resistance. Phylogenetic group analysis revealed that the mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates belonged to groups A (52.33% of isolates), B1 (33.72%), B2 (5.81%), and D (8.14%). The prevalence of the virulence-associated genes iutA, iroN, fimH, vat, ompA, and traT was moderate. Seven mcr-1-positive isolates were identified as extraintestinal pathogenic. Among 20 mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates, multilocus sequence typing revealed that sequence type 10 was the most common (five isolates). The conjugation assays revealed that the majority of mcr-1 genes were transferable at frequencies of 7.05 × 10-7 to 7.57 × 10-4. The results of this study indicate the need for monitoring and minimizing the further dissemination of mcr-1 among E. coli isolates in food animals, particularly swine. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Pharmacology Teaching and Research Department, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing Road, University Town, Huaxi District, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchuan Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fulei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Emergence of plasmid-mediated mcr genes from Gram-negative bacteria at the human-animal interface. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:54. [PMID: 33292525 PMCID: PMC7678191 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (Col-R) conferred by mcr genes in gram-negative rods (GNRs) has jeopardized the last treatment option for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans. This study aimed to assess the emergence of mcr gene-mediated Col-R in GNRs isolated from humans and animals in Pakistan. METHODS Animal and clinical specimens collected from various sources were prospectively analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Pathogens were identified using the API 20E and API 20NE systems (bioMerieux). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against colistin was determined using the MIC detection methods, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. RESULTS We isolated 126 (88.1%) animal and 17 (11.9%) human Col-R phenotypes, among which there was a significant association (P < 0.01) of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis with animals and of Acinetobacter baumannii with humans. Animal strains exhibited statistically significant (P < 0.05) resistance to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and moxifloxacin, and the human pathogens exhibited statistically significant (P < 0.05) antibiotic resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and piperacillin-tazobactam. For Col-R strains, MIC50 values were > 6 µg/mL and > 12 µg/mL for human and animal isolates, respectively. mcr genes were detected in 110 (76.9%) bacterial strains, of which 108 (98.2%) were mcr-1 and 2 (1.8%) were mcr-2. CONCLUSIONS The detection of a considerable number of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in animals is worrisome, as they are now being detected in clinical pathogens. The acquisition of mcr genes by colistin-susceptible bacteria could leave us in a post-antibiotic era.
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25
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Massella E, Reid CJ, Cummins ML, Anantanawat K, Zingali T, Serraino A, Piva S, Giacometti F, Djordjevic SP. Snapshot Study of Whole Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli from Healthy Companion Animals, Livestock, Wildlife, Humans and Food in Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110782. [PMID: 33172096 PMCID: PMC7694828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals, humans and food are all interconnected sources of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), allowing extensive and rapid exchange of AMR bacteria and genes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize 279 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals (livestock, companion animals, wildlife), food and humans in Italy. E. coli predominantly belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 (46.6%) and A (29%) using the original Clermont criteria. One hundred and thirty-six sequence types (STs) were observed, including different pandemic (ST69, ST95, ST131) and emerging (ST10, ST23, ST58, ST117, ST405, ST648) extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) lineages. Eight antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and five chromosomal mutations conferring resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) were identified (qnrS1, qnrB19, mcr-1, blaCTX-M1,15,55, blaCMY-2, gyrA/parC/parE, ampC and pmrB). Twenty-two class 1 integron arrangements in 34 strains were characterized and 11 ARGs were designated as intI1 related gene cassettes (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aad23, ant2_Ia, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA17, cmlA1). Notably, most intI1 positive strains belonged to rabbit (38%) and poultry (24%) sources. Three rabbit samples carried the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in association with IS6 family insertion elements. Poultry meat harbored some of the most prominent ExPEC STs, including ST131, ST69, ST10, ST23, and ST117. Wildlife showed a high average number of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) (mean = 10), mostly associated with an ExPEC pathotype and some predominant ExPEC lineages (ST23, ST117, ST648) were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Massella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Cameron J. Reid
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.J.R.); (M.L.C.); (K.A.); (T.Z.)
| | - Max L. Cummins
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.J.R.); (M.L.C.); (K.A.); (T.Z.)
| | - Kay Anantanawat
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.J.R.); (M.L.C.); (K.A.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tiziana Zingali
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.J.R.); (M.L.C.); (K.A.); (T.Z.)
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.J.R.); (M.L.C.); (K.A.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhao X, Hu M, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Li L, Qi J, Luo Y, Zhou D, Liu Y. Characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella from broilers in Shandong, China. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7046-7054. [PMID: 33248621 PMCID: PMC7705031 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are one of the most important foodborne bacterial pathogens in human beings and animals. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella from broilers in Shandong, China. A total of 67 Salmonella were recovered from 600 rectal swabs collected from 3 large-scale intensive broiler farms (67/600, 11.2%) between May and October 2018. Among Salmonella isolates, the most common serovars were S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium. The highest occurrence of resistance observed was for polymyxin (100%), followed by ampicillin (68.7%). The multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolation rate was observed to be 53.7%. Four β-lactamase genes were detected among the isolates, and all the isolates carried blaTEM (67/67, 100%), followed by blaOXA (19/67, 28.4%), blaCTX-M (17/67, 25.4%), and blaPSE (7/67, 10.4%). Four plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene were detected among the isolates; the prevalent resistance genes was aac(6′)-Ib-cr (18/67, 26.9%), followed by oqxB (9/67, 13.4%), qnrB (6/67, 9.0%), and qnrD (1/67, 1.5%). The prevalent rate of mcr-1 was 6.0% (4/67). Class 1 integrons were detected in 26.9% of these isolates and contained 7 groups of resistance gene cassettes. Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed 7 sequence types, and ST11 was the most frequent sequence types. This study indicated that reduction of Salmonella and strict control on the use of antibiotics in more than 5,000 million broilers in Shandong are the vitally important measures to keep public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Zhao
- Tai'an Animal Health Supervision Institute, Tai'an Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Technical Management Department, Shandong Minhe Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, China.
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A novel apidaecin Api-PR19 synergizes with the gut microbial community to maintain intestinal health and promote growth performance of broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:61. [PMID: 32551109 PMCID: PMC7298829 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used as growth promoters to maintain animal intestinal health and improve feed efficiency in broilers by inhibiting pathogen proliferation. In view of the growing emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogen strains and drug residue issues, novel treatments are increasingly required. This study aimed to compare two antimicrobial approaches for managing pathogen infection and maintaining animal intestinal health in broilers by supplying Apidaecin Api-PR19 and AGPs over 42 d of a feeding trial. Results Compared with the broilers that were only fed a corn-soybean basal diet (CON group), supplementation with Api-PR19 and AGP (respectively named the ABP and AGP groups) both increased the feed conversion efficiency. When compared with the AGP group, Api-PR19 supplementation could significantly increase the organ index of the bursa of fabricius and subtype H9 antibody level in broiler chickens. Moreover, when compared with the CON group, the intestinal villus height, intestinal nutrient transport, and intestinal sIgA content were all increased in the Api-PR19 group, while AGP supplementation was harmful to the intestinal villus height and intestinal nutrient transport. By assessing the antibacterial effect of Api-PR19 and antibiotics in vitro and in vivo, we found that Api-PR19 and antibiotics both inhibited the growth of pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni. Furthermore, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the beneficial bacteria and microbiota in broilers were not disturbed but improved by apidaecin Api-PR19, including the genera of Eubacterium and Christensenella and the species of uncultured_Eubacterium_sp, Clostridium_asparagiforme, and uncultured_Christensenella_sp, which were positively related to improved intestinal development, absorption, and immune function. Conclusion Apidaecin Api-PR19 treatment could combat pathogen infection and had little negative impact on beneficial bacteria in the gut compared to antibiotic treatment, subsequently improving intestinal development, absorption, and immune function.
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Zhao X, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Hu M, Liu Y. Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Avian-Origin mcr-1-Harboring Escherichia coli in Shandong Province, China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:255. [PMID: 32153539 PMCID: PMC7044118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of avian-origin mcr-1-harbouring Escherichia coli in Shandong Province, China. During 2017—2018, a total of 668 non-duplicate E. coli isolates were separately collected from 8eight large intensive poultry farms in Shandong Province. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 10 antimicrobial agents commonly used in farms was performed on all E. coli isolates by the agar dilution method; the mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) gene was screened by PCR, and mcr-1 positive isolates were PCR-screened for antimicrobial resistance genes and typed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Among the 668 E. coli, 102 (15.3%) harbored the mcr-1 gene; high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (100/102, 98.0%), followed by amoxicillin (99/102, 97.1%) and florfenicol (97/102, 95.1%), and a low level of resistance was found for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (24/102, 23.5%). Five ESBL genes were detected, and all isolates carried blaTEM (102/102, 100%), followed by blaCTX–M (90/102, 88.2%). Four PMQR genes were detected; aac(6)-Ib-cr (40/102, 39.2%) was the most commonly isolated PMQR gene, followed by qnrA (10/102, 9.8%). Thirty-eight different kinds of STs were identified, and the dominant ST was ST93 (19/102, 18.6%), followed by ST48 (9/102, 8.8%). In summary, E. coli from poultry in Shandong could be a reservoir for the mcr-1 gene, which could pose serious risks to human public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yuan
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
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Migura-Garcia L, González-López JJ, Martinez-Urtaza J, Aguirre Sánchez JR, Moreno-Mingorance A, Perez de Rozas A, Höfle U, Ramiro Y, Gonzalez-Escalona N. mcr-Colistin Resistance Genes Mobilized by IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 Plasmids in Escherichia coli of Pigs and White Stork in Spain. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3072. [PMID: 32010114 PMCID: PMC6978640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin has become the last-line antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales in human medicine. To date, several colistin resistance genes have been described. Of them mcr-1 is disseminated worldwide in Escherichia coli of human and animal origin. The aim of this study was to characterize mcr-mediated resistance plasmids from E. coli of animal origin in Spain. From our strain collection, 70 E. coli of pig origin collected between 2005 and 2014 (10 per year, except for years 2009–2010–2013) were randomly selected and screened for the presence of mcr-genes. Additionally, 20 E. coli isolated in 2011 from white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from the same urban household waste landfill associated colony were also included. Whole genome sequencing of mcr-positive isolates was carried out on a MiSeq (Illumina). Hybrid whole genome sequencing strategy combining nanopore and Illumina technologies were performed in a selection of isolates to close the genomes and plasmids and identify the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used to assess the susceptibility to colistin. Mating experiments were carried out to evaluate transferability of the mcr-genes. A total of 19 mcr-1 and one mcr-4 positive isolates were detected, 15 from pigs distributed during the study period, and five from storks collected in 2011. No other mcr-variants were found. The MICs for colistin ranged between 4 and >4 mg/L. High diversity of STs were detected among the mcr-1 positive E. coli isolates, with only ST-10 shared between pigs and white storks. Except for one isolate, all were genotypic and phenotypically MDR, and five of them also harbored cephalosporin resistance genes (blaCTX–M–14, blaSHV–12, and three blaCMY–2). mcr-1 genes were mobilizable by conjugation, associated with IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 plasmids. In our study, mcr-1 genes have been circulating in pig farms since 2005 harbored by a variety of E. coli clones. Its persistence may be driven by co-selection since plasmids containing mcr-1 also exhibit resistance to multiple drugs used in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, this is the first report of the presence of mcr-1 gene in isolates from white storks in Spain. This finding highlights the potential importance of wildlife that forage at urban household waste landfills in the transmission and spread of colistin resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain.,Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, OIE Collaborating Centre, CReSA, IRTA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J González-López
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - J R Aguirre Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, Mexico.,Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinégéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Moreno-Mingorance
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Perez de Rozas
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinégéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Y Ramiro
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinégéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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30
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Gelbíčová T, Baráková A, Florianová M, Jamborová I, Zelendová M, Pospíšilová L, Koláčková I, Karpíšková R. Dissemination and Comparison of Genetic Determinants of mcr-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae via Retailed Raw Meat Products. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2824. [PMID: 31921017 PMCID: PMC6920100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global food chain may significantly promote the dissemination of bacteria resistant to antibiotics around the world. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae with mcr-mediated colistin (CT) resistance in retail meat of different origins. Bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family carrying the mcr-1 gene were detected in 21% (18/86) of the examined samples, especially in turkey meat and liver originating from EU and non-EU countries (19%) and in rabbit meat imported from China (2%). The examined samples of the meat and liver of chicken and other poultry and of pork and beef were negative for the presence of bacteria carrying the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. A huge number of isolates belonging to Escherchia coli (n = 54), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6), and Citrobacter braakii (n = 1) carrying the mcr-1 gene were obtained. Despite the high heterogeneity of the tested isolates, the mcr-1 gene was localized on only three types of plasmids (IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2). The most frequent type of plasmid was IncX4, which carried the mcr-1 gene in 77% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from turkey meat and liver samples from the Czechia, Germany, Poland, and Brazil. Our findings indicate highly probable interspecies transfer of IncX4 and IncI2 plasmids within one meat sample. The co-resistance of plasmid-mediated CT resistance encoded by the mcr-1 and ESBL genes was detected in 18% of the isolates. Another noteworthy finding was the fosA3 gene coding for fosfomycin resistance in a multidrug-resistant isolate of E. coli from rabbit meat imported from China. The observed high level of Enterobacteriaceae with plasmids carrying the mcr-1 gene in retail meat reflects the need for Europe-wide monitoring of mcr-mediated CT resistance throughout the whole food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Gelbíčová
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Alžběta Baráková
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Florianová
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Jamborová
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Markéta Zelendová
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucie Pospíšilová
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Koláčková
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Renáta Karpíšková
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
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31
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Maciuca IE, Cummins ML, Cozma AP, Rimbu CM, Guguianu E, Panzaru C, Licker M, Szekely E, Flonta M, Djordjevic SP, Timofte D. Genetic Features of mcr-1 Mediated Colistin Resistance in CMY-2-Producing Escherichia coli From Romanian Poultry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2267. [PMID: 31681191 PMCID: PMC6798173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a last resort antibiotic used for the treatment of human infections associated with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriales. Here, we evaluated the occurrence of mcr-1 and -2 plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in colistin and/or carbapenem resistant human clinical Enterobacteriales and other gram-negative bacteria (n = 543) as well as third generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia coli isolates from poultry abattoir workers (n = 15) and poultry fecal samples (n = 92) collected from two geographically separate abattoirs in Romania. which revealed that mcr-1 was present within four sequence types (STs): ST744 (n = 7), ST57 (n = 7), ST156 (n = 2), and ST10 (n = 1). Within STs, serotypes were conserved and, notably, all except one of the mcr-1-positive isolates were found to exhibit fluoroquinolone-resistance (FQR) associated SNPs in both gyrA and parC. While there were variations in genotypes, all isolates belonging to ST744, ST57, and ST156 were rich in resistance determinants, carrying aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes genes, sulfonamide resistance gene bla TEM- 1 as well as bla CMY- 2 AmpC β-lactamase resistance genes. They also exhibited high similarity in carriage of virulence genes; ST10, however, only carried the mcr-1 gene. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis also revealed that although the mcr-1 gene was identified in a diverse population of E. coli, two STs (ST57 and ST744) predominated and interestingly, were found in isolates across both abattoirs providing evidence for clonal transmission. Also, two main genomic contexts of mcr-1 isolates were revealed with all ST57 isolates harboring the mcr-1 gene between two copies of ISApl1 (or the Tn6330 transposon) whilst a common mcr-1 containing scaffold, highly similar to IncX type mcr-1-bearing plasmids (pWI2-mcr, Accession number: LT838201), was present among mcr-1 isolates of varying phylogenetic backgrounds (ST10, ST744 and ST156). The high prevalence of the mcr-1 gene in poultry E. coli isolates with co-resistance to cephalosporins and quinolones, in a country where antimicrobial use in food production species is poorly regulated, is concerning and the findings from this study should lead to better surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-production animals in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana E Maciuca
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Max L Cummins
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreea P Cozma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Cristina M Rimbu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Eleonora Guguianu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Carmen Panzaru
- Microbiology Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Monica Licker
- Microbiology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Edit Szekely
- Microbiology Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Târgu Mureş, Romania.,Clinical County Emergency Hospital Targu Mures, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Mirela Flonta
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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32
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Cacace D, Fatta-Kassinos D, Manaia CM, Cytryn E, Kreuzinger N, Rizzo L, Karaolia P, Schwartz T, Alexander J, Merlin C, Garelick H, Schmitt H, de Vries D, Schwermer CU, Meric S, Ozkal CB, Pons MN, Kneis D, Berendonk TU. Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: A pan-European survey of urban settings. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:320-330. [PMID: 31288142 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing public concern regarding the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during wastewater treatment, their persistence during the treatment process and their potential impacts on the receiving water bodies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the abundance of nine ARGs and a class 1 integron associated integrase gene in 16 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from ten different European countries. In order to assess the impact on the receiving water bodies, gene abundances in the latter were also analysed. Six out of the nine ARGs analysed were detected in all effluent and river water samples. Among the quantified genes, intI1 and sul1 were the most abundant. Our results demonstrate that European WWTP contribute to the enrichment of the resistome in the receiving water bodies with the particular impact being dependent on the effluent load and local hydrological conditions. The ARGs concentrations in WWTP effluents were found to be inversely correlated to the number of implemented biological treatment steps, indicating a possible option for WWTP management. Furthermore, this study has identified blaOXA-58 as a possible resistance gene for future studies investigating the impact of WWTPs on their receiving water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cacace
- Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062, Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Celia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Portugal
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- The Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Norbert Kreuzinger
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 1, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Popi Karaolia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Alexander
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour Les Matériaux et L'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F, 54500, France
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy de Vries
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten U Schwermer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sureyya Meric
- Corlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Can Burak Ozkal
- Corlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Marie-Noelle Pons
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - David Kneis
- Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062, Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, Germany
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062, Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, Germany.
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33
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Valenzuela-Valderrama M, González IA, Palavecino CE. Photodynamic treatment for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: Perspectives for the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:256-264. [PMID: 31505296 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistance for pathogenic bacteria is one of the most pressing global threats to human health in the 21st century. Hence, the availability of new treatment becomes indispensable to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by infectious agents. This article reviews the antimicrobial properties of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is based on the use of photosensitizers compounds (PSs). The PSs are non-toxic small molecules, which induce oxidative stress only under excitation with light. Then, the PDT has the advantage to be locally activated using phototherapy devices. We focus on PDT for the Klebsiella pneumoniae, as an example of Gram-negative bacteria, due to its relevance as an agent of health-associated infections (HAI) and a multi-drug resistant bacteria. K. pneumoniae is a fermentative bacillus, member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which is most commonly associated with producing infection of the urinary tract (UTI) and pneumonia. K. pneumoniae infections may occur in deep organs such as bladder or lungs tissues; therefore, activating light must get access or penetrate tissues with sufficient power to produce effective PDT. Consequently, the rationale for selecting the most appropriate PSs, as well as photodynamic devices and photon fluence doses, were reviewed. Also, the mechanisms by which PDT activates the immune system and its importance to eradicate the infection successfully, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Iván Alonzo González
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile.
| | - Christian Erick Palavecino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile.
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Barlaam A, Parisi A, Spinelli E, Caruso M, Taranto PDI, Normanno G. Global Emergence of Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Food Chains and Associated Food Safety Implications: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1440-1448. [PMID: 31339371 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria represents one of the most important challenges for public health worldwide. Human infections from antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can be transmitted from person to person, via the environment (especially in the hospital environment), or via handling or eating contaminated foods. Colistin is well known as a last-resort antibiotic for the treatment of human infections; a recent study performed in the People's Republic of China has revealed that colistin resistance is also conferred by the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli. After that discovery, further plasmid-mediated, colistin resistance genes have been detected. However, to date, only reports on E. coli carrying the mcr-1 gene (E. coli mcr-1+) in foodstuff are available. E. coli mcr-1+ has been isolated from food of animal origin and vegetables; this discovery has opened a debate among food safety experts. This review aims to provide a critical overview of the currently available scientific literature on the presence of the plasmid-mediated, colistin resistance gene E. coli mcr-1 in foodstuffs, focusing on the main implications and future perspectives for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barlaam
- 1 Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and the Environment (SAFE), Via Napoli 25, University of Foggia, 71121, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- 2 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elisa Spinelli
- 1 Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and the Environment (SAFE), Via Napoli 25, University of Foggia, 71121, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Caruso
- 2 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro DI Taranto
- 3 Azienda Sanitaria Locale No. 2, Lanciano Vasto Chieti, Via F. P. Michetti 86, 66054, Vasto, Italy
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- 1 Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and the Environment (SAFE), Via Napoli 25, University of Foggia, 71121, Foggia, Italy
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Saidani M, Messadi L, Chaouechi A, Tabib I, Saras E, Soudani A, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Mamlouk A, Ben Chehida F, Chakroun C, Madec JY, Haenni M. High Genetic Diversity of Enterobacteriaceae Clones and Plasmids Disseminating Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins and Colistin in Healthy Chicken in Tunisia. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1507-1513. [PMID: 31329501 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC-R) are listed as "priority pathogens" by the World Health Organization, and the Agri-food sector has regularly been pointed out as a potential source of ESC-R for humans through food consumption and animal handling. Chicken industry and chicken meat have recurrently been under specific scrutiny due to the high proportions of ESC-R reported worldwide in this sector. In Tunisia, recent studies suggested that the plasmidic AmpC blaCMY-2 gene may have emerged in chicken. We thus collected 258 cloacal swabs from five different farms and selected ESC-R isolates to determine the current ESC-R prevalence and epidemiology. All five farms were ESC-R positive with proportions ranging from 4% to 67.3%. blaCTX-M-1/IncI1/ST3 was the dominant gene/plasmid association in chicken, but several other CTX-M genes and plasmid backgrounds were shown to spread ESC-R. Surprisingly, the CMY-2 enzyme was only identified in one isolate. In addition, we also reported the sporadic presence of the mcr-1 gene carried by an IncHI2 plasmid. Our data suggest that the high diversity of Enterobacteriaceae clones and plasmids circulating in healthy chicken in Tunisia maintains a high ESC-R proportion in flocks and constitutes a major source of ESC-R determinants further disseminating in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Saidani
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie.,Institut National agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Amira Chaouechi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Ines Tabib
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Estelle Saras
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université de Lyon-ANSES Site de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alya Soudani
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Monia Daaloul-Jedidi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Aymen Mamlouk
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Faten Ben Chehida
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Chahid Chakroun
- Groupement Interprofessionnel des Produits Avicoles et Cunicoles (GIPAC), Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université de Lyon-ANSES Site de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université de Lyon-ANSES Site de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Gelbicova T, Kolackova I, Krutova M, Karpiskova R. The emergence of mcr-1-mediated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in domestic and imported turkey meat in the Czech Republic 2017-2018. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:211-216. [PMID: 31001764 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in turkey meat produced in the Czech Republic as well as in turkey meat imported into the Czech Republic from other European Union countries. Seventeen samples of raw turkey meat from the Czech Republic (n = 4), Hungary (n = 2), Poland (n = 6) and Germany (n = 5) were cultured in peptone water at 37 °C overnight and the enriched cultures were tested for the presence of mcr-1-5 genes. PCR-positive enriched cultures were inoculated onto selective agar with colistin (3.5 mg/L). A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin was determined by using the broth microdilution method in PCR-positive isolates. In addition, a macrorestriction analysis was performed using XbaI endonuclease. Of 17 meat samples, 12 samples from Poland (6/6), Germany (3/5) and the Czech Republic (3/4) proved positive for the presence of the mcr-1 gene. Forty-two isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene were obtained: Escherichia coli (n = 39) revealing 32 distinct XbaI profiles and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3) with 2 distinct XbaI profiles. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mcr-1 positive isolates was as follows: 4 mg/L (n = 28), 8 mg/L (n = 12), 32 mg/L (n = 1) and 64 mg/L (n = 1). The high prevalence (70.6%; 12/17 samples) of mcr-1-mediated colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae found in the turkey meat samples analysed in this study, builds on previously published evidence that poultry, and their products, represent a substantial risk for the dissemination of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Gelbicova
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kolackova
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krutova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Renata Karpiskova
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Monte DF, Lincopan N, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Landgraf M. Current insights on high priority antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in food and foodstuffs: a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Thiry D, Berrah A, Evrard J, Duprez JN, Mainil JG, Saulmont M. Assessment of two selective agar media to isolate colistin-resistant bovine Escherichia coli: Correlation with minimal inhibitory concentration and presence of mcr genes. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:174-178. [PMID: 30858004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of colistin-resistant enterobacteria in veterinary medicine is impaired by the absence of first-line reliable phenotypic assay. The purpose of this study was to assess two selective agar media for the detection of colistin-resistant bovine pathogenic Escherichia coli. A total of 158 E. coli (46 R <resistant>, 96 I <intermediate> and 16 S <sensitive> at the disk diffusion assay) isolated between 2013 and 2018 from <3 month-old calves suffering enteritis or septicaemia, were (i) tested by the broth dilution assay to determine colistin Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC); (ii) streaked on CHROMID® Colistin_R and CHROMagar™ COL-APSE agar plates; (iii) submitted to a pentaplex PCR to identify the presence of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. Of the 92 E. coli growing on both agar media, 90 had a MIC > 2.0 μg/ml as had the 3 E. coli that grew only on the CHROMID® Colistin_R agar medium and one E. coli that grew on neither agar media. Therefore, the positive predictive values of the CHROMID® Colistin_R and CHROMagar™ COL-APSE agar media were both 0.98 whereas their negative predictive values were 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. Also noteworthy 43 of the 46 R isolates had a MIC > 2.0 μg/ml and grew on both selective media as did half of the 96 I isolates and only 1 of the S isolates. Conversely, only 30 of the 90 isolates that grew on both agar media and with a MIC > 2.0 μg/ml tested positive for the mcr-1 or mcr-2 genes with the pentaplex PCR. These two selective agar media can be used to reliably detect colistin-resistant E. coli. Positive growth was highly correlated with R results at the disk diffusion assay, but not with the presence of mcr genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) Centre, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Anis Berrah
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) Centre, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Julien Evrard
- ARSIA (Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animale), Ciney B5590, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) Centre, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Jacques G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) Centre, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium.
| | - Marc Saulmont
- ARSIA (Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animale), Ciney B5590, Belgium
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Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Salmonella enterica: A Review. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020055. [PMID: 30791454 PMCID: PMC6406434 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is widely used in food-animal production. Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen, which can pass from animal to human microbiota through the consumption of contaminated food, and cause disease, often severe, especially in young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Recently, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance was recognised; mcr-like genes are being identified worldwide. Colistin is not an antibiotic used to treat Salmonella infections, but has been increasingly used as one of the last treatment options for carbapenem resistant Enterobacteria in human infections. The finding of mobilizable mcr-like genes became a global concern due to the possibility of horizontal transfer of the plasmid that often carry resistance determinants to beta-lactams and/or quinolones. An understanding of the origin and dissemination of mcr-like genes in zoonotic pathogens such as S. enterica will facilitate the management of colistin use and target interventions to prevent further spread. The main objective of this review was to collect epidemiological data about mobilized colistin resistance in S. enterica, describing the mcr variants, identified serovars, origin of the isolate, country and other resistance genes located in the same genetic platform.
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40
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Campos J, Mourão J, Peixe L, Antunes P. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health. Pathogens 2019; 8:E19. [PMID: 30700039 PMCID: PMC6470815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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41
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de Jong A, Simjee S, Rose M, Moyaert H, El Garch F, Youala M, Marion O, Lin D, Filip B, Mireille B, Bénédicte C, Jeroen D, Sophie G, Szilárd J, Isabelle K, Lourdes MG, Mogens M, Caroline P, Ellen PB, Hanna R, Pascal S, Kees V, Dariusz W, Peter W, Pascal B, Silke HD, Ulrich K, Terence P, Guido S, Pieter-Jan S, Thais V. Antimicrobial resistance monitoring in commensal enterococci from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens across Europe during 2004–14 (EASSA Study). J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:921-930. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anno de Jong
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Monheim, Germany
| | - Shabbir Simjee
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
- Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Markus Rose
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Hilde Moyaert
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
- Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Farid El Garch
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
- Vetoquinol S.A., Lure, France
| | - Myriam Youala
- EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
- Virbac S.A., Carros, France
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42
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Performance of CHROMID® Colistin R agar, a new chromogenic medium for screening of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 93:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:267-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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44
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Shen C, Feng S, Chen H, Dai M, Paterson DL, Zheng X, Wu X, Zhong LL, Liu Y, Xia Y, Ma R, Huang X, Tian GB. Transmission ofmcr-1-Producing Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Public Transportation in Guangzhou, China. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:S217-S224. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
| | - Siyuan Feng
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai
| | - Min Dai
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, China
| | - David L Paterson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai
| | - Xingui Wu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Lan-Lan Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Xi Huang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
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45
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García-Meniño I, García V, Mora A, Díaz-Jiménez D, Flament-Simon SC, Alonso MP, Blanco JE, Blanco M, Blanco J. Swine Enteric Colibacillosis in Spain: Pathogenic Potential of mcr-1 ST10 and ST131 E. coli Isolates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2659. [PMID: 30455680 PMCID: PMC6230658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a wide epidemiological study of 499 E. coli isolates recovered from 179 outbreaks of enteric colibacillosis from pig production farms in Spain during a period of 10 years. Most samples were of diarrheagenic cases occurred during the post-wean period (PWD) which showed to be significantly associated with ETEC (67%) followed by aEPEC (21.7%). On the contrary, aEPEC was more prevalent (60.3%) among diarrheas of suckling piglets, followed by ETEC (38.8%). STEC/ETEC or STEC were recovered in 11.3 and 0.9% of PWD and neonatal diarrhea, respectively. Detection of the F4 colonization factor was not significantly different between isolates recovered from neonatal pigs and those recovered post wean (40.5 versus 27.7%) while F18 was only present among PWD isolates (51.5% of ETEC, STEC, and STEC/ETEC isolates). We also found a high prevalence of resistance to colistin related to the presence of the mcr-1 gene (25.6% of the diarreagenic isolates). The characterization of 65 representative mcr-1 isolates showed that all were phenotypically resistant to colistin (>2 μg/ml), and most (61 of 65) multidrug-resistant (MDR). Six ETEC and one STEC mcr-1 isolates were also carriers of ESBL genes. In addition, other seven mcr-1 isolates harbored mcr-4 (three ETEC) and mcr-5 (two ETEC and two aEPEC) genes. In the phylogenetic analysis of the 65 mcr-1 diarrheagenic isolates we found that more than 50% (38 out of 65) belonged to A-ST10 Cplx and from those, 29 isolates showed the clonotype CH11-24. In this study, we also recovered 18 ST131 isolates including seven mcr-1 carriers. To the best of our knowledge, this would be the first report of ST131 mcr-1 isolation in pigs. Worryingly, the swine mcr-1 ST131 carriers also showed MDR, including to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tobramycin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. In the PFGE-macrorestriction comparison of clinical swine and human ST131, we found high similarities (≥85%) between two pig and two human ST131 isolates of virotype D5. Acquisition of mcr-1 by this specific clone means an increased risk due to its special feature of congregating virulence and resistance traits, together with its spread capability. Here we show a potential zoonotic swine source of ST131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro García-Meniño
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Vanesa García
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Azucena Mora
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Dafne Díaz-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Saskia C Flament-Simon
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - María Pilar Alonso
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Lugo, Spain
| | - Jesús E Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
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46
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Tong H, Liu J, Yao X, Jia H, Wei J, Shao D, Liu K, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Li B. High carriage rate of mcr-1 and antimicrobial resistance profiles of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates in swine faecal samples collected from eighteen provinces in China. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:53-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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47
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Reid CJ, DeMaere MZ, Djordjevic SP. Australian porcine clonal complex 10 (CC10) Escherichia coli belong to multiple sublineages of a highly diverse global CC10 phylogeny. Microb Genom 2018; 5. [PMID: 30303480 PMCID: PMC6487311 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified clonal complex 10 (CC10) Escherichia coli as the predominant clonal group in two populations of healthy Australian food-production pigs. CC10 are highly successful, colonizing humans, food-production animals, fresh produce and environmental niches. Furthermore, E. coli within CC10 are frequently drug resistant and increasingly reported as human and animal extra-intestinal pathogens. In order to develop a high-resolution global phylogeny and determine the repertoire of antimicrobial-resistance genes, virulence-associated genes and plasmid types within this clonal group, we downloaded 228 publicly available CC10 short-read genome sequences for comparison with 20 porcine CC10 we have previously described. Core genome single nucleotide polymorphism phylogeny revealed a highly diverse global phylogeny consisting of multiple lineages that did not cluster by geography or source of the isolates. Australian porcine strains belonged to several of these divergent lineages, indicative that CC10 is present in these animals due to multiple colonization events. Differences in resistance gene and plasmid carriage between porcine strains and the global collection highlighted the role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of CC10 strains. Virulence profiles typical of extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli were present in both Australian porcine strains and the broader collection. As both the core phylogeny and accessory gene characteristics appeared unrelated to the geography or source of the isolates, it is likely that the global expansion of CC10 is not a recent event and may be associated with faecal carriage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Reid
- The i3 institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew Z DeMaere
- The i3 institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The i3 institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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48
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Apostolakos I, Piccirillo A. A review on the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance in poultry production. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:546-558. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1524573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Apostolakos
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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49
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Shen Z, Wang S. Emergence of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and its variant in several uncommon species of Enterobacteriaceae from commercial poultry farm surrounding environments. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:161-164. [PMID: 29778190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The colistin resistance gene mcr-1 has been detected in multiple members of Enterobacteriaceae family. Here, we report the emergence of mcr-1 in Providencia alcalifaciens and a mcr-1 variant, named mcr-1.3, in Raoultella planticola. Both of the mcr-1-carrying plasmids in these two isolates belong to IncI2 type of plasmids, but they are different in sizes and genetic characteristics. We also detected the mcr-1 gene in one Enterobacter cloacae isolate, however, the mcr-1-carrying plasmid is distinct from the previous reports. Conjugation assay showed that mcr-1-carrying plasmids in P. alcalifaciens and E. cloacae were successfully transferred into recipient E. coli strains. It is worth noting that the transferability of mcr-1-carrying plasmid from E. cloacae was enhanced once it entered into E. coli hosts, which might further accelerate the dissemination of mcr-1 among Enterobacteriaceae. These findings further expand our knowledge of the mcr-1-carrying species in Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, China.
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50
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de Jong A, Simjee S, Garch FE, Moyaert H, Rose M, Youala M, Dry M. Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci recovered from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in nine EU countries (EASSA Study) to critically important antibiotics. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA) program collects zoonotic and commensal bacteria from food-producing animals at slaughter and tracks their susceptibility to medically important antibiotics. Results of commensal enterococci species (2013-2014) are presented here. Intestinal content from cattle, pigs and chickens were randomly sampled (5-6 countries/host; ≥4 abattoirs/country; 1 sample/animal/farm) for isolation of enterococci, MICs of 9 antibiotics were assessed by CLSI agar dilution in a central laboratory. Clinical breakpoints (CLSI) and epidemiological cut-off values (EUCAST) were applied for data interpretation. In total 960 Enterococcus faecium and 779 Enterococcus faecalis strains were recovered. Seven porcine E. faecium/faecalis strains of Spanish origin were resistant to linezolid. One avian E. faecalis and one porcine E. faecium strain were non-wild type (MICs 8 mg/L) to daptomycin. Clinical vancomycin resistance was absent; 2 poultry E. faecium and 1 bovine E. faecalis strains were non-wild type, all with MICs of 8 mg/L. None of the strains tested were clinically resistant to tigecycline. Little clinical resistance to ampicillin or gentamicin was observed. Clinical resistance of E. faecium to quinupristin/dalfopristin was slightly higher (2.2-12.0%) but 61.9-83.2% of the strains were classified as non-wild type. Very high percentages resistance to tetracycline (67.4-78.3%) and to erythromycin (27.1-57.0%) were noted for both E. faecium and E. faecalis in pigs and chickens compared to cattle (5.2-30.4 and 9.0-10.4%, respectively). Similar non-wild type results were observed for E. hirae (n = 557), E. durans (n = 218) and E. casseliflavus (n = 55) including percentage non-wild type for daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline being absent and for vancomycin low. For these species percentage non-wild type to erythromycin was lower as compared to E. faecalis/faecium. This pan-EU survey shows high variability in antibiotic susceptibility of commensal enterococci from healthy food animals. Clinical resistance to critically important antibiotics for human medicine was absent or low, except for erythromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anno de Jong
- EASSA Study Group, CEESA, 168 Av. de Tervueren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium; Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Shabbir Simjee
- EASSA Study Group, CEESA, 168 Av. de Tervueren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium; Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Farid El Garch
- EASSA Study Group, CEESA, 168 Av. de Tervueren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium; Vétoquinol SA, Lure, France
| | - Hilde Moyaert
- EASSA Study Group, CEESA, 168 Av. de Tervueren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium; Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Markus Rose
- EASSA Study Group, CEESA, 168 Av. de Tervueren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium; MSD Animal Health, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Myriam Youala
- EASSA Study Group, CEESA, 168 Av. de Tervueren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium; Virbac, Carros, France
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