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Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Duan H, Chen X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Nan Y, Liu B, Zhang A, Sun Y, Zhao Q. A nanobody inhibiting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication via blocking self-interaction of viral nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 2024; 98:e0131923. [PMID: 38084961 PMCID: PMC10804987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01319-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious global pig industry disease. Understanding the mechanism of viral replication and developing efficient antiviral strategies are necessary for combating with PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Recently, nanobody is considered to be a promising antiviral drug, especially for respiratory viruses. The present study evaluated two nanobodies against PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein (PRRSV-N-Nb1 and -Nb2) for their anti-PRRSV activity in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that intracellularly expressed PRRSV-N-Nb1 significantly inhibited PRRSV-2 replication in MARC-145 cells (approximately 100%). Then, the PRRSV-N-Nb1 fused with porcine IgG Fc (Nb1-pFc) as a delivering tag was produced and used to determine its effect on PRRSV-2 replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and pigs. The inhibition rate of Nb1-pFc against PRRSV-2 in PAMs could reach >90%, and it can also inhibit viral replication in vivo. Epitope mapping showed that the motif Serine 105 (S105) in PRRSV-2 N protein was the key amino acid binding to PRRSV-N-Nb1, which is also pivotal for the self-interaction of N protein via binding to Arginine 97. Moreover, viral particles were not successfully rescued when the S105 motif was mutated to Alanine (S105A). Attachment, entry, genome replication, release, docking model analysis, and blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated that the binding of PRRSV-N-Nb1 to N protein could block its self-binding, which prevents the viral replication of PRRSV. PRRSV-N-Nb1 may be a promising drug to counter PRRSV-2 infection. We also provided some new insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding and assembly of viral particles.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes serious economic losses to the swine industry worldwide, and there are no highly effective strategies for prevention. Nanobodies are considered a promising novel approach for treating diseases because of their ease of production and low costing. Here, we showed that PRRSV-N-Nb1 against PRRSV-N protein significantly inhibited PRRSV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the motif Serine 105 (S105) in PRRSV-N protein was the key amino acid to interact with PRRSV-N-Nb1 and bond to its motif R97, which is important for the self-binding of N protein. The PRRSV-N-Nb1 could block the self-interaction of N protein following viral assembly. These findings not only provide insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding as a key factor for viral replication for the first time but also highlight a novel target for the development of anti-PRRSV replication drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243542. [PMID: 36552462 PMCID: PMC9774311 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly contagious disease in domestic swine. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAMF1) is a costimulatory factor that is involved in innate immunity, inflammation, and infection. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the SLAMF1 gene inhibited PRRSV replication significantly and reduced the levels of key signaling pathways, including MyD88, RIG-I, TLR2, TRIF, and inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-β, TNF-α, and IFN-α in vitro. However, the knockdown of the SLAMF1 gene could enhance replication of the PRRSV and the levels of key signaling pathways and inflammatory factors. Overall, our results identify a new, to our knowledge, antagonist of the PRRSV, as well as a novel antagonistic mechanism evolved by inhibiting innate immunity and inflammation, providing a new reference and direction for PRRSV disease resistance breeding.
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Deng H, Xin N, Zeng F, Wen F, Yi H, Ma C, Huang S, Zhang G, Chen Y. A novel amino acid site of N protein could affect the PRRSV-2 replication by regulating the viral RNA transcription. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:171. [PMID: 35546407 PMCID: PMC9092334 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Finding the key amino acid sites that could affect viral biological properties or protein functions has always been a topic of substantial interest in virology. The nucleocapsid (N) protein is one of the principal proteins of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and plays a vital role in the virus life cycle. The N protein has only 123 or 128 amino acids, some of key amino acid sites which could affect the protein functions or impair the viral biological characteristics have been identified. In this research, our objective was to find out whether there are other novel amino acid sites of the N protein can affect N protein functions or PRRSV-2 replication. Results In this study, we found mutated the serine78 and serine 99of the nucleocapsid (N) protein can reduce the N-induced expression of IL-10 mRNA; Then, by using reverse genetics system, we constructed and rescued the mutant viruses, namely, A78 and A99.The IFA result proved that the mutations did not affect the rescue of the PRRSV-2. However, the results of the multistep growth kinetics and qPCR assays indicated that, compared with the viral replication ability, the titres and gRNA levels of A78 were significantly decreased compared with the wild-type. Further study showed that a single amino acid change from serine to alanine at position 78 of the N protein could abrogates the level of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs. It means the mutation could significant decrease the viral replication efficiency in vitro. Conclusions Our results suggest that the serine78 of N protein is a key site which could affect the N protein function and PRRSV replication ability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03274-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fancong Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyou Yi
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao P, Jing H, Dong W, Duan E, Ke W, Tao R, Li Y, Cao S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang J. TRIM26-mediated degradation of nucleocapsid protein limits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection. Virus Res 2022; 311:198690. [PMID: 35077707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRSV, has ranked among the most economically important veterinary infectious diseases globally. Recently, tripartite motif (TRIMs) family members have arisen as novel restriction factors in antiviral immunity. Noteworthy, TRIM26 was reported as a binding partner of IRF3, TBK1, TAB1, and NEMO, yet its role in virus infection remains controversial. Herein, we showed that TRIM26 bound N protein by the C-terminal PRY/SPRY domain. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRIM26 impaired PRRSV replication and induced degradation of N protein. The anti-PRRSV activity was independent of the nuclear localization signal (NLS). Instead, deletion of the RING domain, or the PRY/SPRY portion, abrogated the antiviral function. Finally, siRNA depletion of TRIM26 resulted in enhanced production of viral RNA and virus yield in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) after PRRSV infection. Overexpression of an RNAi-resistant TRIM26 rescue-plasmid led to the acquisition of PRRSV restriction in TRIM26-knockdown cells. Together, these data add TRIM26 as a potential target for drug design against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Huiyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Erzhen Duan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sufang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yanting Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Hyper-phosphorylation of nsp2-related proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology 2020; 543:63-75. [PMID: 32174300 PMCID: PMC7112050 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses exploit phosphorylation of both viral and host proteins to support viral replication. In this study, we demonstrate that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replicase nsp2, and two nsp2-related −2/−1 frameshifting products, nsp2TF and nsp2N, are hyper-phosphorylated. By mapping phosphorylation sites, we subdivide an extended, previously uncharacterized region, located between the papain-like protease-2 (PLP2) domain and frameshifting site, into three distinct domains. These domains include two large hypervariable regions (HVR) with putative intrinsically disordered structures, separated by a conserved and partly structured interval domain that we defined as the inter-HVR conserved domain (IHCD). Abolishing phosphorylation of the inter-species conserved residue serine918, which is located within the IHCD region, abrogates accumulation of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs and recombinant virus production. Our study reveals the biological significance of phosphorylation events in nsp2-related proteins, emphasizes pleiotropic functions of nsp2-related proteins in the viral life cycle, and presents potential links to pathogenesis.
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Chen Y, Yu Z, Yi H, Wei Y, Han X, Li Q, Ji C, Huang J, Deng Q, Liu Y, Cai M, He S, Ma C, Zhang G. The phosphorylation of the N protein could affect PRRSV virulence in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:226-231. [PMID: 30955814 PMCID: PMC7117339 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We confirmed that phosphorylation modification of the N protein could impair PRRSV growth efficiency in PAMs. This study is the first to report that phosphorylation modification of the N protein could regulate PRRSV pathogenicity in piglets. Mutation of PTM sites could be a novel way to attenuate the virus. This strategy will be beneficial to distinguish the vaccine from a wild-type virus.
The porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) nucleocapsid (N) protein is a multiphosphorylated protein.It has been proved that the phosphorylation of N protein could regulate the growth ability of PRRSV in Marc-145 cells. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether phosphorylation of the N protein could affect PRRSV virulence in piglets. In this study, we confirmed that the mutations could impair PRRSV replication ability in porcine primary macrophages (PAMs) as they did in Marc-145 cells. The animal experiments suggested that the pathogenicity of the mutated virus (A105-120) was significantly reduced compared with parent strain (XH-GD). Our results suggested that the phosphorylation of the N protein contributes to virus replication and virulence. This study is the first to identify a specific modification involved in PRRSV pathogenicity. Mutation of PTMs sites is also a novel way to attenuate PRRSV virulence. The mutations could be a marker in a vaccine. In conclusion, our study will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China; MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Yu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Heyou Yi
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Yingfang Wei
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Han
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Chihai Ji
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Junmin Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Qiwei Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Yixin Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China
| | - Shuyi He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China
| | - Chunquan Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; South China Agricultural University/College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, PR China.
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