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Buni D, Kovács ÁB, Földi D, Bányai K, Bali K, Domán M, Wehmann E, Bradbury J, Bottinelli M, Catania S, Stefani E, Lysnyansky I, Kovács L, Grózner D, Gyuranecz M, Kreizinger Z. Development of molecular assays for the analysis of genetic relationships of Mycoplasma iowae. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109909. [PMID: 37925876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma iowae is a worldwide spread and economically important avian pathogen that mostly infects turkeys. Currently, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) serves as the gold standard method for strain identification in M. iowae. However, additional robust genotyping methods are required to effectively monitor M. iowae infections and conduct epidemiological investigations. The first aim of this study was to develop genotyping assays with high resolution, that specifically target M. iowae, namely a multiple-locus variable number of tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) and a core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) schema. The second aim was the determination of relationships among a diverse selection of M. iowae strains and clinical isolates with a previous and the newly developed assays. The MLVA was designed based on the analyses of tandem-repeat (TR) regions in the six serotype reference strains (I, J, K, N, Q and R). The cgMLST schema was developed based on the coding sequences (CDSs) common in 95% of the examined 99 isolates. The samples were submitted for a previously published MLST assay for comparison with the developed methods. Out of 94 TR regions identified, 17 alleles were selected for further evaluation by PCR. Finally, seven alleles were chosen to establish the MLVA assay. Additionally, whole genome sequence analyses identified a total of 676 CDSs shared by 95% of the isolates, all of which were included into the developed cgMLST schema. The MLVA discriminated 19 distinct genotypes (GT), while with the cgMLST assay 79 sequence types (ST) could be determined with Simpson's diversity indices of 0.810 (MLVA) and 0.989 (cgMLST). The applied assays consistently identified the same main clusters among the diverse selection of isolates, thereby demonstrating their suitability for various genetic analyses and their ability to yield congruent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Buni
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Áron Botond Kovács
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Földi
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary; University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2., Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marianna Domán
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Wehmann
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janet Bradbury
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Bottinelli
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Stefani
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - László Kovács
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2., Budapest 1078, Hungary; Poultry-Care Kft., Lehel út 21., Újszász 5052, Hungary
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary; University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2., Budapest 1078, Hungary; MolliScience Kft., Március 15. utca 1, Biatorbágy 2051, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Research Network, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; MolliScience Kft., Március 15. utca 1, Biatorbágy 2051, Hungary.
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Genomic Diversity of a Globally Used, Live Attenuated Mycoplasma Vaccine. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0284522. [PMID: 36318012 PMCID: PMC9769879 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02845-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycoplasma synoviae live attenuated vaccine strain MS-H (Vaxsafe MS; Bioproperties Pty., Ltd., Australia) is commonly used around the world to prevent chronic infections caused by M. synoviae in birds and to minimize economic losses in the poultry industry. MS-H is a temperature-sensitive strain that is generated via the chemical mutagenesis of a virulent M. synoviae isolate, 86079/7NS. 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in the genome of MS-H compared to that of 86079/7NS, including 25 in predicted coding sequences (CDSs). There is limited information on the stability of these mutations in MS-H in vitro during the propagation of the vaccine manufacturing process or in vivo after the vaccination of chickens. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of MS-H genomes after in vitro and in vivo passages under different circumstances. Studying the dynamics of the MS-H population can provide insights into the factors that potentially affect the health of vaccinated birds. The genomes of 11 in vitro laboratory passages and 138 MS-H bird reisolates contained a total of 254 sequence variations. Of these, 39 variations associated with CDSs were detected in more than one genome (range = 2 to 62, median = 2.5), suggesting that these sequences are particularly prone to mutations. From the 25 CDSs containing previously characterized variations between MS-H and 86079/7NS, 7 were identified in the MS-H reisolates and progenies examined here. In conclusion, the MS-H genome contains individual regions that are prone to mutations that enable the restoration of the genotype or the phenotype of wild-type 86079/7NS in those regions. However, accumulated mutations in these regions are rare. IMPORTANCE Preventative measures, such as vaccination, are commonly used for the control of mycoplasmal infections in poultry. A live attenuated vaccine strain (Vaxsafe MS; MS-H; Bioproperties Pty. Ltd., Australia) is used for the prevention of disease caused by M. synoviae in many countries. However, information on the stability of previously characterized mutations in the MS-H genome is limited. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the whole-genome sequences of MS-H seeds used for vaccine manufacturing, commercial batches of the vaccine, cultures minimally passaged under small-scale laboratory and large-scale manufacturing conditions, MS-H reisolated from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens that were vaccinated under controlled conditions, and MS-H reisolated from vaccinated commercial poultry flocks around the world. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of genome stability in MS-H after in vitro and in vivo passages under different circumstances and suggests that most of the mutations in the attenuated MS-H vaccine strain are stable.
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Wei X, Chen W, Sun Q, Zhong Q, Yan Z, Zhou Q, Cao Y, Chen F, Zhang X. Epidemiological Investigations and Multi-locus Sequence Typing of Mycoplasma synoviae Isolates from Chicken Farms in China. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102006. [PMID: 37099877 PMCID: PMC10165133 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is an important pathogen in poultry industry and has led to major economic losses. Understanding the epidemiology is crucial to improve control and eradication program of M. synoviae. In this study, 487 samples suspected with M. synoviae infection were collected from August 2020 to June 2021 in China. Among 487 samples, 324 samples were MS positive, the positive rate was 66.53%, and 104 strains were isolated from 324 positive samples. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method based on seven housekeeping genes was used to conduct genotyping 104 M. synoviae strains isolated, and the 104 isolates belonged to 8 sequence types (STs) after MLST genotyping, and ST-34 had the highest proportion. After BURST analysis, all 104 isolates were divided into group 12 with other 56 strains isolated from China. Phylogenetic tree constructed by neighbor-joining method showed that nearly all of Chinese isolates (160 isolates) clustered together and separated from other reference isolates (217 isolates) in the PubMLST database. In conclusion, this study suggested that the M. synoviae strains in China were highly similar and independent of abroad strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianjin Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangbin Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China.
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Sui C, Cui H, Ji J, Xu X, Kan Y, Yao L, Bi Y, Zhang X, Xie Q. Epidemiological investigations and locally determined genotype diversity of Mycoplasma synoviae in Central China from 2017 to 2019. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101522. [PMID: 34818613 PMCID: PMC8626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) has been identified worldwide to cause respiratory diseases, infectious synovitis, airsacculitis, and eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) in commercial chickens, which results in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Therefore, in this study, 258 flocks were investigated between 2017 and 2019 for M. synoviae by screening samples from Central China. Subsequently, 129 M. synoviae strains were isolated, with a positive rate of 50%. Moreover, a higher incidence of M. Synoviae infections was in layers (74.1%) than in broilers (20%) in this study. The 5′-end conserved segment of the variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene of these isolates was then cloned and sequenced because it is a common genomic target identified so far for M. synoviae genotyping. Genotyping of all isolates was based on the phylogenetic analysis and length analysis of the proline-rich-repeat (PRR) regions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 5′-end conserved segment of the vlhA gene (76–421 nt) assigned the majority of the occurring strains as being from group 6, and others from groups 2 and 3. Results identified that these isolates were of 6 types: A (38aa), D (23aa), E (19aa), I (28aa), J (20aa), and L (35aa), based on the size of the PRR region analysis. Furthermore, most of the isolates (81.4% were identified as type L. Additionally, the epidemic types included only I and L in 2017; however, the types rose to 5 (A, D, E, I, L) in 2018 and rose to 6 (A, D, E, I, J, L) in 2019. These data showed the genotype diversity of M. synoviae in Central China. The high rate of positive flocks suggests the urgent need to take real-time supervisory controls of this Mycoplasma species in avian flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoge Sui
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Hao Cui
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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Bergeron N, Hébert G, Pelletier MC, Cai HY, Brochu-Morin ME, Vaillancourt JP. Prevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae and Its Impact on Productivity in Commercial Poultry Farms in Quebec, Canada. Avian Dis 2021; 65:547-553. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bergeron
- Équipe québécoise de contrôle des maladies avicoles, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4H 3Y9
| | - Ghislain Hébert
- Équipe québécoise de contrôle des maladies avicoles, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4H 3Y9
| | - Martin C. Pelletier
- Équipe québécoise de contrôle des maladies avicoles, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4H 3Y9
| | - Hugh Y. Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Marie-Eve Brochu-Morin
- Direction générale des laboratoires et de la santé animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, Québec, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Xie D, Guo M, Ma S, Chen M, Chu D, Wu Y. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis of Mycoplasma synoviae isolates reveals unique sequence types in China. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109101. [PMID: 34166888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is a common pathogen affecting poultry and has important economic significance. Infectious synovitis is the most common clinical effect. Since 2010, the incidence of M. synoviae infection in China has rapidly risen, causing significant economic losses to the chicken industry; however, the cause of the disease outbreak remains unclear. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of field strains will help unravel the mystery. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) method is typically utilized to conduct genotyping and traceability analysis of microorganisms. MLST of M. synoviae has previously been established and shown strong discriminatory power. In this study, 54 Chinese M. synoviae strains isolated from 2016 to 2020 were genotyped by MLST based on seven housekeeping genes. This study aimed to investigate the dominant genotypes of M. synoviae in China and reveal the genetic and evolutionary relationships of these isolates. All 54 isolates were found to have new allelic sequences, which may indicate new sequence types. The results of BURST analysis indicated that all 54 strains belonged to group 11, which is an independent phylogenetic branch, and were separated from any other reference strains (189 isolates) in the PubMLST database. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the M. synoviae strains circulating in China are relatively independent in terms of transmission and evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Di Xie
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Shuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China.
| | - Mengyao Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Dianfeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China.
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The International Joint Research Laboratory of Agricultural and Agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yanzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Abstract
Control of distribution of mycoplasmal infections in cattle herds is essential in the majority of countries world-wide. Various PCR procedures are available to detect mycoplasmas in cell cultures and bovine mycoplasma in different types of samples. We reviewed some common PCR techniques and specific primers targeted to different bacterial genetic regions of mycoplasma. Several researchers used the same PCR approach and Mycoplasma spp. as a target but their results could not be compared because different primer pairs were used. These methods and primers were first developed to identify mycoplasma species that contaminate animal cell cultures, and then were used by other researchers to differentiate mycoplasmas as a cow infecting agent. Our analysis of the specificity of these primer pairs to nucleotide sequences of five Mycoplasma spp. showed that oligonucleotides have less specificity to them. Numerous commercially available PCR kits are applicable to find mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and fewer of them can be used in veterinary diagnostics. Although serological and culture techniques are still used, it is necessary to develop a new multiplex PCR technique with a more specific primer set especially in agrarian countries.
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Morrow CJ, Kreizinger Z, Achari RR, Bekő K, Yvon C, Gyuranecz M. Antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic mycoplasmas in chickens in Asia. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108840. [PMID: 33068825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (n = 26) and M. gallisepticum (n = 11) isolates were gained from 164 clinical samples collected from China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Republic of Korea and Thailand. Most isolates were from commercial chicken production systems. A method of filtering (0.45 μm) samples immediately after collection was convenient allowing over a week for transit to the laboratory. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were characterized by a broth microdilution method to enrofloxacin, difloxacin, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, tiamulin, florfenicol, lincomycin, spectinomycin and lincomycin and spectinomycin combination (1:2). Increased MICs to various antimicrobials were seen in different isolates but appeared largely unrelated to the antimicrobial treatment histories. Overall, the results were similar to other MIC surveys around the world. Generally, low MICs to tetracyclines, tiamulin and tylvalosin were observed. Increased tilmicosin MICs were observed in both M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum isolates (≥64 μg/ml MIC90 values) and this was seen in all isolates with high tylosin MICs. Increases in lincomycin MICs were mostly associated with increases in tilmicosin MICs. The results also suggested that antimicrobial use after mycoplasma vaccination may interfere with vaccine strain persistence and efficacy (field strains were more commonly observed in flocks that had treatments after vaccination) and this area warrants more investigation. The study shows that isolation and MIC determination can be done from remote locations and suggests that this may provide information that will allow more effective use of antimicrobials or other methods of control of avian mycoplasma in chickens (e.g. live vaccines) and therefore more responsible use of antimicrobials from a one health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Morrow
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bioproperties Pty Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia.
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Robin R Achari
- Bioproperties Pty Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia
| | - Katinka Bekő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Cécile Yvon
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária körút 23-25, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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