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Moro GE, Girard M, Peila C, Garcia N, Escuder-Vieco D, Keller K, Cassidy T, Bertino E, Boquien CY, Buffin R, Calvo J, Gaya A, Gebauer C, Lamireau D, Lembo D, Picaud JC, Wesolowska A, Arslanoglu S, Cavallarin L, Giribaldi M. New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1409381. [PMID: 38988859 PMCID: PMC11234892 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1409381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious and toxicological risks are the main potential hazards that operators of Human Milk Banks (HMBs) encounter and must eliminate. HMBs are trying to implement procedures that allow to manage and sanitize human milk without altering significantly its nutritional and biologically protective components, obtaining a product characterized by a valid balance between safety and biological quality. The history of human milk processing is linked to the origins of HMBs themselves. And although other forms of sterilization were used originally, pasteurization soon became the recognized most effective means for sanitizing milk: all the milk that arrives at the HMB must be pasteurized. Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the most used methodology, and it is performed using low temperature and long time (+62.5°C for 30 min). With HoP some bioactive milk components are lost to varying degrees, but many other precious bioactive compounds are completely or partially preserved. To improve the quality of human milk processed by HMBs, maintaining in the meantime the same microbiological safety offered by HoP, new technologies are under evaluation. At present, High-Temperature Short-Time pasteurization (HTST) and High-Pressure Processing are the most studied methodologies. HTST is already utilized in some HMBs for daily practical activity and for research purposes. They seem to be superior to HoP for a better preservation of some nutritional and biologically protective components. Freeze-drying or lyophilization may have advantages for room temperature storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advancement regarding the processing of DHM with a literature search from 2019 to 2022. The effects of the new technologies on safety and quality of human milk are presented and discussed. The new technologies should assure microbiological safety of the final product at least at the same level as optimized HoP, with an improved preservation of the nutritional and bioactive components of raw human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido E Moro
- Associazione Italiana delle Banche del Latte Umano Donato (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Girard
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nadia Garcia
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna Aladina-MGU, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna Aladina-MGU, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristin Keller
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna Aladina-MGU, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tanya Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Rachel Buffin
- Neonatology UnitCroix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne Regional Human Milk Bank, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Javier Calvo
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering (TERCIT), Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears (FBSTIB), Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antoni Gaya
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering (TERCIT), Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears (FBSTIB), Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Corinna Gebauer
- Abteilung Neonatologie Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Delphine Lamireau
- Human Milk Bank of University Hospital of Bordeaux, Lamireau, France
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Charles Picaud
- Department of Neonatology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sertac Arslanoglu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Turin, Italy
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Turin, Italy
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez Ordoñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fernandez Escamez P, Gonzales‐Barron U, Roberts H, Ru G, Simmons M, Cruz RB, Lourenço Martins J, Messens W, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Simon AC, De Cesare A. Assessment on the efficacy of methods 2 to 5 and method 7 set out in Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 to inactivate relevant pathogens when producing processed animal protein of porcine origin intended to feed poultry and aquaculture animals. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08093. [PMID: 37416785 PMCID: PMC10320699 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An assessment was conducted on the level of inactivation of relevant pathogens that could be present in processed animal protein of porcine origin intended to feed poultry and aquaculture animals when methods 2 to 5 and method 7, as detailed in Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, are applied. Five approved scenarios were selected for method 7. Salmonella Senftenberg, Enterococcus faecalis, spores of Clostridium perfringens and parvoviruses were shortlisted as target indicators. Inactivation parameters for these indicators were extracted from extensive literature search and a recent EFSA scientific opinion. An adapted Bigelow model was fitted to retrieved data to estimate the probability that methods 2 to 5, in coincidental and consecutive modes, and the five scenarios of method 7 are able to achieve a 5 log10 and a 3 log10 reduction of bacterial indicators and parvoviruses, respectively. Spores of C. perfringens were the indicator with the lowest probability of achieving the target reduction by methods 2 to 5, in coincidental and consecutive mode, and by the five considered scenarios of method 7. An expert knowledge elicitation was conducted to estimate the certainty of achieving a 5 log10 reduction of spores of C. perfringens considering the results of the model and additional evidence. A 5 log10 reduction of C. perfringens spores was judged: 99-100% certain for methods 2 and 3 in coincidental mode; 98-100% certain for method 7 scenario 3; 80-99% certain for method 5 in coincidental mode; 66-100% certain for method 4 in coincidental mode and for method 7 scenarios 4 and 5; 25-75% certain for method 7 scenario 2; and 0-5% certain for method 7 scenario 1. Higher certainty is expected for methods 2 to 5 in consecutive mode compared to coincidental mode.
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Evaluation of Ultraviolet Type C Radiation in Inactivating Relevant Veterinary Viruses on Experimentally Contaminated Surfaces. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060686. [PMID: 35745540 PMCID: PMC9231353 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many swine farms employ UVC treatment in employees' personal belongings and small tools entering farms as part of the biosecurity protocol to decrease the risk of pathogen introduction into the operation. However, the UVC efficacy in some veterinary viruses is not fully evaluated. This study evaluated the efficacy of ultraviolet type C (UVC) radiation in inactivating seven relevant veterinary viruses: Swine Poxvirus (SwPV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Swine Influenza Virus (SIV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV), and Senecavirus A (SVA). The experimentally contaminated materials included polystyrene and filter paper. The samples were exposed to UVC for 5 min (total dose of 360 mJ/cm2). The UVC treatment caused a decrease over 4 log10 in SwPV titer on the polystyrene surface, whereas it consistently reduced about 5 log10 in PPV and SVA samples. No viable virus was recovered from PRRSV, PEDV, SIV, and BVDV samples. In filter paper, conversely, the efficacy was reduced. This study provides essential information on the inactivation effectiveness of a specific dose of UVC on important veterinary viruses, further supporting the rational application and strategic guidance for UVC radiation use to disinfect materials.
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Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M. Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 212:111999. [PMID: 32855026 PMCID: PMC7435279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The global dissemination of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has accelerated the need for the implementation of effective antimicrobial strategies to target the causative agent SARS-CoV-2. Light-based technologies have a demonstrable broad range of activity over standard chemotherapeutic antimicrobials and conventional disinfectants, negligible emergence of resistance, and the capability to modulate the host immune response. This perspective article identifies the benefits, challenges, and pitfalls of repurposing light-based strategies to combat the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano P Sabino
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anthony R Ball
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear, and Energy Research Institute, National Commission for Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L Santos
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA; Department of Chemistry Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - George P Tegos
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA; Micromoria LLC, Marlborough, USA
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Blázquez E, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Segalés J, Pujols J, Polo J. Biosafety steps in the manufacturing process of spray-dried plasma: a review with emphasis on the use of ultraviolet irradiation as a redundant biosafety procedure. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:16. [PMID: 32690994 PMCID: PMC7363457 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a functional protein source obtained from blood of healthy animals, approved by the veterinary authorities from animals declared to be fit for slaughter for human consumption. Blood of these animals is collected at the slaughterhouse, treated with an anticoagulant, chilled and transported to industrial facilities in which blood is centrifuged to separate the red blood cells from the plasma fraction. Plasma is then concentrated, and spray dried at high temperatures (80 °C throughout its substance) to convert it in a powder. Such method preserves the biological activity of its proteins, mainly albumins and globulins. SDP is mainly used in pig feed diets to significantly improve daily gain, feed intake, production efficiency, and to reduce post-weaning lag caused by the appearance of post-weaning diarrhea. Although SDP is considered a safe product and its manufacturing process consists of several biosafety steps, the security of the SDP is often questioned due to its nature as raw blood by-product, especially when emergent or re-emergent pathogens appear. This review provides an evaluation and validation of the different safety steps present in the manufacturing process of SDP, with special focus on a new redundant pathogen inactivation step, the UV-C irradiation, that may be implemented in the manufacturing process of the SDP. Overall results showed that the manufacturing process of SDP is safe and the UV-C radiation was effective in inactivating a wide range of bacteria and viruses spiked and naturally present in commercially collected liquid animal plasma and it can be implemented as a redundant biosafety step in the manufacturing process of the SDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blázquez
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Jesús Ródenas
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
- APC LLC, 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021 USA
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