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Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Krawczak-Wójcik K, Gonzalez JF, Hernández JN, Stear MJ. Nematode galectin binds IgE and modulates mast cell activity. Vet Parasitol 2022; 311:109807. [PMID: 36155863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell degranulation is the major mechanism influencing establishment and survival of the abomasal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta and probably many other gastrointestinal nematodes. Host galectins-3 and -9 have been shown to bind IgE and positively and negatively influence mast cell degranulation. As incoming nematodes produce large amounts of galectin, we hypothesised that nematode galectin competes with host galectin and inhibits mast cell degranulation. ELISA was used to show that nematode galectin reduced total IgE activity. Galectin also reduced the binding of sheep IgE to the surface of a mast cell line and decreased the release of LCT-4 and Beta hexosaminidase but not MMP-9. These results indicate that nematode galectin influences mast cell degranulation and identify a potential immunomodulatory mechanism used by nematodes to enhance their establishment and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krawczak-Wójcik
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jorge F Gonzalez
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, Arucas, Spain
| | - Julia N Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, Arucas, Spain
| | - Michael J Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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2
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Casu S, Usai MG, Sechi T, Salaris SL, Miari S, Mulas G, Tamponi C, Varcasia A, Scala A, Carta A. Association analysis and functional annotation of imputed sequence data within genomic regions influencing resistance to gastro-intestinal parasites detected by an LDLA approach in a nucleus flock of Sarda dairy sheep. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:2. [PMID: 34979909 PMCID: PMC8722200 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastroinestinal nematodes (GIN) are one of the major health problem in grazing sheep. Although genetic variability of the resistance to GIN has been documented, traditional selection is hampered by the difficulty of recording phenotypes, usually fecal egg count (FEC). To identify causative mutations or markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) to be used for selection, the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FEC based on linkage disequilibrium-linkage analysis (LDLA) was performed on 4097 ewes (from 181 sires) all genotyped with the OvineSNP50 Beadchip. Identified QTL regions (QTLR) were imputed from whole-genome sequences of 56 target animals of the population. An association analysis and a functional annotation of imputed polymorphisms in the identified QTLR were performed to pinpoint functional variants with potential impact on candidate genes identified from ontological classification or differentially expressed in previous studies. Results After clustering close significant locations, ten QTLR were defined on nine Ovis aries chromosomes (OAR) by LDLA. The ratio between the ANOVA estimators of the QTL variance and the total phenotypic variance ranged from 0.0087 to 0.0176. QTL on OAR4, 12, 19, and 20 were the most significant. The combination of association analysis and functional annotation of sequence data did not highlight any putative causative mutations. None of the most significant SNPs showed a functional effect on genes’ transcript. However, in the most significant QTLR, we identified genes that contained polymorphisms with a high or moderate impact, were differentially expressed in previous studies, contributed to enrich the most represented GO process (regulation of immune system process, defense response). Among these, the most likely candidate genes were: TNFRSF1B and SELE on OAR12, IL5RA on OAR19, IL17A, IL17F, TRIM26, TRIM38, TNFRSF21, LOC101118999, VEGFA, and TNF on OAR20. Conclusions This study performed on a large experimental population provides a list of candidate genes and polymorphisms which could be used in further validation studies. The expected advancements in the quality of the annotation of the ovine genome and the use of experimental designs based on sequence data and phenotypes from multiple breeds that show different LD extents and gametic phases may help to identify causative mutations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00690-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Casu
- Genetics and Biotechnology - Agris Sardegna, Olmedo, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Sechi
- Genetics and Biotechnology - Agris Sardegna, Olmedo, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Miari
- Genetics and Biotechnology - Agris Sardegna, Olmedo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mulas
- Genetics and Biotechnology - Agris Sardegna, Olmedo, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Sallé G, Deiss V, Marquis C, Tosser‐Klopp G, Cortet J, Serreau D, Koch C, Marcon D, Bouvier F, Jacquiet P, Blanchard A, Mialon M, Moreno‐Romieux C. Genetic × environment variation in sheep lines bred for divergent resistance to strongyle infection. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2591-2602. [PMID: 34815741 PMCID: PMC8591325 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant parasites threaten livestock production. Breeding more resistant hosts could be a sustainable control strategy. Environmental variation linked to animal management practices or to parasite species turnover across farms may however alter the expression of genetic potential. We created sheep lines with high or low resistance to Haemonchus contortus and achieved significant divergence on both phenotypic and genetic scales. We exposed both lines to chronic stress or to the infection by another parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis, to test for genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-parasite species interactions respectively. Between-line divergence remained significant following chronic stress exposure although between-family variation was found. Significant genotype-by-parasite interaction was found although H. contortus-resistant lambs remained more resistant against T. colubriformis. Growth curves were not altered by the selection process although resistant lambs were lighter after the second round of divergence, before any infection took place. Breeding for resistance is a sustainable strategy but allowance needs to be made for environmental perturbations and worm species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Véronique Deiss
- INRAEVetAgro SupUMRHF‐63122 Saint‐Genès‐ChampanelleU. Clermont AuvergneTheixFrance
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4
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Sánchez AL, Bell W, Ponzoni RW. A desired gains approach for the prediction of genetic gain in resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in a multi-trait breeding objective in Uruguayan Merino sheep. J Anim Breed Genet 2021; 138:739-748. [PMID: 34060147 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) constitute a problem in many sheep production systems, including those in Uruguay, causing reduced productivity and increased expenses. The main strategy to control GIN has consisted of the use of anthelmintics. However, GINs have developed resistance to anthelmintics, reducing their effectiveness. Genetic resistance to GINs has been found in flocks of different breeds. To date, there have been no reports about GINs breaking down genetic resistance in sheep. Heritability estimates of resistance to GIN within breeds are generally moderate, so that achieving genetic gain within a flock is possible. In this study, we predicted genetic gain in worm egg count (WEC), an indirect (and generally preferred) criterion of resistance to GIN, following different strategies. A multi-trait breeding objective including wool and meat traits was assumed and genetic gain over 10 years of selection in a Merino flock was estimated. We used a desired gains approach, examining situations in which the economic contribution of genetic gain in resistance to GIN in percentage terms was 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100. Except when the level of infestation with GIN was low, a considerable amount of emphasis had to be placed on selection for low WEC in order to reach the threshold below which the administration of anthelmintics is not required. High emphasis on reducing WEC lead to a reduction in genetic gain in wool and meat traits, or to their deterioration in the extreme case of 100 per cent emphasis on WEC. Given this finding, coupled with the difficulties encountered in accurately recording and selecting for WEC, we concluded that in addition to embarking upon a programme of within flock selection, sheep breeders interested in improving genetic resistance to GIN should also consider using breeding stock identified as superior for both resistance and production traits in across flock genetic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Washington Bell
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl W Ponzoni
- Facultad de Agronomía, Colegio de Posgrados, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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5
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Haehling MB, Cruvinel GG, Toscano JHB, Giraldelo LA, Santos IB, Esteves SN, Benavides MV, Barioni Júnior W, Niciura SCM, Chagas ACS. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus in Brazilian Morada Nova sheep. Vet Parasitol 2020; 279:109053. [PMID: 32109653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major constraint in sheep production. Breeding for resistance has proven to be an effective and feasible approach to address this problem. The use and investigation of genetic markers for resistance traits could accelerate genetic progress and lead to a better understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate if five single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs OAR2_14765360, OAR6_81718546, OAR11_62887032, OAR12_69606944 and OAR15_59871543 are associated with resistance and resilience traits in a flock of the Morada Nova sheep breed. Lambs were submitted to two consecutive parasite challenges by oral infection with 4000 infective larvae L3) of Haemonchus contortus. Fecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume (PVC) and body weight were measured every one or two weeks for 42 days in each trial. DNA samples from 287 lambs, 131 ewes and 4 rams were amplified by ARMS-PCR or PCR-RFLP and genotypes were determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for association analyses between genotypes and phenotypes. In case of significant association, the allele substitution effect was calculated based on a linear model. OAR2_14765360 and OAR12_69606944 were associated with FEC, and OAR12_69606944 also had significant effects on PCV and weight gain, showing favourable associations of the CC genotype with all evaluated traits. Both OAR6_81718546 and OAR11_62887032 were associated with weight gain, and OAR6_81718546 had an additional effect on PCV. OAR15_59871543 was not polymorphic in the population. OAR6_81718546 and OAR12_69606944 presented significant allele substitution effects of -1.06 ± 0.52 kg for the T allele on final body weight and 0.74 ± 0.32 for the C allele in PCV of the same sampling date, respectively. This is the first report of SNPs associated with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in this sheep breed. Our findings support the existence of quantitatice trait loci (QTL) for resistance and resilience in linkage disequilibrium with the polymorphic SNPs and suggest their future use for explorations of these traits in Morada Nova sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marei B Haehling
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giovanna G Cruvinel
- Centro Universitário Central Paulista (UNICEP), Rua Miguel Petroni, 5111, CEP 13563-470, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - João H B Toscano
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Giraldelo
- Centro Universitário Central Paulista (UNICEP), Rua Miguel Petroni, 5111, CEP 13563-470, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella B Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio N Esteves
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - Fazenda Canchim, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda V Benavides
- Embrapa Pecuária Sul, BR 153 Km 633, Vila Industrial, Bagé, RS, Brazil
| | - Waldomiro Barioni Júnior
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - Fazenda Canchim, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C M Niciura
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - Fazenda Canchim, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S Chagas
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - Fazenda Canchim, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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6
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Hollema BL, Bijma P, van der Werf JHJ. Sensitivity of the breeding values for growth rate and worm egg count to environmental worm burden in Australian Merino sheep. J Anim Breed Genet 2018; 135:357-365. [DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baukje L. Hollema
- Animal Breeding and Genetics; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genetics; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Julius H. J. van der Werf
- School of Environmental and Rural Science; University of New England; Armidale NSW Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
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7
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Aguerre S, Jacquiet P, Brodier H, Bournazel J, Grisez C, Prévot F, Michot L, Fidelle F, Astruc J, Moreno C. Resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy sheep: Genetic variability and relevance of artificial infection of nucleus rams to select for resistant ewes on farms. Vet Parasitol 2018; 256:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zvinorova PI, Halimani TE, Muchadeyi FC, Matika O, Riggio V, Dzama K. Breeding for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes - the potential in low-input/output small ruminant production systems. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:19-28. [PMID: 27369571 PMCID: PMC4938797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is mainly based on the use of drugs, grazing management, use of copper oxide wire particles and bioactive forages. Resistance to anthelmintic drugs in small ruminants is documented worldwide. Host genetic resistance to parasites, has been increasingly used as a complementary control strategy, along with the conventional intervention methods mentioned above. Genetic diversity in resistance to GIN has been well studied in experimental and commercial flocks in temperate climates and more developed economies. However, there are very few report outputs from the more extensive low-input/output smallholder systems in developing and emerging countries. Furthermore, results on quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with nematode resistance from various studies have not always been consistent, mainly due to the different nematodes studied, different host breeds, ages, climates, natural infections versus artificial challenges, infection level at sampling periods, among others. The increasing use of genetic markers (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs) in GWAS or the use of whole genome sequence data and a plethora of analytic methods offer the potential to identify loci or regions associated nematode resistance. Genomic selection as a genome-wide level method overcomes the need to identify candidate genes. Benefits in genomic selection are now being realised in dairy cattle and sheep under commercial settings in the more advanced countries. However, despite the commercial benefits of using these tools, there are practical problems associated with incorporating the use of marker-assisted selection or genomic selection in low-input/output smallholder farming systems breeding schemes. Unlike anthelmintic resistance, there is no empirical evidence suggesting that nematodes will evolve rapidly in response to resistant hosts. The strategy of nematode control has evolved to a more practical manipulation of host-parasite equilibrium in grazing systems by implementation of various strategies, in which improvement of genetic resistance of small ruminant should be included. Therefore, selection for resistant hosts can be considered as one of the sustainable control strategy, although it will be most effective when used to complement other control strategies such as grazing management and improving efficiency of anthelmintics currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Zvinorova
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Para-clinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - T E Halimani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - F C Muchadeyi
- Biotechnology Platform, Agriculture Research Council Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - O Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK.
| | - V Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK.
| | - K Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Kearney PE, Murray PJ, Hoy JM, Hohenhaus M, Kotze A. The 'Toolbox' of strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus in goats: What's in and what's out. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:93-107. [PMID: 26995728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic and innovative approach to managing the blood-consuming nematode Haemonchus contortus in goats is critical to crack dependence on veterinary anthelmintics. H. contortus management strategies have been the subject of intense research for decades, and must be selected to create a tailored, individualized program for goat farms. Through the selection and combination of strategies from the Toolbox, an effective management program for H. contortus can be designed according to the unique conditions of each particular farm. This Toolbox investigates strategies including vaccines, bioactive forages, pasture/grazing management, behavioural management, natural immunity, FAMACHA, Refugia and strategic drenching, mineral/vitamin supplementation, copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWPs), breeding and selection/selecting resistant and resilient individuals, biological control and anthelmintic drugs. Barbervax(®), the ground-breaking Haemonchus vaccine developed and currently commercially available on a pilot scale for sheep, is prime for trialling in goats and would be an invaluable inclusion to this Toolbox. The specialised behaviours of goats, specifically their preferences to browse a variety of plants and accompanying physiological adaptations to the consumption of secondary compounds contained in browse, have long been unappreciated and thus overlooked as a valuable, sustainable strategy for Haemonchus management. These strategies are discussed in this review as to their value for inclusion into the 'Toolbox' currently, and the future implications of ongoing research for goat producers. Combining and manipulating strategies such as browsing behaviour, pasture management, bioactive forages and identifying and treating individual animals for haemonchosis, in addition to continuous evaluation of strategy effectiveness, is conducted using a model farm scenario. Selecting strategies from the Toolbox, with regard to their current availability, feasibility, economical cost and potential ease of implementation depending on the systems of production and their complementary nature, is the future of managing H. contortus in farmed goats internationally and maintaining the remaining efficacy of veterinary anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kearney
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia.
| | - P J Murray
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Hoy
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - M Hohenhaus
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kotze
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia; CSIRO, Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Current status for gastrointestinal nematode diagnosis in small ruminants: where are we and where are we going? J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:210350. [PMID: 25258718 PMCID: PMC4166451 DOI: 10.1155/2014/210350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites pose a significant economic burden particularly in small ruminant production systems. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious concern to the effective control of GIN parasites and has fuelled the focus to design and promote sustainable control of practices of parasite control. Many facets of sustainable GIN parasite control programs rely on the ability to diagnose infection both qualitatively and quantitatively. Diagnostics are required to determine anthelmintic efficacies, for targeted treatment programs and selection of animals for parasite resistant breeding. This review describes much of the research investigated to date to improve the current diagnostic for the above practices which is based on counting the number of parasite eggs in faeces.
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11
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Hayward AD, Garnier R, Watt KA, Pilkington JG, Grenfell BT, Matthews JB, Pemberton JM, Nussey DH, Graham AL. Heritable, Heterogeneous, and Costly Resistance of Sheep against Nematodes and Potential Feedbacks to Epidemiological Dynamics. Am Nat 2014; 184 Suppl 1:S58-76. [DOI: 10.1086/676929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Idika IK, Chiejina SN, Mhomga LI, Nnadi PA, Ngongeh LA. Correlates of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection in Nigerian West African dwarf sheep. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:529-32. [PMID: 22647814 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate correlates of resistance to GI nematode infection in Nigerian West African dwarf (WAD) sheep. METHODS Thirty three sheep were randomly assigned to two groups, A (n=27) which were used for experimental infections, and B (n=6) which served as uninfected control. Each infected animal received weekly escalating infections with infective larvae (60%Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) and 40%Trichostrongylus colubriformis (T. colubriformis) for 4 weeks. The responses of all the infected and control sheep were assessed by faecal egg count (FEC), worm burden (Wb), packed cell volume (PCV), body weight (Bwt), and body condition score (BCS). On the basis of their individual faecal egg output, Lambs in group A with epg ≤1,000 on any sampling day were classified as low faecal egg count (LFEC) phenotype (n=16), those with epg between 1,000 and 10,000 as intermediate (n=5) and lambs with epg > 10,000 as high feacal egg count (HFEC) phenotype (n=6). RESULTS The difference between the FEC classes was highly significant (P=0.001). The BCS and weight gained at the end of the experiment by the control and LFEC sheep was significantly higher (P≤0.05) than those of the intermediate and HFEC phenotypes. There was a significant and negative correlation between the parasitological measures and the trio of BCS, PCV and Bwt of sheep. CONCLUSION The result of the study indicated that the FEC, weight gain, PCV, and BCS are correlates and potential selection criteria of GI nematode resistant WAD sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Idika
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
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13
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Silva B, Bassetto C, Shaw R, Canavessi A, Amarante A. Parasitism by Oestrus ovis: Influence of sheep breed and nematode infections. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:437-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Possibilities to breed for resistance to nematode parasite infections in small ruminants in tropical production systems. Animal 2012; 6:741-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Small ruminant resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes: a case of Haemonchus contortus. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1483-500. [PMID: 21842390 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are a common constraint to small ruminant industry throughout the world, and among those, haemonchosis has its own significance. Control of GIN primarily relies on the use of anthelmintics, but this approach has become less reliable due to the development of resistance in GINs against commonly used anthelmintics and an increased consumer demand for environmentally friendly animal products. These issues have stimulated investigations to find alternative sustainable control strategies, which are less reliant on anthelmintic input. One of such strategies is breeding of small ruminants for their resistance to the GINs. The susceptibility and resistance of animals to GIN infections varies within and between breeds. Various parasitological, biochemical and immunological parameters are employed to evaluate natural resistance status of animals both in natural pasture and artificial infections. The immune mechanisms responsible for resistance are not completely understood, but it has a significant effect in inherited resistance. Relatively resistant or tolerant animals show better local and generalised immune response as compared to susceptible. Immune response against GINs is influenced by many physiological factors. Determination of specific genes linked with host resistance will provide a valuable approach to find out the molecular mechanism of host resistance to GINs. Resistance has been reported to reduce pasture contamination, which in turn reduces re-infection and thus the requirement of the frequent anthelmintic treatments. The efficiency of control can be increased through objective and accurate identification of genetically tolerant individuals by natural and artificial infections with GINs. Complete resistance is the ultimate solution, but this has generally been ignored as a commercial reality. This paper reviews the published reports on natural resistance in small ruminants and discusses the prospects of developing small ruminants, which could be resistant to GINs.
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HAYWARD AD, WILSON AJ, PILKINGTON JG, CLUTTON-BROCK TH, PEMBERTON JM, KRUUK LEB. Natural selection on a measure of parasite resistance varies across ages and environmental conditions in a wild mammal. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1664-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Piedrafita D, Raadsma HW, Gonzalez J, Meeusen E. Increased production through parasite control: can ancient breeds of sheep teach us new lessons? Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mirkena T, Duguma G, Haile A, Tibbo M, Okeyo A, Wurzinger M, Sölkner J. Genetics of adaptation in domestic farm animals: A review. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Detection of quantitative trait loci for internal parasite resistance in sheep. I. Linkage analysis in a Romney×Merino sheep backcross population. Parasitology 2010; 137:1275-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201000020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThis study aimed to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) that significantly affect internal parasite resistance in a backcross sheep population. A Romney×Merino backcross (to Merino) flock was challenged in 3 separate infections withTrichostrongylus colubriformis(primary and secondary) andHaemonchus contortus(tertiary). Haematological parameters were measured and faecal worm egg counts (FWEC) were established to estimate parasite burden. QTL mapping was conducted for FWEC and for the changes in haematocrit followingH. contortuschallenge and in eosinophil numbers followingT. colubriformischallenge. Animals were genotyped for 55 microsatellite markers on selected chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 11, 13, 15, 21, and 22. Four putative quantitative trait loci were found; these being for eosinophil change in the primary infection (OAR 21), for FWEC in the first infection and eosinophil change in the secondary infection (OAR 3) and for FWEC in the secondary infection (OAR 22). No significant quantitative trait loci were detected for FWEC or haematocrit change during theHaemonchus contortusinfection. The position of the putative quantitative trait loci for eosinophil change on OAR 3 is consistent with other reports of parasite resistance quantitative trait loci, implying some commonality between studies.
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Genetic variation among lambs in peripheral IgE activity against the larval stages ofTeladorsagia circumcincta. Parasitology 2010; 137:1249-60. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIgA and IgE activity againstTeladorsagia circumcinctawas investigated in a flock of Texel lambs following natural, mixed nematode infection among lambs. The distribution of IgA activity was similar to a gamma distribution whereas IgE activity was different. Box-Cox analysis demonstrated that X0·25was a suitable transformation to normalise IgE responses. The transformed IgE activity was under moderate to strong genetic control. Nine different allergens were identified by proteomic analysis. Tropomyosin was selected for further analysis. IgE activity against tropomyosin was moderately heritable and associated with decreased egg counts and with reduced body weight at the time of sampling.
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Carta A, Casu S, Salaris S. Invited review: Current state of genetic improvement in dairy sheep. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5814-33. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pullan RL, Bethony JM, Geiger SM, Correa-Oliveira R, Brooker S, Quinnell RJ. Human helminth co-infection: no evidence of common genetic control of hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in a Brazilian community. Int J Parasitol 2009; 40:299-306. [PMID: 19699204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Strong statistical associations between soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomes are frequently observed in co-endemic human populations, although the underlying explanations remain poorly understood. This study investigates the contribution of host genetics and domestic environment to hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity and evaluates the role of genetic and non-genetic factors in co-variation of infection intensity. Detailed genealogical information allowed assignment of 1303 individuals living in the Brazilian community of Americaninhas, Minas Gerais state, to 25 pedigrees (containing between two and 1159 members) residing in 303 households. The prevalence of co-infection with both hookworms and schistosomes was high (38.5%), with significant correlation between Necator americanus and S. mansoni faecal egg counts. Bivariate variance component analysis demonstrated a modest but significant species-specific heritability for intensity of N. americanus (h(2)=0.196) and S. mansoni infection (h(2)=0.230). However, after accounting for demographic, socio-economic and household risk factors, no evidence for common genetic control of intensity of hookworm and schistosome infection was observed. There was some evidence for residual clustering within households but the majority (63%) of the covariance between N. americanus and S. mansoni infection intensity remained specific to the individual and could not be explained by shared genes, shared environment or other shared demographic, socio-economic or environmental risk factors. Our results emphasize the importance of exposure to hookworm and schistosome infection in driving the association between levels of infection with these species in hosts resident in areas of high transmission and suggest that much of this common exposure occurs outside the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Pullan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Abstract
Aggregated distributions of macroparasites within their host populations are characteristic of most natural and experimental infections. We designed this study to measure the amount of variation that is attributable to host genetic factors in a pig-helminth system. In total, 195 piglets were produced after artificial insemination of 19 sows (Danish Landrace-Yorkshire crossbreds) with semen selected from 13 individual Duroc boars (1 or 2 sows per boar; mean litter size: 10.3; 5-14 piglets per litter). Starting at 10 weeks of age, piglets were repeatedly infected with the gastrointestinal helminths Trichuris suis and Ascaris suum by administering eggs in the feed for 14 weeks until necropsy. Faecal egg counts (FECs) were estimated regularly and A. suum worm burden was obtained at necropsy. Heritability calculations for log (FEC+1) at weeks 7-10 post-infection (p.i.) showed that 0.32-0.73 of the phenotypic variation for T. suis could be attributed to genetic factors. For A. suum, heritabilities of 0.29-0.31 were estimated for log (FEC+1) at weeks 7-14 p.i., whereas the heritability of log worm counts was 0.45. Strong positive genetic correlations (0.75-0.89) between T. suis and A. suum FECs suggest that resistance to both infections involves regulation by overlapping genes. Our data demonstrate that there is a strong genetic component in resistance to A. suum and T. suis infections in pigs. Identification of responsible genes would enhance our understanding of the host immune response to these common nematodes and for the closely related species (T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides) in man infecting more than a billion people.
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Wolf B, Howells K, Nakielny C, Haresign W, Lewis R, Davies O, Davies M. Genetic parameters for strongyle and Nematodirus faecal egg counts in lambs and their relationships with performance traits. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Keane OM, Dodds KG, Crawford AM, McEwan JC. Transcriptional profiling of Ovis aries identifies Ovar-DQA1 allele frequency differences between nematode-resistant and susceptible selection lines. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:253-61. [PMID: 17488886 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00273.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major cause of disease in grazing livestock; however, individual animals differ in their response to infection. To identify genes whose expression correlates with resistance status, transcriptional profiling of resistant and susceptible sheep was undertaken. Transcription profiles were taken at three time points during the growth of lambs. The number of genes differentially expressed increased as animals were exposed to longer nematode challenge. Almost 300 genes, with a variety of functions, were differentially expressed overall, although genes more highly expressed in resistant animals typically had major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, free radical scavenging or smooth muscle-specific functions. The Ovar-DQA1 gene was 8.4-fold more highly expressed in resistant animals. This was due in part to a higher frequency of DQA1 null alleles in susceptible animals. The null allele of DQA1 was also associated with susceptibility in a separate selection flock, presenting the hypothesis that failure to present parasite antigens to immune cells led to nematode susceptibility. To test this hypothesis, commercial rams from three breeds were genotyped for the null allele of DQA1. The homozygous null allele was associated with susceptibility in only one of the three breeds tested indicating that the null allele does not cause susceptibility to intestinal parasites per se but is probably in linkage disequilibrium with additional polymorphisms in the MHC region. A combination of these polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility in some populations. The extent of linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms may vary from breed to breed or population to population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla M Keane
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Behnke JM, Chiejina SN, Musongong GA, Fakae BB, Ezeokonkwo RC, Nnadi PA, Ngongeh LA, Jean EN, Wakelin D. Naturally occurring variability in some phenotypic markers and correlates of haemonchotolerance in West African Dwarf goats in a subhumid zone of Nigeria. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:107-21. [PMID: 16764992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
West African Dwarf (WAD) goats of the Nigerian subhumid zone generally show strong resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus in laboratory experiments, although a relatively small proportion are susceptible to infection. Little is known about these extremes of response phenotype in nature. Therefore, a survey was carried out of gastrointestinal nematode infections in WAD goats, with emphasis on abomasal worms, at three goat markets in Southern Nigeria during the rainy season. Faecal samples (n=1070) were collected weekly from goats between April and September, and 352 abomasa and small intestines from local abattoirs were examined. Total strongyle (prevalence=65.0%) and H. contortus (prevalence=64.3%) faecal egg counts (FEC) varied between the three markets, being highest throughout at Opi. FEC increased from April to peak in August. Based on raw FEC, 76.1% of goats had FEC of <100, and 4.7%>500. Adjustment of these figures for monthly and between-market differences, gave figures of 78.8 and 3.4%, respectively. H. contortus worm burdens (WB) showed a similar pattern with 67.9% of goats harbouring <200 worms and 8.2% >1000, and after adjustment 69.6 and 6.0%, respectively. Fecundity, based on eggs in the uterus, did not vary between markets or monthly, but fell with increasing WB. Trichostrongylus colubriformis was less frequent (prevalence=42.4%) but goats from Opi also carried higher WB, and worms were similarly highly aggregated in hosts. When the between-market and monthly differences for both species were controlled, a highly significant positive correlation between the species emerged. Therefore, although a small subset of goats, highly susceptible to H. contortus, exists in this breed, the majority show resistance under field conditions and the resistant phenotype is also resistant to T. colubriformis. Both species are highly aggregated in the susceptible subset of the population. While, we cannot yet exclude alternative explanations, our data are compatible with a strong genetic basis for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Behnke
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
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Sayers G, Sweeney T. Gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep--a review of the alternatives to anthelmintics in parasite control. Anim Health Res Rev 2006; 6:159-71. [PMID: 16583780 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to curb production losses caused by nematode parasitism in sheep have led to the development of a number of control methods to complement or replace anthelmintics. The need for alternative control measures stems from the emergence of anthelmintic-resistant parasitic nematodes with reports of multi-class resistance to these drugs now emerging. A number of these control methods such as predacious microfungi, protein supplementation, plant extracts in feed and vaccines have demonstrated potential to control infection but require development and examination under natural conditions. Breeding for natural resistance to nematode infection has already shown success in controlling the disease under natural conditions. Selection for resistance is currently based on fecal egg count measurements but identification of genetic indicators of resistance will provide a more efficient method of selection. Current quantitative trait loci for nematode resistance include the MHC genes, interferon gamma gene, IgE gene and microsatellites on chromosome 1, 5 and 6. This paper reviews the current alternatives to anthelmintics to control infection, with an emphasis on breeding for host resistance and identification of genetic indicators of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sayers
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Keane OM, Zadissa A, Wilson T, Hyndman DL, Greer GJ, Baird DB, McCulloch AF, Crawford AM, McEwan JC. Gene expression profiling of naïve sheep genetically resistant and susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:42. [PMID: 16515715 PMCID: PMC1450279 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal nematodes constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in grazing ruminants. Individual animals or breeds, however, are known to differ in their resistance to infection. Gene expression profiling allows us to examine large numbers of transcripts simultaneously in order to identify those transcripts that contribute to an animal's susceptibility or resistance. RESULTS With the goal of identifying genes with a differential pattern of expression between sheep genetically resistant and susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes, a 20,000 spot ovine cDNA microarray was constructed. This array was used to interrogate the expression of 9,238 known genes in duodenum tissue of four resistant and four susceptible female lambs. Naïve animals were used in order to look at genes that were differentially expressed in the absence of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. Forty one unique known genes were identified that were differentially expressed between the resistant and susceptible animals. Northern blotting of a selection of the genes confirmed differential expression. The differentially expressed genes had a variety of functions, although many genes relating to the stress response and response to stimulus were more highly expressed in the susceptible animals. CONCLUSION We have constructed the first reported ovine microarray and used this array to examine gene expression in lambs genetically resistant and susceptible to gastrointestinal nematode infection. This study indicates that susceptible animals appear to be generating a hyper-sensitive immune response to non-nematode challenges. The gastrointestinal tract of susceptible animals is therefore under stress and compromised even in the absence of gastrointestinal nematodes. These factors may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla M Keane
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amonida Zadissa
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Theresa Wilson
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dianne L Hyndman
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Gordon J Greer
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - John C McEwan
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
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