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Fa Z, Shuaiyi H, Boonmee S, Wen X, Xiaoyan Y. Urea regulates soil nematode population by enhancing the nematode-trapping ability of nematode-trapping fungi. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14296. [PMID: 38906980 PMCID: PMC11192960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant animal in the soil, nematodes are directly or indirectly involved in almost all soil ecological processes. Studying soil nematode population regulation is essential to understanding soil ecological processes. This study found urea combines nematode-trapping fungi to regulate the population of soil nematodes. In soil, compared with no urea, adding 0.2 mg/mL urea after applying Arthrobotrys oligospora and Dactylellina ellipsospora reduced the number of nematodes by 34.7% and 31.7%. Further, the mechanism of urea couple nematode-trapping fungi to regulate the nematode population was explored in the medium environment. The results showed that the addition of 0.2 mg/ml urea accelerated the trap formation of A. oligospora and D. ellipsosporas by 50% and 46.5%, and increased the yield of traps of A. oligospora and D. ellipsosporas by 39.5% and 40.6%, thus, the predatory efficiency of A. oligospora and D. ellipsospora on nematodes was increased by 34.2% and 32.7%. In conclusion, urea regulates the predation ability of A. oligospora and D. ellipsosporas to regulate the soil nematode population. This study deepens the understanding of the regulatory pathways of the soil nematodes but also provides a potential new strategy for harmful nematode bio-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Fa
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Huang Shuaiyi
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Saranyaphat Boonmee
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Xiao Wen
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan State Education Department On Er'hai Lake Basin Protection and the Sustainable Development Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers From Dali University, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primates Conservation, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Xiaoyan
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan State Education Department On Er'hai Lake Basin Protection and the Sustainable Development Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers From Dali University, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
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Boughton CJ, Lancaster LT, Morgan ER. Biotic interactions in soil and dung shape parasite transmission in temperate ruminant systems: An integrative framework. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2956. [PMID: 38426805 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth parasites undergo part of their life cycle outside their host, such that developmental stages interact with the soil and dung fauna. These interactions are capable of affecting parasite transmission on pastures yet are generally ignored in current models, empirical studies and practical management. Dominant methods of parasite control, which rely on anthelmintic medications for livestock, are becoming increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasite populations. Furthermore, consumer and regulatory pressure on decreased chemical use in agriculture and the consequential disruption of biological processes in the dung through nontarget effects exacerbates issues with anthelmintic reliance. This presents a need for the application and enhancement of nature-based solutions and biocontrol methods. However, successfully harnessing these options relies on advanced understanding of the ecological system and interacting effects among biotic factors and with immature parasite stages. Here, we develop a framework linking three key groups of dung and soil fauna-fungi, earthworms, and dung beetles-with each other and developmental stages of helminths parasitic in farmed cattle, sheep, and goats in temperate grazing systems. We populate this framework from existing published studies and highlight the interplay between faunal groups and documented ecological outcomes. Of 1756 papers addressing abiotic drivers of populations of these organisms and helminth parasites, only 112 considered interactions between taxa and 36 presented data on interactions between more than two taxonomic groups. Results suggest that fungi reduce parasite abundance and earthworms may enhance fungal communities, while competition between dung taxa may reduce their individual effect on parasite transmission. Dung beetles were found to impact fungal populations and parasite transmission variably, possibly tied to the prevailing climate within a specific ecological context. By exploring combinations of biotic factors, we consider how interactions between species may be fundamental to the ecological consequences of biocontrol strategies and nontarget impacts of anthelmintics on dung and soil fauna and how pasture management alterations to promote invertebrates might help limit parasite transmission. With further development and parameterization the framework could be applied quantitatively to guide, prioritize, and interpret hypothesis-driven experiments and integrate biotic factors into established models of parasite transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Charlier J, Bartley DJ, Sotiraki S, Martinez-Valladares M, Claerebout E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Thamsborg SM, Hoste H, Morgan ER, Rinaldi L. Anthelmintic resistance in ruminants: challenges and solutions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 115:171-227. [PMID: 35249662 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a growing concern for effective parasite control in farmed ruminants globally. Combatting AR will require intensified and integrated research efforts in the development of innovative diagnostic tests to detect helminth infections and AR, sustainable anthelmintic treatment strategies and the development of complementary control approaches such as vaccination and plant-based control. It will also require a better understanding of socio-economic drivers of anthelmintic treatment decisions, in order to support a behavioural shift and develop targeted communication strategies that promote the uptake of evidence-based sustainable solutions. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in these different fields of research activity related to AR in helminths of livestock ruminants in Europe and beyond. We conclude that in the advent of new challenges and solutions emerging from continuing spread of AR and intensified research efforts, respectively, there is a strong need for transnational multi-actor initiatives. These should involve all key stakeholders to develop indicators of infection and sustainable control, set targets and promote good practices to achieve them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, León, Spain
| | - E Claerebout
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Veterinary Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - H Hoste
- INRAE, UMR 1225 IHAP INRAE/ENVT, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, Napoli, Italy.
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In vitro efficacy of different concentrations of Duddingtonia flagrans on varying egg densities of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Exp Parasitol 2021; 230:108156. [PMID: 34534535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, used for the biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock, is fed to infected animals so its chlamydospores and the parasite eggs are voided together with faeces where the fungus preys on nematode larvae, thus reducing pasture infectivity. The number of chlamydospores needed for the fungus to be efficient in the presence of a wide range in numbers of parasitic eggs is largely unknown and a matter of discussion. The aim of this study was to determine the fungal efficacy of four different chlamydospore concentrations against three different levels of cattle faecal egg counts. Fungal concentrations of 11000, 6250, 3000 and 1000 chlamydospores/gram of faeces (cpg) were added to cultures containing 840, 480 or 100 eggs/gram of faeces (epg). After 14 days of incubation, the efficacy of D. flagrans, in decreasing order of chlamydospore concentrations, ranged from 100% (P < 0.0001) to 77% (P > 0.0999) in the 100 epg groups; 100% (P < 0.0001) to 92% (P = 0.4625) in the 480 epg groups and 100% (P < 0.0001) to 96% (P = 0.7081) in the 840 epg groups. The results indicate that the numbers of eggs in cattle faeces were not a determining factor on the fungal efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, de Lourdes Bastos M, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kos Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Rychen G, Wallace J, Galobart J, Innocenti ML, Brozzi R, Saarela M. Safety and efficacy of BioWorma ® ( Duddingtonia flagrans NCIMB 30336) as a feed additive for all grazing animals. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06208. [PMID: 32714465 PMCID: PMC7376537 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of BioWorma® (Duddingtonia flagrans NCIMB 30336) when used as a zootechnical feed additive for all grazing animals. Duddingtonia flagrans belongs to a group of nematophagous fungi that physically entrap nematodes through an adhesive hyphal net. The additive contains the fungus in the form of chlamydospores and is intended to control pathogenic nematodes on pasture, with subsequent benefits for grazing animals. No conclusions could be drawn on the safety for the target species due to lack of data. ■■■■■ As it is not possible to exclude the presence of secondary metabolites (other than flagranones) produced during fermentation and their potential carry-over into animal products, safety for the consumer could not be established. The Panel concluded that the additive is not irritant to skin and eyes but is irritant to the respiratory tract and a respiratory sensitiser. No conclusion could be drawn on its skin sensitisation potential. Since D. flagrans is a naturally inhabiting soil organism of world-wide distribution, the Panel considered that use of an additive based on this organism does not pose a risk for the environment under the intended conditions of use. The strain under application reduced the number of parasitic nematodes on pasture to the benefit of grazing animals when used at the recommended application rate of 3 × 104 chlamydospores/kg bodyweight and day.
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Canhão-Dias M, Paz-Silva A, Madeira de Carvalho LM. The efficacy of predatory fungi on the control of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic and wild animals-A systematic review. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109173. [PMID: 32634679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal parasites like nematodes are associated with significant impacts on animal health, causing poor growth rates, diseases and even death. Traditional parasite control includes the use of anthelmintic drugs, albeit being associated with drug resistance and ecotoxicity. In the last decade, biological control of parasites using nematophagous or predatory fungi has been increasingly studied, although systematic evidence of its efficacy is still lacking. The aim of this work was to assess the evidence of efficacy of nematophagous fungi in the control of nematodes and other gastrointestinal parasites in different animal species. METHODS Using the PICO method (Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes), we performed a systematic review on the subject to search for original papers published between January 2006 and October 2019, written in English, and indexed in PubMed/Medline. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used in the syntax. Papers were selected for detailed review based on title and abstract. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and relevant data were collected from the remaining papers. RESULTS The literature search retrieved 616 papers. Eighty-nine were submitted to a detailed review. In the end, 53 papers were included in the analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, using different fungi, doses, frequency of administration, duration of treatment, host animals, and target parasites. Considering the 53 papers, 44 studies (83 % of the interventions) showed efficacy, with only 9 studies (17 %) showing no significant differences when compared to control. CONCLUSION With the increasing hazards of drug resistance and ecotoxicity, biological control with predatory fungi stands out as a good tool for future parasite management, whether as a complementary treatment or as an alternative to standard parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Canhão-Dias
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Paz-Silva
- Control of Parasites Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - L M Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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da Silveira WF, Braga FR, de Oliveira Tavela A, dos Santos LF, Domingues RR, Aguiar AR, Ferraz CM, de Carvalho LM, de Hollanda Ayupe T, Zanuncio JC, de Araújo JV. Nematophagous fungi combinations reduce free-living stages of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in the field. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 150:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tariq KA. A Review of the Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections of Small Ruminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-014-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium in the biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in female bovines bred in the semiarid region. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:101-6. [PMID: 24477840 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brazil has a herd of 212 million cattle and 171 million hectares of pastures that produce approximately 96 % of Brazilian beef. The Brazilian production system enables animal infection by endoparasites, which are considered one of the main obstacles for the development of this industry and are responsible for considerable economic losses. The control of parasitic diseases is performed via the administration of antiparasitic drugs, but they leave residues of the products in the treated animal, affect non-target organisms and select resistant strains of the parasites. The species D. flagrans and M. thaumasium are promising and sustainable alternatives for controlling gastrointestinal helminths of ruminants and other herbivores. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of isolates of these species, formulated in a sodium alginate matrix and administered twice a week, to reduce the number of environmental infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes that affect prepubescent zebu females. The treated animals presented fewer eggs and a lower number of infective larvae per gram of faeces (p < 0.05). The pastures occupied by treated animals showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the number of L3 and, furthermore, the genera Cooperia sp., Haemonchus sp., and Oesophagostomum sp. were the most prevalent. The average weight of the animals did not differ statistically (p > 0.05) among the treated and control groups. The use of sodium alginate pellets as vehicle for delivery of the fungus mycelia D. flagrans (isolate AC001) and M. thaumasium (isolate NF34A) proved effective in controlling trichostrongylids in prepubescent cows bred in the semi-arid region, with an effective reduction in the number of infective larvae in the pastures.
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