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Fonseca JDS, Valverde HA, Barbosa BB, Santos HA, de Araújo JV. Assessing the applications and efficacy of using helminthophagous fungi to control canine gastrointestinal parasites. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107180. [PMID: 38499132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Helminths are a major challenge in dog breeding, particularly affecting young animals and posing a significant zoonotic risk. The widespread use of anthelmintics to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections in companion animals is common. However, these chemical products generate residues that can have adverse effects on animal, human and environmental health. In addition to the challenge of parasite resistance to treatment, there is an urgent need to explore and discuss complementary and sustainable methods of controlling helminthiases in these animals. In this context, nematophagous or helminthophagous fungi have emerged as a potential tool for the control of environmental forms of helminths. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of these fungi in the control of free-living forms of helminth parasites in companion animals by highlighting the research that has been conducted for this purpose. In vitro experiments demonstrated the efficacy of fungi like Pochonia chlamydosporia, Arthrobotrys robusta, and Monacrosporium thaumasium in trapping and reducing helminth infective forms. These findings, along with soil contamination studies, suggest the feasibility of using helminthophagous fungi as a sustainable and effective strategy for environmental control. The current literature supports the potential of these fungi as an environmentally friendly solution for managing helminthiasis in dogs, benefiting both animal health and public welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Dos Santos Fonseca
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Beatriz Bacelar Barbosa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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2
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da Silva AT, de Souza DC, de Souza SA, de Souza Alves JC, Dias ES, Aguilar-Marcelino L, de Freitas Soares FE. Linking the protease activity to the nematicidal action of edible mushroom. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:170. [PMID: 38630319 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Biological control using edible mushrooms as natural enemies is a sustainable alternative for pest management. Despite the well-established literature on toxins and secondary metabolites produced by these fungi in the biochemical control of nematodes, the nematicidal activity of proteases from different Pleurotus species is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate protease to the nematicidal activity of different mushrooms, Pleurotus sp., P. ostreatus (SB), P. ostreatus (Pearl), and P. djamor. For such a purpose, we performed motility assays of Panagrellus sp. at different time intervals, 6, 12, and 24 h for each of the mushrooms. In addition, the protease activity was measured using different pH (5, 7, and 9) and fermentation time intervals (45 and 75 days). Furthermore, we also evaluated the effect of this cell-free extract on Panagrellus sp. In response to these experiments, all edible mushrooms showed a reduction over 82% for the nematode-feeding activity (p < 0.01). The cell-free crude extract of each of the fungi studied showed nematocidal activity (p < 0.01). For the 45-day fermentation, P. djamor exhibited statistical significance (p < 0.01) compared with the others, reaching a reduction percentage of 73%. For the 75-day fermentation, Pleurotus sp. and P. ostreatus (Pearl) showed significant differences compared with the other fungi (p < 0.01), with reduction percentages of 64 and 62%, respectively. Herein, protease activity was associated with the nematicidal action of different Pleurotus species in controlling Panagrellus sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Toledo da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Debora Castro de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Stefany Amorim de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | | | - Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
- Centro Nacional de Investigação Disciplinar em Saúde e Segurança Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Florestal, Agrícola e Pecuária (INIFAP), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.
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3
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Hao L, Guo Y, Wang X, Gao M, Liu T, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang R, You X. Preparation and application of biocontrol formulation of nematode-trapping fungus-Duddingtonia flagrans. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110119. [PMID: 38262173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The use of nematophagous fungi as a biological control strategy for parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in livestock holds promise as an innovative alternative approach. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a lyophilized Duddingtonia flagrans preparation, utilized in association with the anthelmintics ivermectin or albendazole, to control GINs in Tibetan sheep on a farm based in Qinghai Province. The experimental design included five groups: D. flagrans lyophilized preparation group; D. flagrans+ ivermectin combination tablets treatment group (0.6 tablets for each 10 kg b.w. containing 106 chlamydospores of D. flagrans); D. flagrans+ albendazole combination capsules treatment group (5 capsules for each 10 kg b.w. containing 106 chlamydospores of D. flagrans); ivermectin group (0.2 mg/kg); albendazole group (15 mg/kg), and a control group; The effect of these strategies was evaluated through the analysis of feces collected directly from the animals in each group at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h,96 h and 120 h after administration, by estimating the counts of fecal egg count reduction percentage (FECR) and larval development reduction percentage (LDR). The combination of D. flagrans lyophilized preparation with either ivermectin or albendazole yielded fecal egg and larval reduction rates of up to 100% within 72 h after oral administration, outperforming the groups treated with a single anthelmintic. Moreover, the application of the lyophilized preparation of D. flagrans chlamydospores in isolation demonstrated an 89.8% larval reduction rate. The formulation containing D. flagrans showed high predatory capacity after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and was effective for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes, which greatly reduced the pollution of the grassland, and avoid reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Vocational and Technical College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Karakqin Banner, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjuan Gao
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Karakqin Banner, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghai Liu
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xihuo You
- Agrichina Pharmaceutical Co.,ltd., Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Khan A, Haris M, Hussain T, Khan AA, Laasli SE, Lahlali R, Mokrini F. Counter-attack of biocontrol agents: Environmentally benign Approaches against Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Agricultural crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21653. [PMID: 37954375 PMCID: PMC10632526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices viz., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes viz., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA-Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
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Jaramillo-Tlalapango J, Mendoza-de Gives P, Isabel-Higuera-Piedrahita R, Ocampo-Gutiérrez AY, Eugenia-López-Arellano M, Pérez-Anzúrez G, Olmedo-Juárez A, Hernández-Romano J, Maza-Lopez J, Delgado-Núñez EJ, González-Cortázar M. Study of a Mexican isolate of Arthrobotrys musiformis (Orbiliales): Predatory behavior and nematocidal activity of liquid culture filtrates against Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae), protein profile and myco-constituent groups. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1345-1361. [PMID: 37993246 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A Mexican isolate of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys musiformis was obtained from a soil sample from the Chapultepec ecological reserve zone, in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. This isolate demonstrated an important predatory activity (74.9%) against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (L3) and its fungal liquid culture filtrates (LCF) grown in two media showed the following highest nematocidal activities (NA): In Czapek-DoxBroth (CzDoxB) 80.66% and potato-dextrose broth (PDB) 49.84%. Additionally, two major compounds derived from carboxylic acids and two derivates from alkane group were identified by GC-MS. These compounds have been associated to many biological activities. On the other hand, the protein profile analysis by SDS-electrophoresis followed by a zymogram revealed a 10 kDa protein with protease activity. This study provides important information for future experiments focused to explore the potential use of this protein as well as the identified bioactive compounds presents in the LCF as potential candidates against sheep haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jaramillo-Tlalapango
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico; Department of Research, Polytechnic University of Morelos State (UPEMOR), Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Colonia Lomas del Texcal, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico.
| | | | - Ana Yuridia Ocampo-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico; Faculty of Advanced Studies Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico.
| | - María Eugenia-López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pérez-Anzúrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Romano
- Department of Research, Polytechnic University of Morelos State (UPEMOR), Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Colonia Lomas del Texcal, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia 40040, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortázar
- South Biochemical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina street No. 1, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
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Souza DCD, Silva ACD, Silva ATD, Castro CRDS, Albuquerque LB, Moreira TF, de Araújo JV, Braga FR, Soares FEDF. Compatibility study of Duddingtonia flagrans conidia and its crude proteolytic extract. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110030. [PMID: 37729830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant use of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and its protease-rich crude extract for the in vitro control of Panagrellus sp., Haemonchus spp., and Trichostrongylus spp. The nematicidal tests were carried out on larvae of the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. and infective larvae of the gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of domestic ruminants (Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp). Five experimental groups were set: (1) one control group (G1) and (4) four treated groups -G2 - active crude extract; G3 - denatured crude extract; G4 - fungus, and G5 - fungus + active extract. Plates were incubated at 28 ºC for 24 h followed by the recovery of the larvae using the Baermann technique. The results showed a lower recovery of Panagrellus sp. larvae in the experimental groups compared to the control group, as follows: 52 % (G2), 16 % (G3), 46 % (G4), and 77 % (G5). An even greater reduction (77 ± 5 %) occurred in the group (G5). In addition, the authors observed lower averages of L3 of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. in the experimental groups compared to the control group, as follows: 59 % (G2), 0 % (G3), 86 % (G4), and 76 % (G5). In turn, there was a difference (p < 0.01) between (G5) and (G2). The results this study indicate a positive effect from the compatible use of the D. flagrans fungus and its enzymatic crude extract (protease), which has been demonstrated here for the first time and with potential field applications for further designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Castro de Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil
| | - Adriane Toledo da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioquímica Aplicada, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Laisa Bastos Albuquerque
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago Facury Moreira
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha, Brazil
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Mendes LQ, Ferraz CM, Ribeiro NRC, Ulfeldt KB, Ribeiro JCC, Merizio MF, Rossi GAM, Aguiar AARM, Araújo JVD, Soares FEDF, Vilela VLR, Braga FR. Efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans (Bioverm®) on the biological control of buffalo gastrointestinal nematodes. Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108592. [PMID: 37549824 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of Bioverm®, a commercial product containing Duddingtonia flagrans, on the control of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) gastrointestinal nematodes. We randomly divided 12 buffaloes into two groups of six animals. In the treated group, each animal received a Bioverm®`s single dose of 1g (105 chlamydospores of D. flagrans) to 10 kg of live weight; in the control group, each animal received 1g of corn bran for each 10 kg of live weight as a placebo. Fecal samples were individually collected from 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after treatments. To examine 1) viability of chlamydospores passed through the gastrointestinal tract, 2 g of faeces and 1000 infective larvae (L3) were added to Petri dishes with 2% water-agar, and 2) to examine larval predation by D. flagrans during fecal cultures, 2000 L3 were added. In the Petri dishes, were observed significant reductions (p < 0.01) in the treated group after 48 (56.7%) and 60 h (91.5%). In the fecal cultures, significant reductions (p < 0.01) occurred in the treated group from 36 h (75%), with larval reduction up to 72 h. High larval predation rate occurred 60 h after Bioverm® administration. Bioverm® maintained viability and predation capacity after passage through the buffalo's gastrointestinal tract, showing efficacy on gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanderson Queiroz Mendes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Magri Ferraz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Kim Borja Ulfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Mayara Faneli Merizio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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8
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Altoé LSC, de Araújo Costa E, Tavares GP, Rocha MS, Queiroz JHD, Gonçalves JBC, de Figueiredo SG, de Araújo JV. On the interactions involving serine proteases obtained from Monacrosporium thaumasium (Ascomycota: Orbiliomycetes) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): biological macromolecules in action. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:208. [PMID: 37103635 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of force spectroscopy approaches performed with optical tweezers can be very useful in determining the binding modes and the physical chemistry of DNA interactions with ligands, from small drugs to proteins. Helminthophagous fungi, on the other hand, have important enzyme secretion mechanisms for various purposes, and the interactions between such enzymes and nucleic acids are very poorly studied. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to investigate, at the molecular level, the mechanisms of interaction between fungal serine proteases and the double-stranded (ds) DNA molecule. Experimental assays performed with this single molecule technique consist in exposing different concentrations of the protease of this fungus to dsDNA until saturation while monitoring the changes on the mechanical properties of the macromolecular complexes formed, from where the physical chemistry of the interaction can be deduced. It was found that the protease binds strongly to the double-helix, forming aggregates and changing the persistence length of the DNA molecule. The present work thus allowed us to infer information at the molecular level on the pathogenicity of these proteins, an important class of biological macromolecules, when applied to a target specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethe de Araújo Costa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Santos Rocha
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Humberto de Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Suely Gomes de Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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9
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Ashrafi S, Wennrich JP, Becker Y, Maciá-Vicente JG, Brißke-Rode A, Daub M, Thünen T, Dababat AA, Finckh MR, Stadler M, Maier W. Polydomus karssenii gen. nov. sp. nov. is a dark septate endophyte with a bifunctional lifestyle parasitising eggs of plant parasitic cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). IMA Fungus 2023; 14:6. [PMID: 36998098 PMCID: PMC10064538 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study fungal strains were investigated, which had been isolated from eggs of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, and roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Brassicaceae). The morphology, the interaction with nematodes and plants and the phylogenetic relationships of these strains originating from a broad geographic range covering Western Europe to Asia Minor were studied. Phylogenetic analyses using five genomic loci including ITSrDNA, LSUrDNA, SSUrDNA, rpb2 and tef1-α were carried out. The strains were found to represent a distinct phylogenetic lineage most closely related to Equiseticola and Ophiosphaerella, and Polydomus karssenii (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) is introduced here as a new species representing a monotypic genus. The pathogenicity tests against nematode eggs fulfilled Koch's postulates using in vitro nematode bioassays and showed that the fungus could parasitise its original nematode host H. filipjevi as well as the sugar beet cyst nematode H. schachtii, and colonise cysts and eggs of its hosts by forming highly melanised moniliform hyphae. Light microscopic observations on fungus-root interactions in an axenic system revealed the capacity of the same fungal strain to colonise the roots of wheat and produce melanised hyphae and microsclerotia-like structure typical for dark septate endophytes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy further demonstrated that the fungus colonised the root cells by predominant intercellular growth of hyphae, and frequent formation of appressorium-like as well as penetration peg-like structures through internal cell walls surrounded by callosic papilla-like structures. Different strains of the new fungus produced a nearly identical set of secondary metabolites with various biological activities including nematicidal effects irrespective of their origin from plants or nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ashrafi
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany.
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 58, 38116, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Jan-Peer Wennrich
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Brißke-Rode
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Matthias Daub
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dürener Str. 71, 50189, Elsdorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Thünen
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 58, 38116, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Abdelfattah A Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Emek, P.O. Box 39, 06511, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria R Finckh
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
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Berhanu M, Waktole H, Mamo G, Terefe G. Isolation of nematophagous fungi from soil samples collected from three different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:159. [PMID: 35715731 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of nematophagous fungi exist in nature that can capture and kill nematodes as natural predators of soil-dwelling worms. These are important in agriculture and animal husbandry as biological control agents. The diversity of nematophagous fungi found from soil had not been studied in Ethiopia. Objective This study aimed to isolate Nematophagous Fungi from Soil Samples Collected From three Different Agro-Ecologies of Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted and samples were collected from three different agro-climatic zones of Ethiopia; Debre-Berhan (highland), Bishoftu (mid-altitude), and Awash (lowland). Twenty-seven soil samples were randomly taken from each of the three different agro-ecological climates (9 from each agro-ecological climatic zone). For each study site, samples were collected from the soil of decomposed animal feces/dung, agricultural/farmlands, and forest lands in triplicates. Results The present study disclosed that nematophagous fungi were widespread from the study area. A total of 33 species of nematophagous fungi belonging to four genera, Arthrobotryes, Paecilomyces, Monacrosporium, and Harposporium were identified. Arthrobotrys were the most commonly isolated genera followed by Paecilomyces. The six identified species were Arthrobotrys oligospora, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Arthrobotryes dactyloides, Monacosporum eudermatum, Harposporium helicoides, and Monacosporum cionopagum. Conclusion This study indicated that Arthrobothryes oligospora was the most common species in Bishoftu and Awash whereas. In Debre-Berhan, Paecilomyces lilacinus was the most prevalent species. Monacosporum cionapagum was not isolated from dung soil and agricultural soil whereas Harposporium helicoides and Arthrobothryes dactyloides were not found from dung and forest soil respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02572-4.
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Gives PMD, Rodríguez-Labastida M, Olmedo-Juárez A, Gamboa-Angulo MM, Reyes-Estebanez M. A Nematode Crude Extract Acts as an Elicitor of the Nematocidal Activity of Nematophagous Fungi Liquid Culture Filtrates Against Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:678-686. [PMID: 35013941 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to investigate if culturing nematophagous fungi (NF) in the presence of a Haemonchus contortus larva crude extract (HcCE) enhances the nematocidal activity of nematophagous fungi liquid culture filtrates (NFCF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four NF Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. musiformis, Duddingtonia flagrans and Clonostachys rosea were cultured in flasks (n = 5) containing Czapek-Dox broth medium (CDB) in the presence or absence of HcCE. NFCF recovered by filtration of each fungus (200 mg/mL) were assessed on H. contortus infective larvae (L3) using 96-well micro-titer plates (n = 4). Additionally, CDB and water were considered negative controls, while Ivermectin acted as a positive control. After 48 h confrontation, ten 10-μL aliquots of each well were deposited on slides and observed under the microscope (40 ×). Dead and alive larvae in the aliquots were quantified, and a mortality rate (MR) was estimated. RESULTS The MR of the different NFCF was greatly enhanced by the presence of HcCE. The four NF incubated in the absence of HcCE showed low mortality percentages from 8.2 to 25.8%; in contrast, when the assessed NF growth in the presence of HcCE showed a lethal activity ranging from 66.8 to 80.5%. Only C. rosea showed a moderate increase in the presence of the elicitor (42.7%). CONCLUSION This study shows evidence about the HcCE enhances the production of nematocidal activity in NFCF. Future studies should be performed to elucidate the compounds responsible of the nematocidal activity that could have important implications in the control of sheep haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Unidad de Investigación en Helmintología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Boulevar Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Marilem Rodríguez-Labastida
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación en Helmintología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Boulevar Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Marcela Gamboa-Angulo
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Manuela Reyes-Estebanez
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar S/N Entre Calle 20 y Juan de la Barrera, Col. Buenavista, 24039, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.
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Rodrigues JA, Roque FL, Lima BA, Silva Filho GM, Oliveira CSM, Sousa LC, Silva ALP, Lima EF, Feitosa TF, Braga FR, Araújo JV, Vilela VLR. Control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes on pasture in the tropical semiarid region of Brazil, using Bioverm® (Duddingtonia flagrans). Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:179. [PMID: 35511381 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate a Brazilian commercial formulation of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (Bioverm®) for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep kept on native pasture in the Caatinga biome, in the semiarid region of Brazil. Twenty ewes, aged between 12 and 18 months, were divided into two groups. In the treated group, each animal received 1 g of the Bioverm® product for each 10 kg of live weight, daily, together with commercial feed, for 6 months. In the control group, the animals received feed without Bioverm®. Each group remained throughout the experiment in a 1.2-ha paddock. Monthly counts of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, fecal cultures, packed cell volume (PCV), weight measurements, and collection of leaf mass from the pasture were performed. There was greater reduction in EPG, greater weight gain, and less infestation by infective larvae in the paddock of the Bioverm® group, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in the mean PCV percentage between the Bioverm® and control groups. In coprocultures, Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent helminth. Bioverm® (D. flagrans) was efficient for biological control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in the semiarid region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossiara Abrante Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-UFCG, Patos, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Leonardo Roque
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Brendo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Moreira Silva Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Silva Menezes Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Luana Carneiro Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Luzia Peixoto Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Estefany Ferreira Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ribeiro Braga
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Vila Velha, UVV, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-UFCG, Patos, Paraiba, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil.
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Tapia-Vázquez I, Montoya-Martínez AC, De Los Santos-Villalobos S, Ek-Ramos MJ, Montesinos-Matías R, Martínez-Anaya C. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) a threat to agriculture in Mexico: biology, current control strategies, and perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:26. [PMID: 34989897 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are sedentary parasites of the roots of plants and are considered some of the most damaging pests in agriculture. Since RKN target the root vascular system, they provoke host nutrient deprivation and defective water transport, causing above-ground symptoms of growth stunting, wilting, chlorosis, and reduced crop yields. In Mexico RKN infestations are primarily dealt with by treating with synthetic chemically based nematicides that are preferred by farmers over available bioproducts. However, due to environmental and human health concerns chemical control is increasingly restricted. Biological control of RKNs can help reduce the use of chemical nematicides as it is achieved with antagonistic organisms, mainly bacteria, fungi, other nematodes, or consortia of diverse microorganisms, which control nematodes directly by predation and parasitism at different stages: eggs, juveniles, or adults; or indirectly by the action of toxic diffusible inhibitory metabolites. The need to increase agricultural production and reduce negative environmental impact creates an opportunity for optimizing biological control agents to suppress nematode populations, but this endeavour remains challenging as researchers around the world try to understand diverse control mechanisms, nematode and microbe life cycles, ecology, metabolite production, predatory behaviours, molecular and biochemical interactions, in order to generate attractive products with the approval of local regulatory bodies. Here, we provide a brief review of the biology of the genus Meloidogyne, biological control strategies, and a comparison between chemical and bioproducts in the Mexican market, and guidelines emitted by national agencies to ensure safety and effectiveness of new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irán Tapia-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Amelia C Montoya-Martínez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Centro, 85000, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - María J Ek-Ramos
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- SENASICA, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Tepeyac, 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Doolotkeldieva T, Bobushova S, Muratbekova A, Schuster C, Leclerque A. Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the Nematophagous Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora from Kyrgyzstan. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1349-65. [PMID: 34021467 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Predatory fungi have been the subject of fundamental studies and their potential as biological control agents against parasitic plant nematodes has been assessed. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify predatory fungi, performing in vitro and in vivo screening to select highly active strains to control parasitic nematodes. METHODS Different nutrient media were used to isolate predatory fungi and determine their morphological and cultural properties. Identification was performed by classical and molecular biology methods. In vitro and in vivo screening was conducted to select highly active strains. RESULTS Twelve isolates of Arthrobotrys oligospora (Orbiliomycetes) found in nature were investigated for their predaceous efficacy against garlic stem nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci). The effect of temperature and pH on the growth rate and trap formation of representative isolates was determined and isolates were characterized by light microscopy and molecular markers. BLAST was used to sequence the rDNA internal transcribed spacer of A. oligospora isolate KTMU-7. The optimum growth of A. oligospora strains was achieved at 20-25 °C on 1-2% corn meal agar (CMA) within the pH range of 5.6-8.6. The factors responsible for the trap formation of these fungal strains were identified. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of local predatory fungal isolates against soil nematodes. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary studies proved A. oligospora to be a potentially effective biological control agent, immobilizing 85.7 ± 2.19% of garlic stem nematodes in soil from the rhizosphere of potato plants.
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Bai Q, Wu S, Wang Y, Li C, Zeng X, Gan X, Xie X, Li Z, Yang Z. A new strain of Volutella citrinella with nematode predation and nematicidal activity, isolated from the cysts of potato cyst nematodes in China. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:323. [PMID: 34809566 PMCID: PMC8607719 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are responsible for causing many plant diseases and are extremely difficult to control at present. Currently, due to the negative effects of chemical agents on the environment and human health, the development of new biological pesticides has become an important part of plant nematode control. Nematophagous fungi refers to a class of fungi that kill plant nematodes. Notably, a large number of nematophagous fungi resources remain to be studied. The objective of our study was to use in vitro screening to identify nematophagous fungi and select strains that were highly active against nematodes, providing a primary research for the development and utilization of new nematophagous fungi. RESULTS A new nematophagous fungal strain (GUCC2219) was isolated from cysts of possibly Globodera spp. and Heterodera spp., identified as Volutella citrinella. The hyphae of V. citrinella produced ring structures of variable size and exhibited predatory and nematicidal activity. The hyphal predation rates (in vitro) against three species of nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and Ditylenchus destructor, averaged 59.45, 33.35, and 50.95%, respectively, while the fermentation broth produced by the fungus exhibited mortality rates of 100, 100, and 55.63%, respectively, after 72 h. CONCLUSION V. citrinella is a new strain with nematophagous properties, which are a novel discovery. At the same time, this is the first report of nematicidal and nematode predation activity in the genus Volutella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhaochun Jiang
- Guizhou Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shishi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zaifu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Pacheco PVM, Campos VP, Terra WC, Pedroso MP, de Paula LL, da Silva MSG, Monteiro TSA, de Freitas LG. Attraction and toxicity: Ways volatile organic compounds released by Pochonia chlamydosporia affect Meloidogyne incognita. Microbiol Res 2021; 255:126925. [PMID: 34823077 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acting against plant-parasitic nematodes has been characterized in different fungi; however, the role of VOCs emitted by Pochonia chlamydosporia in its trophic interaction with Meloidogyne incognita is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of VOCs emitted by P. chlamydosporia strain Pc-10 on different stages (eggs, juveniles and female) of the M. incognita life cycle. Exposure of M. incognita eggs to VOCs released by Pc-10 resulted in a reduction up to 88 % in the nematode egg hatching, when compared to the control treatments. The VOCs emitted by Pc-10 also attracted M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2). Through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), three molecules were identified from the volatiles of the strain Pc-10, with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene being the major compound. In tests performed in vitro, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene at a concentration of 1050 μg mL-1 inhibited M. incognita egg hatching by up to 78.7 % compared to the control (0 μg mL-1) and attracted M. incognita J2 in all concentrations evaluated (1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 μg mL-1). The 1,4-dimethoxybenzene also showed fumigant and non-fumigant nematicidal activity against M. incognita. This compound presented lethal concentration for 50 % (LC50) of M. incognita J2 ranged from 132 to 136 μg mL-1. Fumigation with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (100 mg) reduced egg hatching by up to 89 % and killed up to 86 % of M. incognita J2 compared to the control (0 μg mL-1). In vivo, the VOCs produced by Pc-10, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, and the combination of both (Pc-10 + 1,4-dimethoxybenzene) attracted the M. incognita J2, compared to the respective controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the attraction of M. incognita J2 and the toxicity to eggs and J2 by VOCs from P. chlamydosporia in which 1,4-dimethoxybenzene is the main toxin and attractant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Paulo Campos
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Plant Pathology, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Willian César Terra
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Plant Pathology, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Pozzobon Pedroso
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Chemistry, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Lopes de Paula
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Plant Pathology, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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Céspedes-Gutiérrez E, Aragón DM, Gómez-Álvarez MI, Cubides-Cárdenas JA, Cortés-Rojas DF. Survival of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to in vitro segments of sheep gastrointestinal tract. Exp Parasitol 2021; 231:108172. [PMID: 34774533 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans is used in integrated management of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. The chlamydospores of the fungus, orally administered, pass through the segments of the ruminant digestive tract and, in the feces, capture the nematodes preventing their migration to grasslands. The drastic conditions of the gastrointestinal segments can negatively affect the fungus' biocontrol activity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of in vitro conditions of the sheep's main gastrointestinal segments on the concentration, viability and nematode predatory ability of D. flagrans chlamydospores. The segments evaluated separately in vitro were the oral cavity, rumen, abomasum, and small intestine. The results showed that chlamydospores concentration was not affected by exposure to the different segments. The viability of the chlamydospores after exposure to the oral cavity (2.53 × 106 CFU/mL) and small intestine (1.24 × 105 CFU/mL) was significantly lower than its control treatment, with values of 6.67 × 106 CFU/mL and 2.31 × 105 CFU/mL respectively. Nematode predatory ability after rumen exposure was reduced by 7% compared to the control treatment, by 25% after abomasum exposure and by 17% after small intestine. This study revealed the individual in vitro effect of each segment of ovine gastrointestinal tract on the integrity of this strain of the fungus D. flagrans affecting its viability and nematode predatory ability under the evaluated conditions. Delivery systems could be designed to protect chlamydospores considering the impact of each gastrointestinal segment.
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Flores Francisco BG, Ponce IM, Plascencia Espinosa MÁ, Mendieta Moctezuma A, López Y López VE. Advances in the biological control of phytoparasitic nematodes via the use of nematophagous fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:180. [PMID: 34562178 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural production is one of most important activities for food supply and demand, that provides a source of raw materials, and generates commercial opportunities for other industries around the world. It may be both positively and negatively affected by climatic and biological factors. Negative biological factors are those caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Given the serious problems posed by phytoparasitic nematodes for farmers, causing crop losses globally every year, the agrochemical industry has developed compounds with the capacity to inhibit their development; however, they can cause the death of other beneficial organisms and their lixiviation can contaminate the water table. On the other hand, the positive biological factors are found in biotechnology, the scientific discipline that develops products, such as nematophagous fungi (of which Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia have the greatest potential), for the control of pests and/or diseases. The present review focuses on the importance of nematophagous fungi, particularly sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, their research on the development of biological control agents, the mass production of fungi Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia, and their limited commercialization due to the lack of rigorous methods that enable the anticipation of complex interactions between plant and phytopathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Guadalupe Flores Francisco
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Plascencia Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Aarón Mendieta Moctezuma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Zegbi S, Sagües F, Saumell C, Guerrero I, Iglesias L, Fernández S. In vitro efficacy of different concentrations of Duddingtonia flagrans on varying egg densities of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Exp Parasitol 2021; 230:108156. [PMID: 34534535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, used for the biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock, is fed to infected animals so its chlamydospores and the parasite eggs are voided together with faeces where the fungus preys on nematode larvae, thus reducing pasture infectivity. The number of chlamydospores needed for the fungus to be efficient in the presence of a wide range in numbers of parasitic eggs is largely unknown and a matter of discussion. The aim of this study was to determine the fungal efficacy of four different chlamydospore concentrations against three different levels of cattle faecal egg counts. Fungal concentrations of 11000, 6250, 3000 and 1000 chlamydospores/gram of faeces (cpg) were added to cultures containing 840, 480 or 100 eggs/gram of faeces (epg). After 14 days of incubation, the efficacy of D. flagrans, in decreasing order of chlamydospore concentrations, ranged from 100% (P < 0.0001) to 77% (P > 0.0999) in the 100 epg groups; 100% (P < 0.0001) to 92% (P = 0.4625) in the 480 epg groups and 100% (P < 0.0001) to 96% (P = 0.7081) in the 840 epg groups. The results indicate that the numbers of eggs in cattle faeces were not a determining factor on the fungal efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Freitas DF, da Rocha IM, Vieira-da-Motta O, de Paula Santos C. The Role of Melanin in the Biology and Ecology of Nematophagous Fungi. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:597-613. [PMID: 34232439 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a heteropolymer formed by the polymerization of phenolic and indolic compounds. It occurs in organisms across all biological kingdoms and has a range different of functions, thus indicating its important evolutionary role. The presence of melanin offers several protective advantages, including against ultraviolet radiation, traumatic damage, oxidative stress, extreme temperatures, and pressure. For many species of fungi, melanin also participates directly in the process of virulence and pathogenicity. These organisms can synthesize melanin in two main ways: using a substrate of endogenous origin, involving 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN); alternatively, in an exogenous manner with the addition of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA or levodopa). As melanin is an amorphous and complex substance, its study requires expensive and inaccessible technologies and analyses are often difficult to perform with conventional biochemical techniques. As such, details about its chemical structure are not yet fully understood, particularly for nematophagous fungi that remain poorly studied. Thus, this review presents an overview of the different types of melanin, with an emphasis on fungi, and discusses the role of melanin in the biology and ecology of nematophagous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid França Freitas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Izabelli Martins da Rocha
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Animal Health Laboratory - Infectious Contagious Diseases Sector, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Paula Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil.
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21
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Fausto GC, Fausto MC, Vieira ÍS, Freitas SG, Carvalho LM, Oliveira IC, Silva EN, Campos AK, Araújo JV. Formulation of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in the control of equine gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2021; 295:109458. [PMID: 34029852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine gastrointestinal nematodiosis contributes to the lower productivity of these animals. There are growing reports of the emergence of nematodes resistant to the drugs used for decades in anthelmintic treatments. An alternative to the emergence of resistance may be the use of nematophagous fungi as a complementary method of treatment. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of the use of the product Bioverm® as a carrier of Duddingtonia flagrans, on pasture contamination level and equine parasitic burden. Sixteen mares were used, divided into two groups, one control and one treated, in which the treated animals received a dose of 1 g of Bioverm®, containing 105 chlamydospores per gram of the commercial product for each 10 kg of body weight, per day, for six months. Efficacy was evaluated by count of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), coproculture and larval count on pastures and its correlation with climate, as well as weight gain evaluation. During the study, a significant influence of the formulation on weight gain and EPG was observed. The recovery of larvae from coprocultures revealed the predominance of small over large strongyles. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the averages of the number of larvae of small strongyles recovered in the pasture at a distance of 0-20 cm from the faeces of treated and control groups. A correlation was also observed between the number of larvae recovered from the pasture and the average temperature during the experimental period, mainly in August and September. The ingestion of Bioverm® enhances the biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes of pasturing horses.
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Cruz G, De León L, Bethancourt A, Ríos N, Krause R, Sandoval N. Antagonistic effects of native strains of the soil fungus Paecilomyces against gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan parasites of pigs in Panama. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:204-210. [PMID: 33746405 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of gastrointestinal parasites naturally infect domestic pigs in Panama which may also occur as zoonotic infections in humans. Anthelmintic drug treatment, including mass drug administration, can lead to drug resistance, reflecting a need for alternatives. The objectives of this exploratory and observational study were: (1) to isolate and cultivate natives species of Paecilomyces from natural soils in Panama, and (2) to evaluate isolated strains for their capacity to parasitize endemic gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan parasites recovered from naturally infected domestic pigs by observing cultures for spore adhesion and hyphae penetration phases. Using microcultivation and inoculation techniques, four strains of Paecilomyces were isolated from three locations in Panama, out of which three successfully adhered to and penetrated free-living stages (eggs, cysts and oocysts) of Balantidium suis, coccidia, Trichuris suis and hookworm. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a nematophagous fungus such as Paecilomyces successfully infecting this range of gastrointestinal parasites, particularly protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Génesis Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Ambiental (LIPAAM), University of Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Lenin De León
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Ambiental (LIPAAM), University of Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Ariadna Bethancourt
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Ambiental (LIPAAM), University of Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Nivia Ríos
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Ambiental (LIPAAM), University of Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Nidia Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Ambiental (LIPAAM), University of Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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Szewc M, De Waal T, Zintl A. Biological methods for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet J 2020; 268:105602. [PMID: 33468301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a cause of significant losses in animal production worldwide. In recent years, there have been important advances in the biological control of GIN of ruminants and horses. While these measures are still relatively under-utilised in practice, interest will undoubtedly grow due to the emergence of drug resistant parasite populations, the rise in demand for organically farmed products (which does not allow prophylactic use of drugs, including anthelmintics) and legislation, which regulates and restricts the use of anthelmintics. This review provides an overview of the most promising biocontrol agents of GIN of grazing animals including nematophagous fungi, dung beetles, earthworms, predacious nematodes and nematophagous mites. Recent advancements in these fields are evaluated, and the potential reasons for the delayed development and slow uptake of biocontrol agents are discussed. It is now widely believed that no method of GIN control is sustainable alone, and a combination of strategies (i.e. integrated pest management) is required for long term, effective parasite control. This review shows that, although their efficacies are lower than those of conventional anthelmintics, biological control agents are an important adjunct to traditional GIN control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theo De Waal
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Cuadrado Osorio PD, Castillo-Saldarriaga CR, Gómez Alvárez MI, Bautista EJ. Scale-Up of Duddingtonia flagrans Chlamydospores Production from Laboratory to Pilot-Scale Using a Solid-State Fermentation System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:1044-1059. [PMID: 32638326 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Duddingtonia flagrans is a biological control tool to reduce infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode in pastures. To create a commercially available bioproduct based on a nematophagous fungus, an efficient mass production process should be developed that is able to guarantee a good predatory capacity and satisfactory production rates. In this work, solid-state fermentation (SSF) parameters were investigated to produce D. flagrans at pilot-scale. The results showed that the relative humidity was a critical factor to increase productivity and to reduce fermentation time. The best production conditions using a tray bioreactor were a relative humidity in the room at 90% for 2 days, and inoculation by sprinkling. The fermentation process was composed of 7 days under submerged fermentation to produce the inoculum and 7 more days of SSF in a tray bioreactor. The productivity reached was 4.96 × 106 chlamydospores g-1 of dry substrate day-1, which is the highest productivity reported to date. The predatory capacity of the chlamydospores produced using this process was 91%. Also, a statistical control process analysis was applied, finding that the process presents stability in the biological activity, yield, and final moisture content of the substrate between batches. Finally, the operational expenses (OPEX) based on the use of the heating and humidification system were estimated, given a final cost of 0.20 USD g-1 of the fermented substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Daniela Cuadrado Osorio
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, Agrosavia, Headquarters, Km 14 vía Mosquera, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Martha Isabel Gómez Alvárez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, Agrosavia, Headquarters, Km 14 vía Mosquera, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Eddy J Bautista
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, Agrosavia, Headquarters, Km 14 vía Mosquera, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
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Valadão MC, Millena de Carvalho L, Vieira ÍS, Neves PH, Ferreira VM, Campos AK, Elias de Freitas Soares F, Ferraz CM, Ribeiro Vilela VL, Braga FR, Araújo JV. Germination capacity of the Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus after its passage through the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107936. [PMID: 32535116 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the germination capacity of Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4) fungus after its passage through the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens and its interaction with Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum eggs. Twenty-two domestic chickens were divided in two groups: control group (G1) received shredded corn substrate without VC4; and treatment group (G2) received a single dose of 29 g corn substrate containing 3.3 × 106 conidia/chlamydospores (VC4). Subsequently, chicken fecal samples were collected at intervals of 0, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 h. Petri dishes from fecal samples of the treated group (G2) were subdivided (G2a and G2b), and then replicated in 2% agar-water medium for the microbiological test. After VC4 growth, approximately 200 eggs of A. galli (G2a) and H. gallinarum (G2b) were added to each subgroup to evaluation of ovicidal activity. There was fungal viability after passage through chicken gastrointestinal tract and egg predation of 59.9% and 43.2% for A. galli and H. gallinarum, respectively. The present work demonstrates the ability of the fungus P. chlamydosporia to survive after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens, an extreme environment (low pH, enzymes, microbiota and mechanical action), and still germinate after being excreted with feces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ítalo Stoupa Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Neves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Magri Ferraz
- Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology and Biological Control, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology and Biological Control, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Hou X, Shen Z, Li N, Kong X, Sheng K, Wang J, Wang Y. A novel fungal beta-propeller phytase from nematophagous Arthrobotrys oligospora: characterization and potential application in phosphorus and mineral release for feed processing. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:84. [PMID: 32252770 PMCID: PMC7137328 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytases are widely utilized in feed industry to increase the utilization of phosphorus, minerals, and amino acids for improvement of animal and human nutrition. At present, all known β-propeller phytases (BPP) have been generated from bacteria, particularly Bacillus. In this work we report for the first time a new fungal-derived BPP phytase. We identified a phytase highly differentially expressed only in the parasitic stage of a nematophagous fungus, Arhtrobotrys oliogospora, during the development of the 3D traps. We found that this phytase was homologous to the known bacterial BPP phytase, thus we referred the new phytase to Aophytase. The heterologous expression of codon-optimized Aophytase gene in Pichia pastoris was successfully investigated to yield recombinant Aophytase (r-Aophytase) with high specific enzyme activity of 74.71 U/mg, much higher than those of recombinant BPP phytases derived bacteria. The kinetic parameters of the r-Aophytase, the optimum pH and temperature, as well as the effects of surfactant, EDTA and different ions on its enzyme activity were further investigated. The potential utilization of r-Aophytase in feed processing was finally explored. We found that the optimal pH value was about 7.5, and the optimal temperature was 50 °C.; r-Aophytase significantly increased the release of inorganic phosphorus from soybean meal, and improved the release of soluble minerals from the durum wheat flour and finger millet flour. The findings indicate its potential utilization in the feed processing to ameliorate nutritional value of cereals and animal feed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjuan Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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27
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Tian D, Zhang L, Zhang S, Kong X, Sheng K, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang Y. Heterologous expression and molecular binding properties of AofleA, a fucose-specific lectin from nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:1213-1221. [PMID: 32035955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are the primary recognition macromolecules for various types of fucosylation, a common eukaryotic post-translational modification. In this study, we report the heterologous expression and molecular binding properties of a fucose-specific lectin, AofleA, isolated from Arthrobotrys oligospora. This is the first reported fucose-specific lectin found in nematophagous fungi. The recombinant AofleA (r-AofleA) was expressed in Escherichia coli with high efficiency, yielding at least 500 mg of soluble and functional r-AofleA per liter of broth. Using hemagglutination inhibition assay and glycan microarray analysis, r-AofleA was found to be broadly specific for fucosylated glycans or oligosaccharides including Fucα(1-2), Fucα(1-3), Fucα(1-4) and Fucα(1-6) linkages, similar to Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL). Frontal affinity chromatography showed that r-AofleA has high affinity towards PA-L-fucose with an average Kd value of 15 nM. These findings provide a basis for improved understanding of the structure and functions of AofleA during recognition and capture of prey nematodes by nematophagous fungus A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
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Braga FR, Ferraz CM, da Silva EN, de Araújo JV. Efficiency of the Bioverm ® ( Duddingtonia flagrans) fungal formulation to control in vivo and in vitro of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus in sheep. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:62. [PMID: 32030331 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of Bioverm® fungal formulation (Duddingtonia flagrans-AC001) in controlling Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus in sheep. In vitro predation tests were carried out in Petri dishes containing agar culture medium 2%. Four experimental groups were formed, with five replicates each: Group 1: 1 g of Bioverm ® and 1000 third-stage larvae (L3) of H. contortus; Group 2: 1000 L3 of H. contortus; Group 3: 1 g of Bioverm ® and 1000 L3 of S. papillosus; and Group 4: 1000 L3 of S. papillosus. In the in vivo tests, twelve 11-month-old sheep males positive for H. contortus were used. The animals were sorted in two groups (treatment and control), based on fecal egg counts (eggs per gram, EPG). Each group comprised six animals: treatment group-each animal received orally 100 g of Bioverm ® ; and control group-each animal received orally 100 g of rice. Subsequently, feces from these animals were collected at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h after Bioverm ® administration. In vitro results demonstrate that D. flagrans kept its predatory activity with 91.5% of mean reduction percentage of L3. After the passage test, Bioverm ® presented efficacy already after 12 h of its administration and kept similar results for 60 h. Bioverm® fungal formulation (D. flagrans-AC001) was efficient in reducing the population of H. contortus and S. papillosus under laboratory conditions in sheep feces. However, further studies are needed under natural conditions of ruminant grazing to prove the efficiency of this product.
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Ferraz CM, Sobral SA, Senna CC, Junior OF, Moreira TF, Tobias FL, de Freitas Soares FE, Geniêr HLA, Vilela VLR, Lima JAC, de Araújo JV, Braga FR. Combined use of ivermectin, dimethyl sulfoxide, mineral oil and nematophagous fungi to control Rhabditis spp. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108924. [PMID: 31630049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhabditis spp., is a nematode known to cause otitis externa, an infection difficult to control, in cattle reared within tropical regions. The objective of this study was to assess the combined use of ivermectin 1%, dimethyl sulfoxide 1% and mineral oil 100% containing nematophagous fungi of both Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) species to control in vitro Rhabditis spp. Thus, 12 experimental groups were designed with eight replicates each: G1 (nematodes + AC001); G2 (nematodes + NF34); G3 (nematodes + ivermectin 1%/positive control); G4 (nematodes + dimethyl sulfoxide 1%/positive control); G5 (nematodes + mineral oil 100%/positive control); G6 (nematodes + AC001 + ivermectin 1%); G7 (nematodes + NF34 + ivermectin 1%); G8 (nematodes + AC001 + mineral oil 100%); G9 (nematodes + NF34 + mineral oil 100%); G10 (nematodes + AC001 + dimethyl sulfoxide 1%); G11 (nematode + NF34 + dimethyl sulfoxide 1%); G12 (nematode + distilled water/negative control). The results demonstrated that all experimentally treated groups differed statistically (p < 0.01) from the control group. In the present study, the use of dimethyl sulfoxide 1% and mineral oil 100% in conjunction with conidia fungi portrayed noteworthy outcomes, which represents a future premise for the combined use of nematophagous fungi within these vehicles in both controlling Rhabditis spp.
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Tong SM, Feng MG. Insights into regulatory roles of MAPK-cascaded pathways in multiple stress responses and life cycles of insect and nematode mycopathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:577-587. [PMID: 30448905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal entomopathogenicity may have evolved at least 200 million years later than carnivorism of nematophagous fungi on Earth. This mini-review focuses on the composition and regulatory roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which act as stress-responsive signaling pathways. Unveiled by genomic comparison, three MAPK cascades of these mycopathogens consist of singular MAPKs (Fus3/Hog1/Slt2), MAPK kinases (Ste7/Pbs2/Mkk1), and MAPK kinase kinases (Ste11/Ssk2/Bck1). All cascaded components characterized in fungal entomopathogens play conserved and special roles in regulating multiple stress responses and phenotypes associated with biological control potential. Fus3-cascaded components are indispensable for fungal growth on oligotrophic substrata and virulence, and mediate cell tolerance to Na+/K+ toxicity, which is often misinterpreted as hyperosmotic effect but readily clarified by transcriptional changes of Na+/K+ ATPase genes and/or cell responses to osmotic polyols. Hog1-cascaded components regulate osmotolerance positively and phenylpyrrole-type fungicide resistance negatively, and also play differential roles in cell growth, conidiation, virulence, and responses to other stress cues. Ste11 has no stress-responsive role in the Beauveria Hog1 cascade despite an essential role in branched yeast Hog1 cascade. Slt2-cascaded components are required for mediation of cell wall integrity and repair of cell wall damage. A crosstalk between Hog1 and Slt2 cascades ensures fungal osmotolerance inside or outside insect. In nematode-trapping fungi, Slt2 is indispensable for cell wall integrity, conidiation, and mycelial trap formation, suggesting that the Slt2 cascade could have evolved along a distinct trajectory required for fungal carnivorism and dispersal/survival in nematode habitats. Altogether, the MAPK cascades are major parts of signaling network that regulate fungal adaptation to insects and nematodes and their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Miao Tong
- College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Bilotto F, Fusé LA, Sagües MF, Iglesias LE, Fernández AS, Zegbi S, Guerrero I, Saumell CA. Predatory effect of Duddingtonia flagrans on infective larvae of gastro-intestinal parasites under sunny and shaded conditions. Exp Parasitol 2018; 193:27-32. [PMID: 30053398 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans is a natural strain of Nematophagous-Fungi isolated around the world. It has demonstrated efficacy and ease of use in laboratory as well as in field conditions. The fungus contributes to the prophylactic control of the worms by reducing the number of L3 on pasture. The aims of this study were to test and analyze the predatory effect of D. flagrans under sunny and shaded conditions on the L3 in the faeces, and to verify the reduction of translation to pasture during summer and winter seasons. Faecal Mass Units (FMUs) were assigned to two treated groups (groups treated with D. flagrans chlamydospores, TG) and two untreated groups (without D. flagrans chlamydospores, UG), in summer and winter, under sunny and shaded conditions. FMUs and herbage samples were taken for parasitological workup. Predatory activity of D. flagrans was evident under both conditions for the summer experiment but was not manifest for the winter experiment. In summer, an interaction between sunny and shaded conditions and predatory activity of D. flagrans was found. Environmental conditions on predatory activity should be considered when designing strategies for the implementation of D. flagrans in grazing systems to smooth the infectivity curve of L3.
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Xue YJ, Li EL, Jing CX, Ma L, Cai KZ. Isolation, identification and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) sinense from China. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:325-332. [PMID: 29654670 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development of anthelmintic resistance of parastic nematodes, it is necessary to isolate and study nematophagous fungi to screen out the native isolates for their potential in the biocontrol of domestic animal nematodosis. This study aimed to isolate the Arthrobotrys sinense (Monacrosporium sinense) of nematophagous fungus, to characterize representative molecular isolates using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to determine the effect of the temperature and pH values on radial growth of the isolate. Five isolates were isolated from 1532 samples of different types, and their occurrence frequencies were 0.32% of the total samples. They were identified as A. sinense by means of morphology and the sequence of the 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA, as well as internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2. The isolate NBS003 could grow from 11°C to 35°C and had optimal growth at 30°C. The isolate could grow at pH 4 to 11, and its optimal value was obtained at pH 9. SEM results showed that 6 h after their addition, the second stage larvae (L2) and the third stage infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus were captured. L2 and L3 were penetrated by the fungus at 18 and 24 h post-capture, respectively. L2 and L3 were completely digested at 84 and 90 h post-capture, respectively. The NBS003 of the A. sinense should have a certain potential to be used for capturing the free-living stage of nematodes in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Xue
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Er-Le Li
- Yan'an People's Hospital, Yan'an, 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Jing
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Li Ma
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030, People's Republic of China
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Bojanich MV, Basualdo JA, Giusiano G. In vitro effect of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium keratinophylum on Toxocara canis eggs. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:249-254. [PMID: 29221930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree of antagonism exercised by fungi on geohelminth development varies according to the morphological alterations caused by different fungal species. Saprophytic fungi may exert ovicidal or ovistatic effects. The aim of this study was to apply scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the action of two soil saprophytic species of Chrysosporium (C. indicum and C. keratinophylum) on Toxocara canis eggs. The fungal strains to be tested were incubated for 28 days at 28°C in 2% water agar with a suspension of unembryonated T. canis eggs. A suspension of T. canis eggs in 2% water agar was used as control group. The assay was done in triplicate for each fungus and the control group. SEM observations were performed on the 4th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day after inoculation. The effect of the fungi on eggs was evaluated in accordance with the alterations observed on the surface and the changes in the normal characteristics of the eggs. Hyphae around the eggs, appresoria penetrating the shell and changes in the typical egg membrane were observed in this assay. Type 3 effect (alterations that occur both in the embryo and the shell, and hyphal penetration of the eggs) was the prevalent effect. SEM allowed us to observe clearly the morphological alterations in T. canis eggs due to the effect of C. indicum and C. keratinophylum. Both saprophytic species of Chrysosporium alter the egg structure and alterations increase as exposure increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Bojanich
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Cátedra de Microbiología General, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Juan A Basualdo
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Cátedra de Microbiología y Parasitología, Centro Universitario de Estudios Microbiológicos y Parasitológicos, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Área de Micología, Av. Las Heras 727, 3500 Resistencia, Argentina.
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Xie M, Li Q, Hu XP, Zhang YJ, Peng DL, Zhang XL. Effects of a NTG-based chemical mutagenesis on the propamocarb-tolerance of the nematophagous fungus Lecanicillium attenuatum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 141:71-75. [PMID: 28911743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lecanicillium attenuatum is an important nematophagous fungus with potential as a biopesticide for control of plant-pathogenic nematodes. However, relatively low fungicide-tolerance limits its application in the field. To improve the propamocarb-tolerance of L. attenuatum, a NTG-based mutagenesis system was established. Among different combinations of NTG concentration and treatment time in the first-round NTG treatment, the treatment of 1.0mg/ml NTG for 60min gave a proper conidial lethality rate of 84.6% and the highest positive mutation rate of 7.7%, and then produced the highest propamocarb-tolerant mutant LA-C-R1-T4-M whose EC50 value reached to 1050.0μg/ml. The positive mutation range was 105.1% in the first-round NTG treatment. Multiple-round NTG treatment was further employed to enhance the propamocarb tolerance of L. attenuatum. The positive mutation range was significantly accumulated to 179.3% on the third-round NTG treatment, and then appeared to level-off and remained constant. These results indicated that multiple-round NTG treatment had a significant accumulative effect on fungal tolerance to propamocarb. Among all chemical-mutants, the LA-C-R3-M was the highest tolerant to propamocarb, whose EC50 value was increased 2.79-fold compared to the wild-type strain, and it was mitotic stable after 20 passages on PDA medium. Colony growth, conidia yield and conidial germination on plates, and parasitism of nematode eggs of M. incognita and H. glycines were not significantly changed by the NTG-based mutagenesis compared to the wild-type strain in either single- or multiple-round NTG treatment. In conclusion, we succeeded in improving the propamocarb tolerance of L. attenuatum via the optimized NTG-based mutagenesis system. The improved strain LA-C-R3-M could be potentially applied with propamocarb in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Silva LPC, Ferraz CM, Aguiar AR, Araújo JV, Ribeiro SR, Rossi DG, Mendes LQ, Pereira FEL, Moreira NIB, Braga FR. Viability of Strongyloides venezuelensis eggs and larvae in vermiculite containing the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2047-2051. [PMID: 28508164 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is the most clinically important disease among the infections caused by geohelminths, seeing that this parasite can cause autoinfection. The use of nematophagous fungi like Duddingtonia flagrans, that have predation action on eggs and infecciososas forms of helminths, emerges as an alternative method for environmental control. For this reason, analyzing the viability of larvae and eggs of Strongyloides venezuelensis and the action of Duddingtonia flagrans AC001 in vermiculite, as well as the action of the nematophagous fungi in different growth stages, is important to elaborate and define the best culture conditions that favor the activity of the fungus. Two different growth conditions were applied: both eggs and AC001 fungi were added at the same time to the vermiculite (assay A) and the addition of eggs after the growth of the AC001 fungi in the vermiculite (assay B). To recover the L3 larvae, the Baermann-Moraes method was applied, followed by the counting of L3 dead and alive. At last, it was observed that the vermiculite enriched with organic material is an adequate culture medium not only for the growth of the S. venezuelensis but also for the growth of the D. flagrans fungus, being therefore, a satisfactory culture medium for tests of viability and predatory action of this fungus. It was also observed that the activity of the AC001 fungus is greater when it is growing concomitantly with the eggs, in other words, when it is in the adaptation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steveen Rios Ribeiro
- Infectious Diseases Center Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Débora Goldner Rossi
- Infectious Diseases Center Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Department of Parasitology, University of Vila Velha-ES, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
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de Souza Maia Filho F, da Silva Fonseca AO, Persici BM, de Souza Silveira J, Braga CQ, Pötter L, de Avila Botton S, Brayer Pereira DI. Trichoderma virens as a biocontrol of Toxocara canis: In vivo evaluation. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:32-35. [PMID: 28109772 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms have been widely studied as biological control agents of parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Coprophagous arthropods, bacteria and fungi are among the different organisms evaluated as potential biological control agents. Nematophagous fungi capture and digest the free forms of nematodes in the soil. Due to its zoonotic potential, Toxocara canis have been brought to the attention of researchers. AIMS The aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of embryonated T. canis eggs exposed to the nematophagous fungus Trichoderma virens reduces parasite infection in experimental animals. METHODS Embryonated T. canis eggs were exposed to T. virens mycelium for 15 days at 25°C. Subsequently, 100 fungus-exposed eggs were orally administered to 20 Swiss mice. As a positive control, another 20 mice received 100 embryonated eggs that were not exposed to the fungus. After 48h, the animals were killed, and heart, lungs and liver were harvested for the recovery of larvae. RESULTS The organs of the animals that received embryonated T. canis eggs exposed to the fungus showed a lower mean larval recovery when compared with the animals that received embryonated eggs without fungus exposure (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The exposure of T. canis eggs to T. virens reduces the experimental infection, demonstrating the potential of this nematophagous fungus as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Souza Maia Filho
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anelise Oliveira da Silva Fonseca
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maroneze Persici
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julia de Souza Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Quintana Braga
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Pathak E, Campos-Herrera R, El-Borai FE, Duncan LW. Spatial relationships between entomopathogenic nematodes and nematophagous fungi in Florida citrus orchards. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 144:37-46. [PMID: 28087206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), nematophagous fungi (NF) and soil physical and chemical properties were studied in a survey of 53 citrus orchards in central ridge and flatwoods ecoregions of Florida. Seven species of NF associated with nematodes were quantified directly using a real time qPCR assay. All nematophagous fungi studied except Arthrobotrys musiformis and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were frequently detected (24-56%) in both regions. Paecilomyces lilacinus and Gamsylella gephyropagumwere encountered more frequently in the flatwoods (P=0.03) and on the ridge (P=0.02), respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed seven abiotic and biotic factors as significantly related to the NF occurrence. Multiple regression of fungi on these variables explained 78%, 66%, 48%, 36%, 23% and 4% of the variation in Catenaria sp., A. musiformis, A. dactyloides, P. lilacinus, A. oligospora and G. gepharopagum, respectively. When the data from citrus were pooled with those reported previously from natural areas and subjected to principle component analysis, the first two principle components explained 43% of the variation in NF communities. The surveys (citrus vs natural areas) were discriminated by PC2 (P<0.001) and the ecoregion by PC1 (P<0.002), and all but one NF species were related (P<0.01) to one or both components. NF communities tended to have more species and greater diversity in the flatwoods, where EPN richness and diversity were the least. However, the strength of associations between individual EPN and NF species as measured by SADIE reflected the associations between each species and ground water depth, suggesting that ecoregion preferences affected the species associations. Within each ecoregion, significant relationships between the individual NF and EPN species measured by stepwise regression tended to be positive. The results did not support the hypothesis that NF modulate the spatial patterns of EPN species between or within these two ecoregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Pathak
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida (UF), 700 Experiment Station Road, Fl 33850, USA; Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida (UF), 700 Experiment Station Road, Fl 33850, USA; Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, CSIC, Serrano 115 Dpdo, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Fahiem E El-Borai
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida (UF), 700 Experiment Station Road, Fl 33850, USA; Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Larry W Duncan
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida (UF), 700 Experiment Station Road, Fl 33850, USA.
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Hofstätter BDM, Oliveira da Silva Fonseca A, de Souza Maia Filho F, de Souza Silveira J, Persici BM, Pötter L, Silveira A, Antoniolli ZI, Brayer Pereira DI. Effect of Paecilomyces lilacinus, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma virens fungal extracts on the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. Rev Iberoam Micol 2016; 34:28-31. [PMID: 27810261 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ancylostoma species have demanded attention due to their zoonotic potential. The use of anthelmintics is the usual method to prevent environmental contamination by Ancylostoma eggs and larvae. Nematophagous fungi have been widely used in their biological control due to the fungus ability to capture and digest free nematode forms. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different fungal extracts of Paecilomyces lilacinus (n=2), Trichoderma harzianum (n=1) and Trichoderma virens (n=1) isolates on the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. METHODS Fungal extracts consisted of fungal broth culture supernatant without filtration (crude extract) and filtered broth (filtered extract), macerated mycelium (crude macerate), and macerated mycelium submitted to filtration (filtered macerate). The Ancylostoma eggs were obtained from the feces of naturally infected dogs. In vitro assays were performed in five replicates and consisted of four treatments and one control group. RESULTS The activity of the fungal extracts of each evaluated fungus differed (p<0.05) from those of the control group, showing significant ovicidal activity. The hatching of the eggs suffered reduction percentages of 68.43% and 47.05% with P. lilacinus, and 56.43% with T. harzianum, when crude macerate extract was used. The reduction with the macerate extract of T. virens was slightly lower (52.25%) than that for the filtered macerate (53.64%). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that all extracts were effective in reducing the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. The ovicidal effect observed is likely to have been caused by the action of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Delgado Menezes Hofstätter
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anelise Oliveira da Silva Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Souza Maia Filho
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julia de Souza Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maroneze Persici
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Andressa Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Zaida Inês Antoniolli
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Xie M, Zhang YJ, Zhang XL, Peng DL, Yu WB, Li Q. Genetic improvement of the nematicidal fungus Lecanicillium attenuatum against Heterodera glycines by expression of the Beauveria bassiana Cdep1 protease gene. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 138:86-8. [PMID: 27342597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lecanicillium attenuatum is an important nematophagous fungus with potential as a biopesticide against plant-parasitic nematodes. The Pr1A-like cuticle-degrading protease (Cdep1) gene originating from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was transformed into the nematophagous fungus L. attenuatum using a polyethylene-glycol mediated protoplast-based transformation system. Protease activity was increased 0.64- to 1.63-fold 2-10d after growth in the transformed L. attenuatum. Inhibition of egg-hatching and J2 motility of soybean cyst nematodes (Heterodera glycines) by cell-free fungal culture filtrates were enhanced by 17-76% 2-14d and 43-152% 1-13d after incubation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Degenkolb T, Vilcinskas A. Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as alternatives for biological control. Part II: metabolites from nematophagous basidiomycetes and non-nematophagous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3813-24. [PMID: 26728016 PMCID: PMC4824808 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this second section of a two-part mini-review article, we introduce 101 further nematicidal and non-nematicidal secondary metabolites biosynthesized by nematophagous basidiomycetes or non-nematophagous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. Several of these compounds have promising nematicidal activity and deserve further and more detailed analysis. Thermolides A and B, omphalotins, ophiobolins, bursaphelocides A and B, illinitone A, pseudohalonectrins A and B, dichomitin B, and caryopsomycins A–C are excellent candidates or lead compounds for the development of biocontrol strategies for phytopathogenic nematodes. Paraherquamides, clonostachydiol, and nafuredins offer promising leads for the development of formulations against the intestinal nematodes of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Degenkolb
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, D-35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Degenkolb T, Vilcinskas A. Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. Part I: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3799-812. [PMID: 26715220 PMCID: PMC4824826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause global annual losses of more than US$ 100 billion. The number of registered nematicides has declined substantially over the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. Environmentally beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, are therefore urgently required. Nematophagous fungi are natural antagonists of nematode parasites, and these offer an ecophysiological source of novel biocontrol strategies. In this first section of a two-part review article, we discuss 83 nematicidal and non-nematicidal primary and secondary metabolites found in nematophagous ascomycetes. Some of these substances exhibit nematicidal activities, namely oligosporon, 4',5'-dihydrooligosporon, talathermophilins A and B, phomalactone, aurovertins D and F, paeciloxazine, a pyridine carboxylic acid derivative, and leucinostatins. Blumenol A acts as a nematode attractant. Other substances, such as arthrosporols and paganins, play a decisive role in the life cycle of the producers, regulating the formation of reproductive or trapping organs. We conclude by considering the potential applications of these beneficial organisms in plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Degenkolb
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Ramesh P, Reena P, Amitbikram M, Chaitanya J, Anju K. Insight into the transcriptome of Arthrobotrys conoides using high throughput sequencing. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1394-405. [PMID: 26301953 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arthrobotrys conoides is a nematode-trapping fungus belonging to Orbiliales, Ascomycota group, and traps prey nematodes by means of adhesive network. Fungus has a potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against plant parasitic nematodes. In the present study, we characterized the transcriptome of A. conoides using high-throughput sequencing technology and characterized its virulence unigenes. Total 7,255 cDNA contigs with an average length of 425 bp were generated and 6184 (61.81%) transcripts were functionally annotated and characterized. Majority of unigenes were found analogous to the genes of plant pathogenic fungi. A total of 1749 transcripts were found to be orthologous with eukaryotic proteins of KOG database. Several carbohydrate active enzymes and peptidases were identified. We also analyzed classically and nonclassically secreted proteins and confirmed by BLASTP against fungal secretome database. A total of 916 contigs were analogous to 556 unique proteins of Pathogen Host Interaction (PHI) database. Further, we identified 91 unigenes homologous to the database of fungal virulence factor (DFVF). A total of 104 putative protein kinases coding transcripts were identified by BLASTP against KinBase database, which are major players in signaling pathways. This study provides a comprehensive look at the transcriptome of A. conoides and the identified unigenes might have a role in catching and killing prey nematodes by A. conoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandit Ramesh
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, New V.V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Patel Reena
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, New V.V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohapatra Amitbikram
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Joshi Chaitanya
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Kunjadia Anju
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, New V.V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Bojanich MV, Sarmiento MM, Giusiano G, Mangiaterra M, Basualdo JÁ. [Toxocara canis eggs as bait for soil fungus in a subtropical city]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:273-6. [PMID: 25728877 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of different isolation techniques allows the recovery of fungi based on their ability to use selective substrates. The sprinkle method is a technique for the recovery of nematophagous fungi in the soil. These fungi are natural predators of nematodes and are widely distributed in nature. AIMS To detect possible fungi with nematophagous ability in the soil of city parks in Corrientes (Argentina). METHODS The soil samples were taken from an area of ground between two trees and to no more than 2cm deep. The isolation was performed according to the sprinkle method with Toxocara canis eggs as bait. RESULTS Eighteen soil samples were collected, and 6 genera and 8 species of fungi were isolated. The sprinkle method, simple and efficient, has the advantage of using a small amount of untreated soil for the isolation of fungi that can grow on the eggs of geohelminths. The genera Bipolaris, Fusarium, Purpureocillium, Curvularia, Phoma and Scytalidium were isolated in this study. CONCLUSIONS No other studies describing the interaction between the genera Curvularia, Phoma and Scytalidium with nematode eggs have been found in the literature, thus more studies are required to determine what is their real action on these eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Viviana Bojanich
- Cátedra de Microbiología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - María Mercedes Sarmiento
- Área de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia Chaco, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Área de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia Chaco, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Mangiaterra
- Área de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia Chaco, Argentina
| | - Juan Ángel Basualdo
- Centro Universitario de Estudios Microbiológicos y Parasitológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lelis RT, Braga FR, de Carvalho LM, de Paula AT, Araujo JM, Fausto MC, Junior AM, Rodrigues JVF, de Freitas Soares FE, Garcia JS, de Araújo JV. Effect of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Acta Trop 2014; 139:88-92. [PMID: 25046695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma paraensei is a trematode of the genus Echinostoma that causes echinostomiasis in humans. The objectives of this study were to: evaluate the ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) on a solid medium 2% water-agar (2% WA) against E. paraensei eggs (assay A); evaluate ovicidal effect (destruction of eggs) of the isolate VC4 in supplemented culture media (assay B); and evaluate the ovicidal ability of the crude extract (VC4) on E. paraensei eggs (assay C). Eggs of E. paraensei (assay A) were placed in Petri dishes containing 2% WA with an isolate of the fungus P. chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) grown for 10 days, and without fungus as a control and evaluated regarding their destruction. In assay B, eggs of E. paraensei were placed in Petri dishes with different supplemented culture media and with VC4 isolate and the destruction of eggs was examined at the end of 25 days of interaction. In assay C, effects of the crude extract of P. chlamydosporia (VC4) on eggs were evaluated at the end of 7 days. In assay A, there was no difference (p>0.05) in ovicidal activity among the tested isolates (VC1 and VC4); however, the highest percentage for ovicidal activity (type 3 effect) was demonstrated by the isolate VC4. In assay B, the culture medium starch-agar showed the best results for the destruction of the eggs, with a percentage of 46.6% at the end of the assay. In assay C, the crude extract of VC4 was effective in the destruction of E. paraensei eggs, with a percentage reduction of 53%. The results of this study demonstrate that a rich culture medium with a greater availability of carbon and nitrogen may interfere directly in the predatory characteristics of ovicidal fungi.
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Soares FEDF, Braga FR, de Araújo JV, Lima WDS, de Queiroz JH. The nematophagous fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium and its nematicidal activity on Angiostrongylus vasorum. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 32:51-3. [PMID: 24071638 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dog acts as a reservoir and environmental disseminator of potentially zoonotic parasites. AIMS The objective of this work was to study the fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium regarding its nematicidal potential in laboratory trials and its proteolytic profile. METHODS The in vitro test was carried out through two assays (A and B). In assay A, conidia of the fungus N34a were added in positive coprocultures for Angiostrongylus vasorum. In assay B, crude extract (treated group) and distilled water (control group) were added to coprocultures. Next, the proteolytic profile of crude extract of the nematophagous fungus M. thaumasium (NF34a) was revealed by performing a zymogram. RESULTS There was a reduction (p<0.01) in the averages of larvae recovered from the treated groups (conidia and crude extract) in relation to control groups. The zymogram suggested that the nematophagous fungus M. thaumasium produces a protease of approximately 40 kDa. CONCLUSIONS The results of this work confirm that the conidia as well as the crude extract of the fungus M. thaumasium may be used to control A. vasorum L1. The proteolytic profile suggested the presence of one protease (Mt1) of approximately 40 kDa that in the future may be used in biological control of L1 of this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Walter dos Santos Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Humberto de Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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