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Tapia-Vázquez I, Montoya-Martínez AC, De Los Santos-Villalobos S, Ek-Ramos MJ, Montesinos-Matías R, Martínez-Anaya C. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) a threat to agriculture in Mexico: biology, current control strategies, and perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:26. [PMID: 34989897 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are sedentary parasites of the roots of plants and are considered some of the most damaging pests in agriculture. Since RKN target the root vascular system, they provoke host nutrient deprivation and defective water transport, causing above-ground symptoms of growth stunting, wilting, chlorosis, and reduced crop yields. In Mexico RKN infestations are primarily dealt with by treating with synthetic chemically based nematicides that are preferred by farmers over available bioproducts. However, due to environmental and human health concerns chemical control is increasingly restricted. Biological control of RKNs can help reduce the use of chemical nematicides as it is achieved with antagonistic organisms, mainly bacteria, fungi, other nematodes, or consortia of diverse microorganisms, which control nematodes directly by predation and parasitism at different stages: eggs, juveniles, or adults; or indirectly by the action of toxic diffusible inhibitory metabolites. The need to increase agricultural production and reduce negative environmental impact creates an opportunity for optimizing biological control agents to suppress nematode populations, but this endeavour remains challenging as researchers around the world try to understand diverse control mechanisms, nematode and microbe life cycles, ecology, metabolite production, predatory behaviours, molecular and biochemical interactions, in order to generate attractive products with the approval of local regulatory bodies. Here, we provide a brief review of the biology of the genus Meloidogyne, biological control strategies, and a comparison between chemical and bioproducts in the Mexican market, and guidelines emitted by national agencies to ensure safety and effectiveness of new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irán Tapia-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Amelia C Montoya-Martínez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Centro, 85000, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - María J Ek-Ramos
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- SENASICA, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Tepeyac, 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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