1
|
In Vitro Assessment of Berberine against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in Goldfish. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101207. [PMID: 36297264 PMCID: PMC9609421 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a pathogenic ciliate parasite, which infects almost all freshwater teleost fish and leads to significant economic losses. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of berberine to the free-living stages of I. multifiliis, that is, theronts and tomonts. Our results indicated that 99.30% of I. multifiliis theronts were killed by a concentration of 15 mg/L berberine during the 4 h exposure time, while berberine had no effect on protomonts. Nevertheless, berberine at a concentration of 5 mg/L could effectively reduce the release of theronts from tomonts treated for 4 h. Additionally, according to the transmission electron microscopy results, berberine at 15 mg/L could strongly change the shape of protomonts, destroy their organelles, and significantly decrease the number of ribosomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of berberine for goldfish at 96 h was 528.44 mg/L, which was almost 67 times the median effective concentration (EC50) of berberine for killing theronts (7.86 mg/L). The results demonstrated that berberine could be an effective and safe potential parasiticide for killing I. multifiliis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu YW, Liu WD, Chen HZ, Lin DJ, Hou TL, Guo SQ, Zhang QZ. Antiparasitical efficacy of sophoraflavanone G isolated from Sophora flavescens against parasitic protozoa Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Phytocompounds as an Alternative Antimicrobial Approach in Aquaculture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040469. [PMID: 35453220 PMCID: PMC9031819 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite culturing the fastest-growing animal in animal husbandry, fish farmers are often adversely economically affected by pathogenic disease outbreaks across the world. Although there are available solutions such as the application of antibiotics to mitigate this phenomenon, the excessive and injudicious use of antibiotics has brought with it major concerns to the community at large, mainly due to the rapid development of resistant bacteria. At present, the use of natural compounds such as phytocompounds that can be an alternative to antibiotics is being explored to address the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These phytocompounds are bioactive agents that can be found in many species of plants and hold much potential. In this review, we will discuss phytocompounds extracted from plants that have been evidenced to contain antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities. Further, it has also been found that compounds such as terpenes, phenolics, saponins and alkaloids can be beneficial to the aquaculture industry when applied. This review will focus mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2021. It is hoped this review will shed light on promising phytocompounds that can potentially and effectively mitigate AMR.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bussabong P, Rairat T, Chuchird N, Keetanon A, Phansawat P, Cherdkeattipol K, Pichitkul P, Kraitavin W. Effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from Macleaya cordata on growth performance, survival, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251343. [PMID: 33956913 PMCID: PMC8101937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQs) from Macleaya cordata are promising natural products for enhancing the growth performance and overall health condition of farmed animals. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two formulas of IQ extract, provided in either a powdered formula (IQ-E) or a water-soluble, granulated formula (IQ-WS) and containing the main active component sanguinarine at a concentration of 0.5% and 1%, respectively, on the growth, survival, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, the postlarvae were divided into five groups (four replicates/group and 100 shrimp/tank) and fed four times/day for 30 days with a control feed, IQ-E at 200 or 300 mg/kg of feed, or IQ-WS at 100 or 150 mg/kg of feed. In Experiment 2, the surviving shrimp from Experiment 1 were redistributed into six groups (four treatment groups as in Experiment 1 plus the positive and negative controls with four replicates/group and 30 shrimp/tank) and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus by immersion at a concentration of 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and were fed with the same diets for another 14 days. The results revealed that all IQ-fed shrimp in Experiment 1 had significantly enhanced survival rates and immune parameters (total hemocyte count and phagocytic, phenoloxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) compared to the control group, even though the growth performances were similar across all groups. In Experiment 2, all IQ-fed groups showed better growth performance and survival rates compared to the positive control. Other than in the positive control group, no histopathological lesions in the hepatopancreas and the intestine were found. In summary, the current study demonstrated the benefits of using IQs from M. cordata as feed additives for improving the growth performance, survival rate, immune responses, and resistance to vibriosis of Pacific white shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavarist Bussabong
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tirawat Rairat
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niti Chuchird
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Arunothai Keetanon
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Putsucha Phansawat
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Cherdkeattipol
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phongchate Pichitkul
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abu-Elala NM, Attia MM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Gamal A, Younis NA. Peracetic acid treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora: Ichthyophthiriidae) and Trichodina spp. reduces the infection by Aeromonas hydrophila and improves survival in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUACULTURE 2021; 538:736591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
6
|
Lin Q, Ma C, Guan H, Chen L, Xie Q, Cheng X, Wang C. Metabolites identification and reversible interconversion of chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine in vitro/in vivo in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Wu SZ, Xu HC, Wu XL, Liu P, Shi YC, Pang P, Deng L, Zhou GX, Chen XY. Dihydrosanguinarine suppresses pancreatic cancer cells via regulation of mut-p53/WT-p53 and the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152895. [PMID: 30913453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been some reports implicating the pharmacologic action of Dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA), but little research including the effects of it on cancer cells. PANC-1 cells have mutations in K-Ras and TP53, which respectively express mutant K-Ras and p53 protein, and the mutations in Ras/p53 have been believed with closely relationship to the occurrence of various tumors. PURPOSE To reveal the inhibition of Dihydrosanguinarine on pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and SW1990) proliferation by inducing G0/G1 and G2/M phase arrest via the downregulation of mut-p53 protein, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting invasiveness through the Ras/Mek/Erk signaling pathway. METHODS Human pancreatic cancer cell lines were cultured with cisplatin and DHSA. Then, cell proliferation, the cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. The migratory and invasive abilities of pancreatic cancer cells were evaluated by transwell assay. The expression levels of mRNA and protein were measured by RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that DHSA treatment inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in a time- and dose-dependent manner and led to induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. G0/G1 and G2/M phase arrest inhibited the viability of PANC-1 cells by downregulating the expression of mut-p53 protein. Decreased levels of C-Raf and Erk phosphorylation in DHSA-treated PANC-1 and SW1990 cells were observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, the total expression of p53 and Ras proteins had a different change in PANC-1 and SW1990 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer the novel perspective that DHSA inhibits pancreatic cancer cells through a bidirectional regulation between mut-p53/-Ras and WT-p53/-Ras to restore the dynamic balance by Ras and p53 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Zhi Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China.
| | - Hua-Chong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China.
| | - Xian-Lin Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China.
| | - Yu-Cong Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China.
| | - Peng Pang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China.
| | - Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China
| | - Guang-Xiong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Yin Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huang-pu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong CN510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu YW, Wang B, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Liu YM, Hou TL, Guo SQ. Efficacy and antiparasitic mechanism of 10-gingerol isolated from ginger Zingiber officinale against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp. Vet Parasitol 2019; 265:74-84. [PMID: 30638524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliate parasite of freshwater fish with a global distribution and results in severe economic losses in aquaculture. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy and antiparasitic mechanism of active compounds isolated from Zingiber officinale against I. multifiliis. Three compounds were isolated from the Z. officinale extract and identified as 10-gingerol, 6-dehydroshogaol, and 6-dehydro-10-gingerol. 10-gingerol demonstrated the greatest antiparasitic efficacy in vitro. 10-gingerol resulted in 100% mortalities of theronts, nonencysted tomonts, and encysted tomonts at concentrations of 2, 8, and 16 mg/L, respectively. 10-gingerol significantly reduced theronts infectivity (p < 0.05) at a concentration of 1 mg/L, and it was effective in treating infected grass carp and protecting naïve fish from I. multifiliis infestation at a concentration of 4 mg/L. The antiparasitic mechanism might be attributed to the increase of intracellular osmotic pressure, accumulation of free radicals, and membrane damage of I. multifiliis post 10-gingerol treatment. The study demonstrated that 10-gingerol had the potential as a therapeutic agent against I. multifiliis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Hai Xu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832-4352, USA
| | - Yan-Meng Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Long Hou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Quan Guo
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alavinia SJ, Mirzargar SS, Rahmati-Holasoo H, Mousavi HE. The in vitro and in vivo effect of tannic acid on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to treat ichthyophthiriasis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1793-1802. [PMID: 30168579 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro antiparasitic effect of polyphenol tannic acid (TA) on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts and tomonts was evaluated. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that TA in a dose- and time-dependent pattern through the damage of parasite plasma membrane could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis theronts at concentrations of 8 and 11 ppm during all the exposure times (45-270 min). The tomonts proliferation was completely inhibited by penetrating TA (at least 15 ppm for 22-hr exposure) into encysted tomont across the cyst wall. However, 10 ppm TA could result in a ninefold decrease in the population of live tomonts compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Although at theront concentrations of over 6,000 per zebrafish (Danio rerio), a 100% prevalence of ichthyophthiriasis during a 5-day exposure was recorded, results of in vivo tests showed that the parasite that pretreated up to 10 ppm TA for 70 min had not any capability to infect the studied zebrafish population. The acute toxicity (96 hr-LC50 ) of TA for zebrafish was 19.51 ppm. Thus, TA can be considered as a natural therapeutant to safely and efficiently improve the health of aquatic systems by controlling ichthyophthiriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jalil Alavinia
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Mirzargar
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evaluation of salinomycin isolated from Streptomyces albus JSY-2 against the ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology 2018; 146:521-526. [PMID: 30427300 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiparasitic activity of extracellular products of Streptomyces albus. Bioactivity-guided isolation of chloroform extracts affording a compound showing potent activity. The structure of the compound was elucidated as salinomycin (SAL) by EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In vitro test showed that SAL has potent anti-parasitic efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis with 10 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h (effective concentration) EC50 (95% confidence intervals) of 2.12 (2.22-2.02), 1.93 (1.98-1.88), 1.42 (1.47-1.37), 1.35 (1.41-1.31) and 1.11 (1.21-1.01) mg L-1. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that SAL could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis encysted tomonts at a concentration of 8.0 mg L-1. In vivo test demonstrated that the number of I. multifiliis trophonts on Erythroculter ilishaeformis treated with SAL was markedly lower than that of control group at 10 days after exposed to theronts (P < 0.05). In the control group, 80% mortality was observed owing to heavy I. multifiliis infection at 10 days. On the other hand, only 30.0% mortality was recorded in the group treated with 8.0 mg L-1 SAL. The median lethal dose (LD50) of SAL for E. ilishaeformis was 32.9 mg L-1.
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Jubury A, Lu C, Kania PW, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Liu Y, de Bruijn I, Raaijmakers J, Buchmann K. Impact of Pseudomonas H6 surfactant on all external life cycle stages of the fish parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1147-1152. [PMID: 29671884 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial biosurfactant isolated from Pseudomonas (strain H6) has previously been shown to have a lethal effect on the oomycete Saprolegnia diclina infecting fish eggs. The present work demonstrates that the same biosurfactant has a strong in vitro antiparasitic effect on the fish pathogenic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Three life cycle stages (the infective theront stage, the tomont and the tomocyst containing tomites) were all susceptible to the surfactant. Theronts were the most sensitive showing 100% mortality in as low concentrations as 10 and 13 μg/ml within 30 min. Tomonts were the most resistant but were killed in concentrations of 100 μg/ml. Tomocysts, which generally are considered resistant to chemical and medical treatment, due to the surrounding protective cyst wall, were also sensitive. The surfactant, in concentrations of 10 and 13 μg/ml, penetrated the cyst wall and killed the enclosed tomites within 60 min. Rainbow trout fingerlings exposed to the biosurfactant showed no adverse immediate or late signs following several hours incubation in concentrations effective for killing the parasite. This bacterial surfactant may be further developed for application as an antiparasitic control agent in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Jubury
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Lu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P W Kania
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I de Bruijn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Buchmann
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu YM, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Fu YW, Lin DJ, Zhou SY, Li JP. Antiparasitic efficacy of curcumin from Curcuma longa against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:128-136. [PMID: 28288756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated parasite that elicits great economic losses in aquaculture. In the present study, a polyphenol compound, curcumin, was obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa by bioassay-guided isolation based on the efficacy of anti-I. multifiliis theronts. Anti-I. multifiliis efficacy of curcumin was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin resulted in 100% mortality of I. multifiliis theronts at a concentration of 1mg/L within 21.7±1.2min and killed all tomonts at 8mg/L within 31.0±1.0min. Curcumin at 4mg/L for 16h exposure can completely terminate the reproduction of tomonts. The pretreatment with curcumin at concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125mg/L for 2h significantly reduced the infectivity of I. multifiliis theronts. Curcumin at 4mg/L completely cured the infected grass carp and protected naive fish from I. multifiliis infection after 10days exposure. The 4h median effective concentration (EC50) of curcumin to I. multifiliis theronts and the 5h EC50 of curcumin to I. multifiliis tomonts were 0.303mg/L and 2.891mg/L, respectively. The 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) of curcumin to grass carp was 56.8mg/L, which was approximately 187.4 times EC50 of curcumin to theronts and 19.6 times EC50 of curcumin to tomonts. The results demonstrated that curcumin has the potential to be a safe and effective therapeutant for controlling ichthyophthiriasis in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Hai Xu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832-4352, USA
| | - Yao-Wu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Activity of two extracts of Cynanchum paniculatum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts and tomonts. Parasitology 2016; 144:179-185. [PMID: 27928976 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201600144x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of active components from Cynanchum paniculatum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The antiparasitic activities of two bioassay-guided fractionationated compounds from C. paniculatum identified as Cynatratoside-A and Cynanversicoside C, by comparing spectral data (NMR and ESI-MS) with literature values, were evaluated by in vitro assay. These showed that both could kill theronts of I. multifiliis at a concentration of 10·0 mg L-1, with the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 4·6 mg L-1 and 5·2 mg L-1 for Cynatratoside-A and Cynanversicoside C, respectively. Encysted tomonts were killed at concentrations of 8·0 mg L-1 with both compounds. In vivo experiments demonstrated that fish treated with both compounds at 15·0 mg L-1 carried significantly fewer parasites than controls (P < 0·05). There were no mortalities among treated fish group compared with 75% mortality of untreated fish. Cynatratoside-A and Cynanversicoside C are therefore potential candidate drugs for use against I. multifiliis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao JY, Xu Y, Yuan XM, Yin WL, Yang GL, Lin LY, Pan XY, Wang CF, Shen JY. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the two developmental stages of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:637-646. [PMID: 27864673 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius is a severe disease of farmed freshwater fish caused by the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). This disease can lead to considerable economic loss, but the protein profiles in different developmental stages of the parasite remain unknown. In the present study, proteins from trophonts and theronts of Ich were identified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A total of 2300 proteins were identified in the two developmental stages, of which 1520 proteins were differentially expressed. Among them, 84 proteins were uniquely expressed in the theronts stage, while 656 proteins were expressed only in trophonts. The differentially expressed proteins were catalogued (assorted) to various functions of Ich life cycle, including biological process, cellular component, and molecular function that occur at distinct stages. Using a 1.5-fold change in expression as a physiologically significant benchmark, a lot of differentially expressed proteins were reliably quantified by iTRAQ analysis. Two hundred forty upregulated and 57 downregulated proteins in the trophonts stage were identified as compared with theronts. The identified proteins were involved in various functions of the I. multifiliis life cycle, including binding, catalytic activity, structural molecule activity, and transporter activity. Further investigation of the transcriptional levels of periplasmic immunogenic protein, transketolase, zinc finger, isocitrate dehydrogenase, etc., from the different protein profiles using quantitative RT-PCR showed identical results to the iTRAQ analysis. This work provides an effective resource to further our understanding of Ich biology, and lays the groundwork for the identification of potential drug targets and vaccines candidates for the control of this devastating fish pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yun Yao
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yuan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Wen-Lin Yin
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ling-Yun Lin
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Pan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Jin-Yu Shen
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effects of oral administration of whole plants of Artemisia annua on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Aeromonas hydrophila after parasitism by I. multifiliis. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:91-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
Lin DJ, Hua YN, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Fu YW, Liu YM, Zhou SY. Evaluation of medicated feeds with antiparasitical and immune-enhanced Chinese herbal medicines against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2473-83. [PMID: 27003405 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since malachite green was banned for using in food fish due to its carcinogenic and teratogenic effects on human, the search of alternative drug to treat Ichthyophthirius multifiliis becomes urgent. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the ethanol extracts of medicinal plants Cynanchum atratum, Zingiber officinale, Cynanchum paniculatum, immunostimulant (A), and immunostimulant (B) for their efficacy against I. multifiliis, and (2) determine effects of medicated feeds with C. atratum, Z. officinale, C. paniculatum, and immunostimulant (A) to treat I. multifiliis in grass carp. The results in this study showed that the minimum concentrations of C. atratum, Z. officinale, and C. paniculatum extracts for killing all theronts were 16, 8, and 16 mg/L, respectively. In vivo experiments, fish fed with medicated feeds of C. atratum for 10 days, or Z. officinale for 3 days, or combination of three plants for 10 days resulted in a significant reduction in the I. multifiliis infective intensity on grass carp after theronts exposure. Grass carp fed with medicated feeds of immunostimulant (A) for 21 days showed no infection and 100 % of survival 15 days post theronts exposure. Therefore, immunostimulant (A) is a promising feed supplement to treated I. multifiliis with good antiparasitic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Jie Lin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Hua
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Hai Xu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832-4352, USA
| | - Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Meng Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
In silico target fishing and pharmacological profiling for the isoquinoline alkaloids of Macleaya cordata (Bo Luo Hui). Chin Med 2015; 10:37. [PMID: 26691584 PMCID: PMC4683977 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some isoquinoline alkaloids from Macleaya cordata (Willd). R. Br. (Bo Luo Hui) exhibited antibacterial, antiparasitic, antitumor, and analgesic effects. The targets of these isoquinoline alkaloids are undefined. This study aims to investigate the compound–target interaction network and potential pharmacological actions of isoquinoline alkaloids of M. cordata by reverse pharmacophore database screening. Methods The targets of 26 isoquinoline alkaloids identified from M. cordata were predicted by a pharmacophore-based target fishing approach. Discovery Studio 3.5 and two pharmacophore databases (PharmaDB and HypoDB) were employed for the target profiling. A compound–target interaction network of M. cordata was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape 3.0. Results Thirteen of the 65 predicted targets identified by PharmaDB were confirmed as targets by HypoDB screening. The targets in the interaction network of M. cordata were involved in cancer (31 targets), microorganisms (12 targets), neurodegeneration (10 targets), inflammation and autoimmunity (8 targets), parasitosis (5 targets), injury (4 targets), and pain (3 targets). Dihydrochelerythrine (C6) was found to hit 23 fitting targets. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) hits 15 alkaloids (C1–2, C11–16, C19–25) was the most promising target related to cancer. Conclusion Through in silico target fishing, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of M. cordata were the most significant among many possible activities. The possible anticancer effects were mainly contributed by the isoquinoline alkaloids as active components.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Wang B, Liang JH, Lin DJ. Cynatratoside-C efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and toxicity tests on grass carp and mammal blood cells. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 117:13-20. [PMID: 26575152 DOI: 10.3354/dao02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, results in high fish mortality and causes severe economic losses in aquaculture. To find new, efficient anti-I. multifiliis agents, cynatratoside-C was isolated from Cynanchum atratum by bioassay-guided fractionation in a previous study. The present study investigated the anti-theront activity, determined the toxicity of cynatratoside-C to grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus and mammalian blood cells, and evaluated the protection of cynatratoside-C against I. multifiliis theront infection in grass carp. Results showed that all theronts were killed by 0.25 mg l-1 of cynatratoside-C in 186.7 ± 5.8 min. Cynatratoside-C at 0.25 mg l-1 was effective in treating infected grass carp and protecting naive fish from I. multifiliis infestation. The 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of cynatratoside-C to grass carp and 4 h median effective concentration (EC50) of cynatratoside-C to theront were 46.8 and 0.088 mg l-1, respectively. In addition, the hemolysis assay demonstrated that cynatratoside-C had no cytotoxicity to rabbit red blood cells. Therefore, cynatratoside-C could be a safe and effective potential parasiticide for controlling I. multifiliis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song K, Ling F, Huang A, Dong W, Liu G, Jiang C, Zhang Q, Wang G. In vitro and in vivo assessment of the effect of antiprotozoal compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fish. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2015; 5:58-64. [PMID: 26042195 PMCID: PMC4442694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, an external fish parasite, often causes significant economic damage to the aquaculture industry. Since the use of malachite green was banned, the search of alternative substance to control I. multifiliis infections becomes stringent. In present study, in vitro and in vivo anti-ich efficacies of isopsoralen and psoralidin, two active compounds isolated from methanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia by bioassay-guided fractionation based on the efficacy of anti-ich encysted tomonts, were evaluated. In vitro antiprotozoal efficacy of psoralidin is much better than that of isopsoralen. Psoralidin can kill all theronts at concentrations of 0.8 mg/L or more during 4 h exposure; and terminate reproduction of I. multifiliis post 6 h exposure of protomonts to 0.9 mg/L and encysted tomonts to 1.2 mg/L. In vivo trials showed that 5 h exposure of infected fish to 2.5 mg/L of psoralidin significantly reduced the number of theronts released from tomonts. Furthermore, we observed that a part of protomonts, collected from infected fish post treatment, presented characteristic morphological changes of apoptosis after staining with Annexin V-EGFP/propidium iodide, indicating the possible mechanism of psoralidin against I. multifiliis trophont in situ. On the basis of these results, psoralidin can be used as a potential lead compound for the development of commercial drug against I. multifiliis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Aiguo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenjing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guanglu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qizhong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Evaluation of an anti-parasitic compound extracted from Streptomyces sp. HL-2-14 against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology 2015; 142:910-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-parasitic activity of a pure compound from Streptomyces sp. HL-2-14 against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and elucidate its chemical structure. By electron ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (1H NMR and 13C NMR), the compound was identified as amphotericin B (AmB). The in vitro trials revealed that AmB can effectively kill the theronts and tomonts of I. multifiliis with the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0·8 mg L−1 at 30 min for the theronts and 4·3 mg L−1 at 2 h for the tomonts, respectively. AmB at 5 mg L−1 significantly reduced I. multifiliis infectivity prevalence and intensity on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and consequently decreased fish mortality, from 100% in control group to 30% in treated group. The 72 h acute toxicity (LC50) of AmB on grass carp was 20·6 mg L−1, but fish mortality was occurred when exposure to 13·0 mg L−1. These results indicated that AmB was effective in the therapy of I. multifiliis infection, but the safety concentration margin is relatively narrow. Further efforts aiming to decrease the toxicity and improve the therapeutic profile remain to be needed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang JH, Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Wang B, Lin DJ. Identification and effect of two flavonoids from root bark of Morus alba against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1452-1459. [PMID: 25603693 DOI: 10.1021/jf505544e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is an important ciliate that parasitizes gills and skin of freshwater fish and causes massive fish mortality. In this study, two flavonoids (kuwanons G and O) with anti-Ich activity were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from the root bark of Morus alba, an important plant for sericulture. The chemical structures of kuwanons G and O were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Kuwanons G and O caused 100% mortality of I. multifiliis theronts at the concentration of 2 mg/L and possessed a median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.8 ± 0.04 mg/L against the theronts. In addition, kuwanons G and O significantly reduced the infectivity of I. multifiliis theronts at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of kuwanons G and O to grass carp were 38.0 ± 0.82 and 26.9 ± 0.51 mg/L, which were approximately 50 and 35 times the EC50 for killing theronts. The results indicate that kuwanons G and O have the potential to become safe and effective drugs to control ichthyophthiriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Han Liang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yao JY, Xu Y, Yin WL, Yuan XM, Lin LY, Xu T, Zuo ML, Pan XY, Shen JY. Evaluation of nystatin isolated from Streptomyces griseus SDX-4 against the ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1425-31. [PMID: 25645004 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of active compounds from the bacterial extracellular products of Streptomyces griseus SDX-4 against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation of compounds with antiparasitic activity were performed on n-butanol extract of S. griseus yielding a pure bioactive compound, nystatin (Nys), identified by comparing spectral data (EI-MS, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR) with literature values. Results from in vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that Nys could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis theronts and encysted tomonts at the concentration of 6.0 mg L(-1), with the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 3.1 and 2.8 mg L(-1) for theronts and encysted tomonts (4 h), respectively. Results of in vivo test demonstrated that the number of I. multifiliis trophonts on the gold fish treated with Nys was markedly lower than the control group at 10 days after exposed to theronts (p < 0.05). In the control group, 85.7% mortality was observed owing to heavy I. multifiliis infection at 10 days after the exposure. On the other hand, only 23.8% mortality owing to parasite infection was recorded in the groups treated with the Nys (4.0 and 6.0 mg L(-1)). In addition, our results showed that the survival and reproduction of I. multifiliis tomont exited from the fish were significantly reduced after treated with the 6.0 mg L(-1) Nys. The median lethal dose (LD50) of Nys for goldfish was 16.8 mg L(-1). This study firstly demonstrated that Nys has potent antiparasitic efficacy against I. multifiliis, and it can be a good candidate drug for chemotherapy and control of I. multifiliis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yun Yao
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Valladão GMR, Gallani SU, Pilarski F. Phytotherapy as an alternative for treating fish disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:417-28. [PMID: 25620601 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intensification of livestock rearing often promotes an increase in inappropriate practices that disregard care for the environment, animal health, and workers' health. Intensive fish farming systems are often associated with higher stocking density and massive use of artificial feed. Currently, outbreaks of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases act as major limiting factors for fish farming, meaning that producers have to make use of massive amounts of antibiotics, disinfectants, and pesticides in order to control mortality and avoid huge economic losses. Because of adverse effects on the aquatic environment, terrestrial organisms, and human health (both fish handlers and consumers), this therapy has been criticized. Use of herbal medicines within animal production has shown promise, in that it is natural and biodegradable and has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including those relating to fish. Recently, researchers have reported promising effects from many herbal medicines for treating parasitic diseases caused by protozoa and metazoa, and broad activity against bacteria and fungi. This review addresses the current issues regarding indiscriminate use of chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture and discusses the main findings and methodologies of the latest research on herbal medicines to stimulate and accelerate research in this field, especially in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M R Valladão
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - S U Gallani
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qing ZX, Cheng P, Liu XB, Liu YS, Zeng JG. Systematic identification of alkaloids in Macleaya microcarpa fruits by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with the isoquinoline alkaloids biosynthetic pathway. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 103:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
25
|
Alkaloids from the tribe Bocconieae (papaveraceae): a chemical and biological review. Molecules 2014; 19:13042-60. [PMID: 25157468 PMCID: PMC6271911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bocconieae tribe, consisting of only the genera Macleaya and Bocconia, possesses significant economic and medicinal value and plays an important role in health management for people in developing countries. During the past decades, research on metabolites and relative pharmacology, including the isolation and identification of a variety of molecules, has shed light on the tribe. Among those molecules, isoquinoline alkaloids, and their antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities are especially noteworthy. This paper presents a comprehensive compilation of current research progress, with emphasis on the alkaloids and their distribution, phytochemical and pharmacological investigation, toxicity and side effects, related chemotaxonomy and future use prospects, and hopefully provides a valuable reference as an effort to promote further exploration and application of this tribe.
Collapse
|
26
|
Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Liang JH, Wang B. Antiparasitic effect of cynatratoside-C from Cynanchum atratum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on grass carp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7183-7189. [PMID: 24980562 DOI: 10.1021/jf5018675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), a fish ectoparasite, comprises an important challenge in the aquaculture industry. In this study, a steroidal glycoside, cynatratoside-C, isolated from Cynanchum atratum roots by bioassay-guided fractionation was used to treat I. multifiliis. The cynatratoside-C at 0.25 mg/L demonstrated a 100% mortality of I. multifiliis in vitro after 5 h exposure. The 5 h median effective concentration (EC50) of cynatratoside-C to nonencysted tomonts was 0.083 mg/L. In addition, cynatratoside-C at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.06 mg/L could completely terminate the reproduction of encysted tomonts. The cynatratoside-C at 2 mg/L could cure the infected grass carp within 48 h. The exact mechanism of cynatratoside-C for killing I. multifiliis is unknown, but it manifests itself microscopically through loss of membrane integrity of nonencysted tomonts or through releasing immature theronts from encysted tomonts. The immature theronts finally died before infecting fish. On the basis of these results, cynatratoside-C could be used as a natural anti-I. multifiliis agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yao JY, Yin WL, Li XC, Li G, Xu Y, Ai WM, Shen JY. Anti-parasitic activities of specific bacterial extracellular products of Streptomyces griseus SDX-4 against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3111-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Fu Y, Zhang Q, Xu DH, Xia H, Cai X, Wang B, Liang J. Parasiticidal effects of Morus alba root bark extracts against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infecting grass carp. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 108:129-136. [PMID: 24553418 DOI: 10.3354/dao02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), an important fish parasite, can cause significant losses in aquaculture. To find efficacious drugs to control Ich, the root bark of white mulberry Morus alba was evaluated for its antiprotozoal activity. Bark was powdered and extracted with 1 of 5 organic solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, or methanol. The extracts were concentrated, dissolved in 0.1% (v/v) DMSO, and used for anti-Ich trials. Acetone and ethyl acetate extracts significantly reduced the survival of Ich tomonts and theronts. In vitro, acetone extract at 25 mg l-1 killed all non-encysted tomonts, at 50 mg l-1 eradicated all encysted tomonts, and at 8 mg l-1 caused mortality of all theronts. Ethyl acetate extract at 50 mg l-1 eliminated all non-encysted tomonts, at 100 mg l-1 killed all encysted tomonts and terminated tomont reproduction, and at 8 mg l-1 killed all theronts. Low concentrations (2 and 4 mg l-1) of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts could not kill all theronts after 4 h exposure, but a significant decrease in theront infectivity was observed following 30 min of pretreatment with the extracts. The 96 h LC(50) values of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts to grass carp were 79.46 and 361.05 mg l-1, i.e. much higher than effective doses for killing Ich theronts (8 mg l-1 for both extracts) and non-encysted tomonts (12.5 and 25 mg l-1, respectively). Thus M. alba extract may be a potential new, safe, and efficacious drug to control Ich.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YaoWu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lei QF, Zhao XL, Xu LJ, Peng Y, Xiao PG. Chemical Constituents of Plants from Tribe Chelidonieae and their Bioactivities. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
30
|
Wangchuk P, Keller PA, Pyne SG, Lie W, Willis AC, Rattanajak R, Kamchonwongpaisan S. A new protoberberine alkaloid from Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walpers with potent antimalarial activity against a multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:953-9. [PMID: 24120516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The aerial components of Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walpers are indicated in Bhutanese traditional medicine for treating malaria, coughs and colds, and the infections of the liver, lung and blood. This study is to validate the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant and also identify potent antimalarial drug leads through bioassays of its crude extracts and phytochemical constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walpers was collected from Bhutan and its crude MeOH extract was subjected to acid-base fractionation. Through repeated extractions, separations and spectroscopic analysis, the alkaloids obtained were identified and tested for their antimalarial and cytotoxicity activities. RESULTS Phytochemical studies resulted in the isolation of one new protoberberine type alkaloid which we named as simplicifolianine and five known alkaloids: protopine, norsanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine, 6-methoxydihydrosanguinarine and oxysanguinarine. Among the five of the alkaloids tested, simplicifolianine showed the most potent antiplasmodial activities against the Plasmodium falciparum strains, TM4/8.2 (chloroquine-antifolate sensitive strain) and K1CB1 (multidrug resistant strain) with IC50 values of 0.78 μg/mL and 1.29 μg/mL, respectively. The compounds tested did not show any significant cytotoxicity activities against human oral carcinoma KB cells and normal Vero cells of African kidney epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This study validated the traditional uses of the plant for the treatment of malaria and identified a new alkaloid, simplicifolianine as a potential antimalarial drug lead.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang Q, Xu DH, Klesius PH. Evaluation of an antiparasitic compound extracted from Galla chinensis against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Liu QL, Xu BH, Xiao TY, Su JM, Yao YB, Liu YJ. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Xiangjiang barbel chub Squaliobarbus curriculus: comparative analysis of the genetic variation associated with geographical population. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA 2013; 24:654-6. [PMID: 23452330 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.772167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus), a kind of small commercial fish, is widespread in China. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of the barbel chub from the Xiangjiang River. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,619 bp, with the base composition of 31.19% A, 25.01% T, 27.68% C, and 16.12% G. The organization and arrangement of these genes are the same as that found in the teleosts, including 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a major noncoding control region (D-loop region). Compared with the S. curriculus collected from Jiangsu province, there were 29 mutation sites in the mitogenome sequence of Xiangjiang S. curriculus. All the mutation sites were transitions and mainly occurred in protein-coding genes (21/29), two mutation sites occurred in transfer RNA, two occurred in ribosomal RNA, and four occurred in D-loop region. Among the 21 mutation sites in protein-coding genes, 6 mutation sites resulted in amino acid mutation in ND2, ATPase6, COX3, ND4, and Cytb genes, while the others were synonymous substitutions. These results indicated that there was genetic variation in different geographical populations of S. curriculus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Lin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
UPLC-QTOF/MS Analysis of Alkaloids in Traditional Processed Coptis chinensis Franch. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:942384. [PMID: 23304228 PMCID: PMC3532920 DOI: 10.1155/2012/942384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The processing technology employed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is significant and distinct. Meanwhile, the processed Coptis chinensis Franch. are significant in clinic based on clinical practice and literature. The current study used ultraperformance liquid chromatography method (UPLC) coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (qTOF/MS) and Marklynx software to analyze the chemical profiles of crude and processed C. chinensis Franch. 13 compounds in these samples are identified, including 3 compounds that are detected in C. chinensis Franch. for the first time. Moreover, the results of the experiment show significant chemical differences between crude and processed C. chinensis Franch. with principal component analysis (PCA). The obvious separation in PCA confirms the traditional processing theory in TCM.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yi YL, Lu C, Hu XG, Ling F, Wang GX. Antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1771-8. [PMID: 22864919 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthiriasis is a widespread disease in aquaculture and causes mass mortalities of fish. The development of new antiprotozoal agents for the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections is of increasing interest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of 30 medicinal plants against I. multifiliis. The results showed that the methanol extracts of Magnolia officinalis and Sophora alopecuroides displayed the highest antiprotozoal activity against theronts, with 4-h LC(50) values estimated to be 2.45 and 3.43 mg L(-1), respectively. Concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg L(-1) of M. officinalis extracts resulted in tomont mortality of 9.7, 43.7, 91.3, and 100% at 20 h, respectively. From 40 to 320 mg L(-1) of S. alopecuroides extracts, tomont mortality increased from 29.7 to 100%. Antiprotozoal efficacy against settled tomonts (2 and 10 h) was also applied; the results indicated that encysted I. multifiliis tomonts were less susceptible to these plant extract treatments. In vivo experiments demonstrated that high concentrations of M. officinalis and S. alopecuroides extracts could kill tomonts, and M. officinalis significantly reduced its reproduction (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the methanol extracts of M. officinalis and S. alopecuroides have the potential to be used as an eco-friendly approach for the control of I. multifiliis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lei Yi
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|