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de Alba P, Garro C, Florin-Christensen M, Schnittger L. Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of neonatal cryptosporidiosis in calves: The Argentine perspective. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100147. [PMID: 37941927 PMCID: PMC10628544 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are enteroparasitic protozoans that cause cryptosporidiosis in newborn calves. Clinical signs of the infection are diarrhoea and dehydration leading to decreased productivity and economic losses in cattle farms around the world. Additionally, cryptosporidiosis is a relevant zoonotic disease since the ingestion of oocysts can be fatal for children under five years of age, the elderly, and/or immunocompromised adults. This review aims to integrate existing knowledge on the epidemiological situation of calf cryptosporidiosis and associated risk factors in Argentina. In addition, the GP60 subtype diversity of the pathogen was analysed and related with the global distribution of corresponding GP60 subtypes. Depending on the study region and applied diagnostics, prevalence among calves up to 20 days of age varied between 25.2% and 42.5%, while a prevalence of 16.3-25.5% was observed at the age of 1-90 days. So far, molecular studies have determined exclusively Cryptosporidium parvum in preweaned calves. In addition, C. parvum infection was reported as the major cause of calf diarrhoea, followed by rotavirus A (RVA), while enteropathogens such as coronavirus, Escherichiacoli, and Salmonella sp. played a negligible role. Calf age of 20 days or less, incidence of diarrhoea, poorly drained soils, and large farm size were identified as risk factors for C. parvum-infection in Argentina. A total of nine GP60 subtypes (IIaAxxG1R1, xx = 16 to 24) were identified, showing a stepwise increase of the trinucleotide motif TCA, and including the zoonotic subtypes IIaA16G1R1, IIaA17G1R1, IIaA18G1R1, IIaA19G1R1, and IIaA20G1R1. We found that an increase in the A16→A24 trinucleotide repeat was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the global distribution of GP60 alleles, strongly suggesting that IIaA16G1R1 represents the primordial allelic variant of this group. Since identified GP60 alleles have a similar genetic background, we hypothesize that the continuous trinucleotide repeat array has been generated by stepwise repeat expansion of A16. The information gathered and integrated in this study contributes to an improved understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of bovine cryptosporidiosis in and beyond Argentina, which in turn can help to develop control strategies for this parasitosis of veterinary and medical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma de Alba
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Castelar, Los Reseros y Nicolas Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Carlos Garro
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Castelar, Los Reseros y Nicolas Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
| | - Monica Florin-Christensen
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Castelar, Los Reseros y Nicolas Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Leonhard Schnittger
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Castelar, Los Reseros y Nicolas Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Uran-Velasquez J, Alzate JF, Farfan-Garcia AE, Gomez-Duarte OG, Martinez-Rosado LL, Dominguez-Hernandez DD, Rojas W, Galvan-Diaz AL, Garcia-Montoya GM. Multilocus Sequence Typing helps understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from Colombian patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270995. [PMID: 35802653 PMCID: PMC9269747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus Sequence Typing has become a useful tool for the study of the genetic diversity and population structure of different organisms. In this study, a MLST approach with seven loci (CP47, MS5, MS9, MSC6-7, TP14, and gp60) was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from 28 Colombian patients. Five Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. hominis, C. parvum, Cryptosporidium felis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium suis. Unilocus gp60 analysis identified four allelic families for C. hominis (Ia, Ib, Id, and Ie) and two for C. parvum (IIa and IIc). There was polymorphic behavior of all markers evaluated for both C. hominis and C. parvum, particularly with the CP47, MS5, and gp60 markers. Phylogenetic analysis with consensus sequences (CS) of the markers showed a taxonomic agreement with the results obtained with the 18S rRNA and gp60 gene. Additionally, two monophyletic clades that clustered the species C. hominis and C. parvum were detected, with a higher number of subclades within the monophyletic groups compared to those with the gp60 gene. Thirteen MLG were identified for C. hominis and eight for C. parvum. Haplotypic and nucleotide diversity were detected, but only the latter was affected by the gp60 exclusion from the CS analysis. The gene fixation index showed an evolutionary closeness between the C. hominis samples and a less evolutionary closeness and greater sequence divergence in the C. parvum samples. Data obtained in this work support the implementation of MLST analysis in the study of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium, considering the more detailed information that it provides, which may explain some genetic events that with an unilocus approach could not be established. This is the first multilocus analysis of the intra-specific variability of Cryptosporidium from humans in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uran-Velasquez
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana E. Farfan-Garcia
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Masira, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Oscar G. Gomez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- John R. Oishei Children’s Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Larry L. Martinez-Rosado
- Equipo Latinoamericano de Investigación en Infectología y Salud Pública (ELISAP), E.S.E. Hospital La María, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego D. Dominguez-Hernandez
- Equipo Latinoamericano de Investigación en Infectología y Salud Pública (ELISAP), E.S.E. Hospital La María, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Luz Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gisela M. Garcia-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Avendaño C, Ramo A, Vergara-Castiblanco C, Monteagudo LV, Sánchez-Acedo C, Quílez J. Multilocus fragment analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum from pre-weaned calves in Colombia. Acta Trop 2019; 192:151-157. [PMID: 30738722 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intra-species genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy cattle farms in the central area of Colombia was investigated using a multilocus fragment typing approach with nine variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci and the gp60 gene. Genomic DNA of 70 C. parvum isolates from pre-weaned calves in 32 farms was analysed. Most markers showed two (ML1, MSB, CP47, and MSC6-7) or three alleles (5B12, Cgd2_3850, and Cgd6_5400), although they exhibited a major allele accounting for more than 69% of specimens, which explains their low discriminatory index. The TP14 microsatellite was monomorphic while a total of six alleles were found at the ML2 microsatellite. The two novel allelic variants (219bp, 245bp) exhibited by more than 36% of specimens at the latter locus were a remarkable finding. The 10-markers typing tool provided a Hunter-Gaston discriminatory value of 0.940 (95% CI, 0.918 - 0.961) and differentiated 22 multilocus subtypes (MLTs). Nevertheless, the combination of the three most informative markers (ML2, gp60, and Cgd2_3850) differentiated 68% of MLTs and hardly impaired the discriminatory index. The fact that many MLTs (13/22) were distinctive for individual farms provides evidence for the endemic nature of the infection and the major role played by transmission within farms. The eBURST algorithm suggested a low degree of genetic divergence. All but three MLTs were clustered in a clonal complex with a star-like topology typical of clonal expansion, however linkage analysis did not find evidence of linkage disequilibrium. Bayesian analysis also identified a genetic structure with K = 3 being the best estimation of ancestral clusters, although a large proportion of isolates (35%) could not be allocated to a single population, which indicates their mixed origin. The results confirm the genetic distinctiveness of C. parvum in cattle farms in this geographical area. This is the first multilocus analysis on the intra-specific variability of Cryptosporidium from calves in South America.
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Ramo A, Quílez J, Monteagudo L, Del Cacho E, Sánchez-Acedo C. Intra-Species Diversity and Panmictic Structure of Cryptosporidium parvum Populations in Cattle Farms in Northern Spain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148811. [PMID: 26848837 PMCID: PMC4746124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra-herd and intra-host genetic variability of 123 Cryptosporidium parvum isolates was investigated using a multilocus fragment typing approach with eleven variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci and the GP60 gene. Isolates were collected from intensively farmed diarrheic pre-weaned calves originating from 31 dairy farms in three adjoining regions in northern Spain (País Vasco, Cantabria and Asturias). The multilocus tool demonstrated an acceptable typeability, with 104/123 samples amplifying at all twelve loci. The ML2, TP14, GP60 and the previously un-described minisatellite at locus cgd2_3850 were the most discriminatory markers, while others may be dismissed as monomorphic (MSB) or less informative (CP47, ML1 and the novel minisatellites at loci Cgd1_3670 and Cgd6_3940). The 12-satellite typing tool provided a Hunter-Gaston index (HGDI) of 0.987 (95% CI, 0.982-0.992), and differentiated a total of 70 multilocus subtypes (MLTs). The inclusion of only the four most discriminatory markers dramatically reduced the number of MLTs (n: 44) but hardly reduced the HGDI value. A total of 54 MLTs were distinctive for individual farms, indicating that cryptosporidiosis is an endemic condition on most cattle farms. However, a high rate of mixed infections was detected, suggesting frequent meiotic recombination. Namely, multiple MLTs were seen in most farms where several specimens were analyzed (90.5%), with up to 9 MLTs being found on one farm, and individual specimens with mixed populations being reported on 11/29 farms. Bayesian Structure analysis showed that over 35% of isolates had mixed ancestry and analysis of evolutionary descent using the eBURST algorithm detected a high rate (21.4%) of MLTs appearing as singletons, indicating a high degree of genetic divergence. Linkage analysis found evidence of linkage equilibrium and an overall panmictic structure within the C. parvum population in this discrete geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis Monteagudo
- Department of Anatomy, Embriology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Caridad Sánchez-Acedo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Suitability of loci for multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum for inter-laboratory surveillance and outbreak investigations. Parasitology 2016; 144:37-47. [PMID: 26831252 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is the major cause of livestock and zoonotically-acquired human cryptosporidiosis. The ability to track sources of contamination and routes of transmission by further differentiation of isolates would assist risk assessment and outbreak investigations. Multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats (VNTR) analysis provides a means for rapid characterization by fragment sizing and estimation of copy numbers, but structured, harmonized development has been lacking for Cryptosporidium spp. To investigate potential for application in C. parvum surveillance and outbreak investigations, we studied nine commonly used VNTR loci (MSA, MSD, MSF, MM5, MM18, MM19, MS9-Mallon, GP60 and TP14) for chromosome distribution, repeat unit length and heterogeneity, and flanking region proximity and conservation. To investigate performance in vitro, we compared these loci in 14 C. parvum samples by capillary electrophoresis in three laboratories. We found that many loci did not contain simple repeat units but were more complex, hindering calculations of repeat unit copy number for standardized reporting nomenclature. However, sequenced reference DNA enabled reproducible fragment sizing and inter-laboratory allele assignation based on size normalized to that of the sequenced fragments by both single round and nested polymerase chain reactions. Additional Cryptosporidium loci need to be identified and validated for robust inter-laboratory surveillance and outbreak investigations.
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Hotchkiss EJ, Gilray JA, Brennan ML, Christley RM, Morrison LJ, Jonsson NN, Innes EA, Katzer F. Development of a framework for genotyping bovine-derived Cryptosporidium parvum, using a multilocus fragment typing tool. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:500. [PMID: 26427625 PMCID: PMC4591062 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for an integrated genotyping approach for C. parvum; no sufficiently discriminatory scheme to date has been fully validated or widely adopted by veterinary or public health researchers. Multilocus fragment typing (MLFT) can provide good differentiation and is relatively quick and cheap to perform. A MLFT tool was assessed in terms of its typeability, specificity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), accuracy and ability to genotypically discriminate bovine-derived Cryptosporidium parvum. Methods With the aim of working towards a consensus, six markers were selected for inclusion based on their successful application in previous studies: MM5, MM18, MM19, TP14, MS1 and MS9. Alleles were assigned according to the fragment sizes of repeat regions amplified, as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In addition, a region of the GP60 gene was amplified and sequenced to determine gp60 subtype and this was added to the allelic profiles of the 6 markers to determine the multilocus genotype (MLG). The MLFT tool was applied to 140 C. parvum samples collected in two cross-sectional studies of UK calves, conducted in Cheshire in 2004 (principally dairy animals) and Aberdeenshire/Caithness in 2011 (beef animals). Results Typeability was 84 %. The primers did not amplify tested non-parvum species frequently detected in cattle. In terms of repeatability, within- and between-run fragment sizes showed little variability. Between laboratories, fragment sizes differed but allele calling was reproducible. The MLFT had good discriminatory ability (Simpson’s Index of Diversity, SID, was 0.92), compared to gp60 sequencing alone (SID 0.44). Some markers were more informative than others, with MS1 and MS9 proving monoallelic in tested samples. Conclusions Further inter-laboratory trials are now warranted with the inclusion of human-derived C. parvum samples, allowing progress towards an integrated, standardised typing scheme to enable source attribution and to determine the role of livestock in future outbreaks of human C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hotchkiss
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Janice A Gilray
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Robert M Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Leahurst Campus CH64 7TE, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Kaupke A, Rzeżutka A. Emergence of novel subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in calves in Poland. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4709-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ramo A, Quílez J, Del Cacho E, Sánchez-Acedo C. Optimization of a fragment size analysis tool for identification of Cryptosporidium species and Gp60 alleles infecting domestic ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:466-71. [PMID: 25224787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based DNA fragment analysis tool was optimized to identify in a single capillary the most common Cryptosporidium species and Cryptosporidium parvum GP60 alleles infecting domestic ruminants. For this purpose, a panel of genomic DNA samples including six Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae, C. andersoni, C. ubiquitum, and C. hominis) and 18 C. parvum GP60 subtypes belonging to the subtype families IIa and IId was used. All these samples had been characterized previously by sequencing of SSU rRNA and GP60 genes. Isolates were re-amplified by PCR at these loci using sets of newly designed primers and subjected to CE. Fragment sizes were adjusted after comparison with sizes obtained by sequence analysis. The optimized CE-based approach provided fragments of different size for most Cryptosporidium species, but did not differentiate C. bovis and C. ryanae. Many of the GP60 subtypes (11/18) were also readily differentiated by CE, although overlapping in fragment sizes between IIa and IId subtypes was noticed. The CE-based tool was subsequently used to analyze Cryptosporidium isolates from naturally infected calves (n: 123) and lambs (n: 113) from farms in northern Spain. All isolates provided fragments typical of C. parvum. Fragment analysis at the GP60 locus differentiated a total of 10 alleles within isolates from calves (6 alleles) and lambs (8 alleles), with all but three alleles being host-associated. These findings support the validity of the optimized CE approach as a discriminatory and time- and cost-saving alternative to sequencing for identification of Cryptosporidium species and GP60 alleles in domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Caridad Sánchez-Acedo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology 2014; 141:1667-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes that have been reported in humans,Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvumare responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with severalCryptosporidiumspecies or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission ofCryptosporidiumspecies, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for manyCryptosporidiumspecies of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity ofCryptosporidiumspecies and impact of climate change on the transmission ofCryptosporidium.
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Validation of fragment analysis by capillary electrophoresis to resolve mixed infections by Cryptosporidium parvum subpopulations. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1821-5. [PMID: 24609235 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based DNA fragment analysis to identify mixed infections by Cryptosporidium parvum subpopulations was validated using high-resolution slab-gel electrophoresis. A selection of genomic DNA samples from C. parvum isolates with CE electropherogram profiles indicative of two concurrent alleles at one or more of six mini and microsatellite loci (MSB, MS5, ML1, ML2, TP14, 5B12) were analysed. These loci were PCR-amplified and products separated on precast Spreadex EL600 slab gels. ML1 PCR products differing by as little as 3 bp in length were visible after Spreadex gel electrophoresis and fragments were clearly separated for all but the ML2 and 5B12 loci, which generated stutter bands. No stuttering was seen for the remaining markers, having three or more nucleotide motifs in the repeat region. For each sample, the two bands of interest were excised separately, DNA extracted and re-amplified by PCR. Sequencing of these PCR products revealed the expected sequences for both alleles at most samples, except for the longest ML2 and 5B12 alleles which generated indeterminate sequences. Two novel MS5 alleles were successfully sequenced after PCR re-amplification. These findings demonstrate the utility of high-resolution Spreadex gels for analysing the polymorphism of satellite markers of Cryptosporidium isolates and support the validity of CE as a reliable and sensitive tool for detecting mixed Cryptosporidium subpopulations in a single-host infection.
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Rieux A, Chartier C, Pors I, Delafosse A, Paraud C. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from high-excreting young dairy calves in dairy cattle herds in Western France. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3423-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Host association of Cryptosporidium parvum populations infecting domestic ruminants in Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5363-71. [PMID: 23811515 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01168-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A stock of 148 Cryptosporidium parvum DNA extracts from lambs and goat kids selected from a previous study examining the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species and GP60 subtypes in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northeastern Spain was further characterized by a multilocus fragment typing approach with six mini- and microsatellite loci. Various degrees of polymorphism were seen at all but the MS5 locus, although all markers exhibited two major alleles accounting for more than 75% of isolates. A total of 56 multilocus subtypes (MLTs) from lambs (48 MLTs) and goat kids (11 MLTs) were identified. Individual isolates with mixed MLTs were detected on more than 25% of the farms, but most MLTs (33) were distinctive for individual farms, revealing the endemicity of cryptosporidial infections on sheep and goat farms. Comparison with a previous study in calves in northern Spain using the same six-locus subtyping scheme showed the presence of host-associated alleles, differences in the identity of major alleles, and very little overlap in MLTs between C. parvum isolates from lambs and those from calves (1 MLT) or isolates from lambs and those from goat kids (3 MLTs). The Hunter-Gaston index of the multilocus technique was 0.976 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.970 to 0.982), which supports its high discriminatory power for strain typing and epidemiological tracking. Population analyses revealed the presence of two host-associated subpopulations showing epidemic clonality among the C. parvum isolates infecting calves and lambs/goat kids, respectively, although evidence of genetic flow between the two subpopulations was also detected.
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Zhao GH, Ren WX, Gao M, Bian QQ, Hu B, Cong MM, Lin Q, Wang RJ, Qi M, Qi MZ, Zhu XQ, Zhang LX. Genotyping Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60112. [PMID: 23560072 PMCID: PMC3613348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the prevalence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle in Shaanxi province, China. A total of 2071 fecal samples (847 from Qinchuan cattle and 1224 from dairy cattle) were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and 70 samples (3.4%) were C. andersoni-positive and those positive samples were identified by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) genes. C. andersoni was the only species found in the examined cattle in this province. Fifty-seven C. andersoni isolates were characterized into 5 MLST subtypes using multilocus sequence typing analysis, including a new subtype in the native beef breed Qinchuan cattle. All of these C. andersoni isolates presented a clonal genetic structure. These findings provide new insights into the genetic structure of C. andersoni isolates in Shaanxi province and basic data of Cryptosporidium prevalence status, which in turn have implications for controlling cryptosporidiosis in this province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wan-Xin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Man Gao
- Pulike Biological Engineering Inc., Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Qing-Qing Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mei-Mei Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong-Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mao-Zhen Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XQZ); (LXZ)
| | - Long-Xian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- * E-mail: (XQZ); (LXZ)
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Epidemiology and molecular relationships of Cryptosporidium spp. in people, primates, and livestock from Western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1597. [PMID: 22506085 PMCID: PMC3323507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is one of the most common parasitic diarrheal agents in the world and is a known zoonosis. We studied Cryptosporidium in people, livestock, and non-human primates in the region of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Land use change near the park has resulted in fragmented forest patches containing small, remnant populations of wild primates that interact intensively with local people and livestock. Our goal was to investigate risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection and to assess cross-species transmission using molecular methods. Methodology/Principal Findings Diagnostic PCR revealed a prevalence of Cryptosporidium of 32.4% in humans, 11.1% in non-human primates, and 2.2% in livestock. In the case of humans, residence in one particular community was associated with increased risk of infection, as was fetching water from an open water source. Although 48.5% of infected people reported gastrointestinal symptoms, this frequency was not significantly different in people who tested negative (44.7%) for Cryptosporidium, nor was co-infection with Giardia duodenalis associated with increased reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms. Fecal consistency was no different in infected versus uninfected people or animals. DNA sequences of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene placed all infections within a well-supported C. parvum/C. hominis clade. However, the only two sequences recovered from primates in the core of the park's protected area fell into a divergent sub-clade and were identical to published sequences from C. parvum, C. hominis, and C. cuniculus, suggesting the possibility of a separate sylvatic transmission cycle. Conclusions/Significance Cryptosporidium may be transmitted frequently among species in western Uganda where people, livestock, and wildlife interact intensively as a result of anthropogenic changes to forests, but the parasite may undergo more host-specific transmission where such interactions do not occur. The parasite does not appear to have strong effects on human or animal health, perhaps because of persistent low-level shedding and immunity. Cryptosporidium is a common gastrointestinal parasite known for its zoonotic potential. We found Cryptosporidium in 32.4% of people, 11.1% of non-human primates, and 2.2% of livestock in the region of Kibale National Park, Uganda. In people, infection rates were higher in one community than elsewhere, and fetching water from an open water source increased the probability of infection. Phylogenetic analyses identified clusters of Cryptosporidium with mixed host origins in people, primates, and livestock outside the park; however, parasites from primates inside the park were genetically divergent, suggesting a separate sylvatic transmission cycle. Infection was not associated with clinical disease in people, even in the case of co-infection with the gastrointestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis. Parasites such as Cryptosporidium may be maintained through frequent cross-species transmission in tropical settings where people, livestock, and wildlife interact frequently, but the parasite may undergo more host-specific transmission where such interactions do not occur. Persistent low-level shedding and immunity may limit the clinical effects of infection in such settings.
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