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Davy JS, Forero LC, Strickler S, Gillespie J, Maier GU. Comparison of deworming strategies for pre-weaned beef calves. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110005. [PMID: 37729829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
While anthelmintic treatment in young calves at first vaccination has not proven repeatedly effective in improving weight gain, there is evidence that treatment 90 day prior to weaning can enhance weight gain. This is difficult in most California cow/calf operations as after initial vaccination, calves are not again handled until preconditioning just prior to weaning. In an attempt to increase weight gain without the need for anthelmintic retreatment prior to preconditioning, 130 cow/calf pairs were stratified and assigned to three treatments of eprinomectin extended release injection (150 d efficacy), doramectin conventional injection, and an untreated control. Dams and calves received the same treatment. All treatments were commingled on irrigated pasture in Northern California. Sampling included weight (d 0, 75, and 145), fecal parasite (d 0, 14, 75, and 145), cow body condition score (d 0, 75, and 145), and cow pregnancy detection (days bred). Calf weight gain was not impacted by anthelmintic treatment (P = 0.44). However, cow weight gain was impacted by treatment (P < 0.01), with eprinomectin extended release showing higher weight gain than both doramectin conventional and the control (ADG kg 0.29, 0.23, 0.22, respectively). Cow weight gain differences were expressed greater toward the end of the trial than early on. Fecal egg count sampling failed to explain the difference in cow weight gain. Cow body condition score (P = 0.15) and days bred (P = 0.50) were not significantly affected by treatment. Although cow weight gain increased with an extended release anthelmintic treatment, this effect did not seem to be evident in suckling calves on high quality irrigated pastures in Northern California when compared to a conventional injectable and control treatments. Neither anthelmintic treatment appeared beneficial over a control when administered to suckling calves during initial vaccination at approximately 90 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh S Davy
- UC Livestock and Range Advisor Tehama, Glenn, Colusa, 1754 Walnut St, Red Bluff, CA, USA.
| | - Larry C Forero
- UC Livestock and Range Advisor Shasta, Trinity, 1851 Hartnell Avenue, Redding, CA 96002, USA.
| | - Shane Strickler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Joe Gillespie
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Gabriele U Maier
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Haemonchus contortus Parasitism in Intensively Managed Cross-Limousin Beef Calves: Effects on Feed Conversion and Carcass Characteristics and Potential Associations with Climatic Conditions. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090955. [PMID: 36145388 PMCID: PMC9500760 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were: (a) to study the effect of Haemonchus spp. on the growth performance characteristics of fattening calves, (b) to assess any potential effects on carcass characteristics and (c) to investigate the potential role of climatic conditions in the process of the infection. The study was conducted for 201 days in an intensively managed cross-Limousin herd. The animals were divided into two equal groups: those receiving anthelmintic treatment (AT) and the untreated (C) controls. The same nutritional regime was applied to both groups and the feed consumption was calculated daily. Standard parasitological examinations were performed at weekly intervals. At slaughter, carcasses were weighed and assessed for conformation and fat cover classes. Climatic variables were obtained for the location of the farm and a temperature-humidity index was calculated. Before anthelmintic treatment with ivermectin, there was no difference in parasitic burdens between the two groups: 544 (AT) vs. 554 (C) epg, whilst after it, counts were 0 and 450–700 epg, respectively, with over 96% of larvae identified as Haemonchus spp. and, later, confirmed as Haemonchus contortus. It was concluded that treated animals had a higher average total bodyweight gain, higher feed conversion ratio and carcass yield of superior quality than controls. There was a difference between the two groups in the pattern of reduction of dry matter intake as the temperature-humidity index increased.
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3
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Hamel D, Kunkle BN, Liebstein M, Bader J, Shryock J, Visser M, Yoon S, Fankhauser B, Rehbein S. Eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection for the treatment of larval and/or adult Bunostomum phlebotomum, Haemonchus contortus, H. placei, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in cattle. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2173-2178. [PMID: 35503138 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to generate data for regulatory purposes on the therapeutic efficacy of eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection (Eprinomectin ERI) (LongRange®, Boehringer Ingelheim) against infections of immature and adult stages of some nematode species (or stages) which are generally less common or predominantly seen in younger cattle, nine studies (minimum two per parasite and stage) were conducted in the USA and Germany. A total of 218 young cattle were included in seven experimentally induced infection studies (180 animals) and two studies with naturally acquired nematode infections (38 animals), which were compliant with WAAVP and VICH guidelines. In each study, cattle were randomly assigned into groups which received 1 mL per 50 kg body weight of either saline (controls) or Eprinomectin ERI (equivalent to 1 mg eprinomectin per kg body weight) via subcutaneous injection when the parasites were developing fourth-stage larval (L4) or adult nematodes. Following necropsy and parasite recovery, percentage efficacy was calculated based on the comparison of geometric mean nematode counts of the Eprinomectin ERI- vs. the saline-treated animals. Eprinomectin ERI-treated cattle had significantly (p < 0.05) lower counts of each species and stage of nematodes than the controls. Eprinomectin ERI treatment was demonstrated to be efficacious (> 90%) against L4 and adult Bunostomum phlebotomum and Nematodirus helvetianus; against L4 Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis; and against adult H. contortus. Percentage efficacy against L4 H. contortus was variable (69.6 to 100%). All treatments were well accepted, and no treatment-related health problems were observed in any study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - Bruce N Kunkle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Missouri Research Center, 6498 Jade Road, Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Martin Liebstein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Missouri Research Center, 6498 Jade Road, Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Jonathan Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Missouri Research Center, 6498 Jade Road, Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shryock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Missouri Research Center, 6498 Jade Road, Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Martin Visser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Stephen Yoon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA, 30096-4640, USA
| | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA, 30096-4640, USA
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
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Naturally acquired ovine-adapted nematode infections in young cattle and their treatment with eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1811-1815. [PMID: 35394207 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this controlled study was to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection (Eprinomectin ERI; LONGRANGE®, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) against primarily ovine-adapted gastrointestinal strongylid nematode (GIN) parasites in naturally infected young cattle. Eighteen calves which grazed on a sheep-dominated mixed sheep-cattle farm were randomly allocated into two equal groups (saline [control] or Eprinomectin ERI, administered each at 1 mL/50 kg body weight once subcutaneously), treated and euthanized 14 days thereafter for a differential GIN count. Ten species of strongylid nematodes were recovered from the control calves (ovine-adapted Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, Nematodirus battus, Chabertia ovina; bovine-adapted Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus helvetianus; 'generalist' Trichostrongylus axei). Adult GIN counts ranged from 1,540 to 5,244 for the control calves and from zero to 110 for the Eprinomectin ERI-treated calves. Accepting the International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products anthelmintic guidelines criteria on adequacy of infections to be demonstrated in the control animals, this study showed that Ch. ovina, C. curticei, H. contortus, N. battus, T. axei, and T. colubriformis were reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) by ≥ 98.7% in the animals treated with Eprinomectin ERI. In conclusion, Eprinomectin ERI treatment was efficacious against a range of ovine-adapted nematode parasites in naturally infected young cattle.
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Johnson J, Kasimanickam VR, Kastelic JP, Kasimanickam RK. Reduced gastrointestinal worm burden following long term parasite control improves body condition and fertility in beef cows. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109259. [PMID: 33035775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare effects of gastrointestinal parasite control over a long vs short term (PC-LT vs. PC-ST) on fecal parasite load, body condition and pregnancy in beef cows. On Day 0, fecal samples were collected from Angus cross cows (n = 1462) and they were assigned a body condition score (BCS: 1, emaciated; 9, Obese) and randomly divided into two groups (within location) to receive extended-release eprinomectin [PC-LT; n = 749; 50 mg/50 kg body weight (BW)] or pour-on ivermectin (PC-ST; n = 713; 25 mg/50 kg BW). All cows were synchronized with CO-Synch + CIDR [100 μg GnRH + progesterone vaginal insert (CIDR) application on Day 20, CIDR removal +25 mg PGF2a on Day 27, and artificial insemination +100 μg GnRH on Day 30 (66 h after CIDR removal)] protocol, artificially inseminated (AI; Day 30) and on Day 44, exposed to breeding bulls (1:40 bull to cow ratio) for the remainder of the 85 day breeding season. On Day 90, a second fecal sample was collected from all cows and the cows were examined to determine pregnancy/AI (P/AI). All cows were assigned a BCS on Day 180 and re-examined to determine pregnancy/breeding season (P/BS). Worm egg count per gram of feces (FEG) was determined by McMaster method. There were no differences (P > 0.1) between PC-LT and PC-ST groups on Day 0 for FEG (46.9 ± 13.1 vs 42.6 ± 15.2, respectively; mean ± SEM) or BCS (5.95 ± 0.12 vs 6.00 ± 0.20). The mean FEG (PC-LT, 12.3 ± 4.7 vs. PC-ST, 131.3 ± 10.9) on Day 90 and BCS (PC-LT, 6.04 ± 0.07 vs. PC-ST, 5.79 ± 0.13) on Day 180 differed (P < 0.05) between the two groups. Mean P/AI [PC-LT, 62.9 %; (471/749) vs PC-ST, 57.4 %; (409/713)] and P/BS [PC-LT, 92.9 % (696/749) vs PC-ST, 90.0 (642/713)] also differed (P < 0.05). Lower FEG at Day 90 resulted in moderate to good body condition at Day 180 and cows with moderate to good body condition at Day 180 had higher P/BS. In conclusion, lower worm burden with long-term parasite control reduced FEG and improved BCS, P/AI and P/BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerimyah Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Vanmathy R Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Ramanathan K Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Wang T, Avramenko RW, Redman EM, Wit J, Gilleard JS, Colwell DD. High levels of third-stage larvae (L3) overwinter survival for multiple cattle gastrointestinal nematode species on western Canadian pastures as revealed by ITS2 rDNA metabarcoding. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:458. [PMID: 32912326 PMCID: PMC7488095 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of infective larvae of cattle gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species to overwinter on pastures in northerly climatic zones with very cold dry winters is poorly understood. This is an important knowledge gap with critical implications for parasite risk assessment and control. Methods Infective third-stage larvae (L3) were quantified in samples of fecal pats, together with adjacent grass and soil, before and after winter on three farms in southern, central and northern Alberta. Nemabiome ITS2 metabarcoding was then performed on the harvested L3 populations to determine the species composition. Finally, parasite-free tracer calves were used to investigate if the L3 surviving the winter could infect calves and develop to adult worms in spring. Results Farm level monitoring, using solar powered weather stations, revealed that ground temperatures were consistently higher, and less variable, than the air temperatures; minimum winter air and ground temperatures were − 32.5 °C and − 24.7 °C respectively. In spite of the extremely low minimum temperatures reached, L3 were recovered from fecal pats and grass before and after winter with only a 38% and 61% overall reduction over the winter, respectively. Nemabiome ITS2 metabarcoding assay revealed that the proportion of L3 surviving the winter was high for both Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi although survival of the former species was statistically significantly higher than the latter. Nematodirus helvetinaus and Trichostrongylus axei could be detected after winter whereas Haemonchus placei L3 could not overwinter at all. Adult C. oncophora, O. ostertagi and N. helvetianus could be recovered from tracer calves grazing after the winter. Conclusions The largest proportion of L3 were recovered from fecal pats suggesting this is important refuge for L3 survival. Results also show that L3 of several GIN parasite species can survive relatively efficiently on pastures even in the extreme winter conditions in western Canada. Tracer calf experiments confirmed that overwintered L3 of both C. oncophora and O. ostertagi were capable of establishing a patent infection in the following spring. These results have important implications for the epidemiology, risk of production impact and the design of effective control strategies. The work also illustrates the value of applying ITS2 nemabiome metabarcoding to environmental samples.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Liverstock Parasitology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Russell W Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janneke Wit
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Douglas D Colwell
- Liverstock Parasitology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
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Efficacy and production benefits following use of eprinomectin extended-release injection in pastured dairy heifers. Vet Parasitol 2020; 282:109157. [PMID: 32497935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted in grazing dairy heifers to assess anthelmintic efficacy and production responses in dairy heifers treated with a single injection of eprinomectin in an extended-release formulation over a 123 day-period. The study was conducted on a pasture-based dairy in the Southeastern United States (North Carolina) over the summer months. Sixty crossbred dairy heifers were weighed and randomly allocated into 2 groups. One group (n = 30) was given 5% eprinomectin subcutaneously in the cervical region while the other group (n = 30) was given an equivalent volume of saline. Calves were weighed every 30 days throughout the trial for calculation of average daily gain and differences in overall weight gain. In addition, fecal samples were collected at days 0, 30, 60, 90 and 123 for worm egg count and coproculture. Both groups of cattle had similar worm egg concentrations at the start of the study. However, the control group had increasing concentrations of fecal worm eggs throughout the summer months while the heifers that received eprinomectin had minimal fecal worm eggs. The primary parasite species identified in this study were Haemonchus placei, Cooperia species and Ostertagia. The heifers that received eprinomectin gained 105 + 2.8 kg during the 123-day study period, representing an average daily gain of 0.85 kg/day compared to 78.3 + 4.1 kg (0.64 kg/day) for the control group. This represented a 33 % increase in average daily gain associated with deworming. The results of this study indicate that a single dose of extended-release eprinomectin was sufficient to control parasites through a 123-day summer grazing season and that administration of the anthelmintic had a significant impact on weight gain.
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Hildreth MB, McKenzie JB. Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Northern Climates. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:59-71. [PMID: 32029189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite species infecting cattle throughout northern North American are generally the same as those found throughout North America. Throughout Canada, cattle are primarily infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, whose larvae survive cold winters within soil of pastures. Overwintering larvae of these species maintain a temporary population of refugia available in spring to grazing cattle. Cattle from northern United States are also infected with Cooperia punctata and Haemonchus placei, whose larvae cannot survive cold winters within pastures. Anthelmintics with persistent activity are used during spring to recover some of these losses; however, anthelmintic resistance limits effectiveness of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, SNP 252, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - John B McKenzie
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, SNP 252, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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9
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Navarre CB. Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Southern Climates. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:45-57. [PMID: 32029188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) can have both economic and health benefits for cattle operations in the southern United States. In the past several decades, GIN control has relied almost exclusively on the use of anthelmintics. With the increase in anthelmintic resistance new strategies must be developed. Anthelmintic use should be minimized by integrating grazing management and a good herd health program into GIN control programs. This takes knowledge of GIN biology and epidemiology in the region (climate and weather) combined with specific information from the ranch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Navarre
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, 111 Dalrymple Building, 110 LSU Union Square, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-0106, USA.
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Scott H, Gilleard JS, Jelinski M, Barkema HW, Redman EM, Avramenko RW, Luby C, Kelton DF, Bauman CA, Keefe G, Dubuc J, Uehlinger FD. Prevalence, fecal egg counts, and species identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in replacement dairy heifers in Canada. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8251-8263. [PMID: 31326168 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Information is scarce regarding the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in Canadian dairy heifers. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy heifers, and using a novel deep-amplicon sequencing approach, to identify the predominant gastrointestinal nematode species in Canadian dairy replacement heifers. Fresh environmental fecal samples (n = 2,369) were collected from replacement heifers on 306 dairy farms across western Canada, Ontario, Québec, and Atlantic Canada. Eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were determined using a modified Wisconsin double-centrifugation sugar flotation technique. Predominant nematode species at the farm level were identified by deep-amplicon nemabiome sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer-2 rDNA locus of nematode third-stage larvae. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate predicted parasite prevalence and mean EPG in all heifers and by province, allowing for clustering within herds. Individual heifer egg counts ranged from 0 to 141 EPG (median: 0 EPG; interquartile range: 0 to 71 EPG). Gastrointestinal nematodes were detected in 20.9% (95% confidence interval: 17.2 to 24.6%) of heifers, and the predicted mean strongylid EPG accounting for clustering on farms was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 1.6). The predominant parasite species were Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi. This is the first study in Canada to use a combination of deep-amplicon nemabiome sequencing and a traditional egg count method to describe the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Scott
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - M Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - H W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - E M Redman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - R W Avramenko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - C Luby
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - D F Kelton
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave. W, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - C A Bauman
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave. W, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - G Keefe
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 50 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, Canada, C1A 4P3
| | - J Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - F D Uehlinger
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4.
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Volk MJ, Krause TR, Stokes RS, Ireland FA, Shike DW. Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on fescue toxicosis, performance, and reproduction on fall-calving beef cows. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1423-1434. [PMID: 32704907 PMCID: PMC7200507 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of extended-release eprinomectin on fescue toxicosis and impacts on performance and reproduction in fall-calving beef cows. Fall-calving Angus × Simmental multiparous cows [n = 335; age = 5.8 ± 2.1 yr; 586.5 ± 6.0 kg body weight (BW); 5.48 ± 0.05 body condition score (BCS)] were stratified by BW, age, and BCS and randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Treatments included a spring injection of extended-release eprinomectin (SERE) on day 0, a fall injection of extended-release eprinomectin injection (FERE) on day 84, and a saline control (CON). All treatments were administered at a rate of 1 mL/50 kg BW. Prior to the experiment, all cows were treated with oral fenbendazole to minimize parasite load. Cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue. Hair coat score (HCS), BW, and BCS were recorded on all cattle. Fecal egg count (FEC), respiration rate (RR), horn fly and tick count, hematocrit (% packed cell volume, PCV), and serum prolactin were analyzed on a subset of cows (35/treatment). On day 194, cows were artificially inseminated (AI) and 11 d following AI were exposed to bulls for 51 d. Milk production was estimated on day 210 on a subset of 85 cow-calf pairs (28-29/treatment). There was a tendency for a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.07) for FEC likely driven by an increase in FEC of the CON cattle at day 126 compared to SERE and FERE. There was a tendency for a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.06) for cow BW, largely driven by time differences; however, there was no effect of treatment (P = 0.84) on BW. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.13) in cow PCV, fly and tick count, BCS, HCS, RR, and serum prolactin throughout the experiment. Additionally, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.46) in Julian calving date, calf birth BW, or milk production between treatments. Interestingly, heifer calves born to FERE dams tended to have greater (P = 0.06) weaning BW compared to heifer calves born to CON dams. In addition, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.17) in heat patch scores, AI conception rates, or overall pregnancy rates between treatments. Extended-release eprinomectin did not impact cow growth performance, reproductive performance or fescue toxicity symptoms when grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue; however, calf weaning BW tended to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareah J Volk
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
| | - Taylor R Krause
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
| | | | - Frank A Ireland
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
| | - Daniel W Shike
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
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Imbahale SS, Montaña Lopez J, Brew J, Paaijmans K, Rist C, Chaccour C. Mapping the potential use of endectocide-treated cattle to reduce malaria transmission. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5826. [PMID: 30967606 PMCID: PMC6456610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating cattle with endectocide is a longstanding veterinary practice to reduce the load of endo and ectoparasites, but has the potential to be added to the malaria control and elimination toolbox, as it also kills malaria mosquitoes feeding on the animals. Here we used openly available data to map the areas of the African continent where high malaria prevalence in 2-10 year old children coincides with a high density of cattle and high density of the partly zoophilic malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. That is, mapping the areas where treating cattle with endectocide would potentially have the greatest impact on reducing malaria transmission. In regions of Africa that are not dominated by rainforest nor desert, the map shows a scatter of areas in several countries where this intervention shows potential, including central and eastern sub-Saharan Africa. The savanna region underneath the Sahel in West Africa appears as the climatic block that would benefit to the largest extent from this intervention, encompassing several countries. West Africa currently presents the highest under-10 malaria prevalence and elimination within the next twenty years cannot be contemplated there with currently available interventions alone, making the use of endectocide treated cattle as a complementary intervention highly appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Imbahale
- Department of Applied and Technical Biology, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julia Montaña Lopez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brew
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Krijn Paaijmans
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cassidy Rist
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Carlos Chaccour
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania. .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Volk MJ, Kordas JM, Stokes RS, Ireland FA, Shike DW. Effects of spring administration of extended-release eprinomectin on fescue toxicosis, performance, and reproduction of fall-born beef heifers. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:20-28. [PMID: 32704774 PMCID: PMC7200814 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of eprinomectin, an extended-release injectable parasiticide, on fescue toxicosis and its impacts on beef heifer performance and reproduction. Fall-born Angus × Simmental heifers (age = 246.3 ± 22.4 d; 264.8 ± 21.1 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: extended-release eprinomectin injection (ERE; n = 100) or control (CON; saline; n = 99). Treatments were administered at a rate of 1 mL/50 kg BW. Prior to experiment, heifers were dosed with oral fenbendazole to minimize parasite load. All heifers grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue as a single group and were offered a 50:50 supplement mix of corn gluten feed and soybean hulls (2.7 kg as fed per heifer per day). Body condition scores (BCS), BW, hair coat score (HCS), blood, and fecal samples were collected throughout the experiment. A subset of 40 heifers were randomly selected (20 per treatment) to assess respiration rate (RR). On d 138, heifers began a 14-d controlled internal drug release + prostaglandin synchronization protocol. Following artificial insemination (AI), heifers were exposed to five bulls for 71 d. On d 214 and 291, AI and overall pregnancy rates, respectively, were determined. There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) for BW, BCS, and average daily gain (ADG). The ERE heifers had greater (P < 0.04) BW and BCS compared to CON heifers from d 55 and 112, respectively. In addition, ERE heifers had greater (P ≤ 0.04) ADG from d 0 to 56, 56 to 112, 112 to 171, and 171 to 214; however CON heifers had greater (P < 0.01) ADG from d 214 to 291. There was no treatment × time interaction or treatment difference (P ≥ 0.27) for HCS, RR, and serum prolactin concentrations. However, serum prolactin decreased (P < 0.01) in all heifers over time. There was a treatment × time interaction (P<0.01) for fecal egg counts (FEC). The FEC did not differ (P ≥ 0.32) on d −1 or 55; however, ERE heifers had decreased (P < 0.01) FEC compared with CON heifers on d 111 (1.52 vs. 13.56 eggs per gram). The ERE heifers tended (P = 0.10) to have greater AI pregnancy rates (69% vs. 58%) and had greater (P = 0.01) overall pregnancy rates (84% vs. 68%) than CON heifers. Spring administration of extended-release eprinomectin improved BW, ADG, BCS, and AI and overall pregnancy rates in fall-born beef heifers. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear, as there were minimal to no differences in HCS, RR, serum prolactin, and FEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareah J Volk
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Jessica M Kordas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Rebecca S Stokes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
- Present address: KWS Cereals USA, LLC
| | - Frank A Ireland
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Daniel W Shike
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
- Corresponding author:
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14
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Bilhalva AF, Finger IS, Pereira RA, Corrêa MN, Burkert Del Pino FA. Utilization of biodegradable polymers in veterinary science and routes of administration: a literature review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1378104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ferreira Bilhalva
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Pecuária, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ilusca Sampaio Finger
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Pecuária, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rubens Alves Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Pecuária, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marcio Nunes Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Pecuária, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Rehbein S, Knaus M, Visser M, Rauh R, Yoon S. Control of parasitic infection with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVOMEC® GOLD) and production benefit in first-season grazing cattle facing a high-level larval challenge in Germany. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4639-4648. [PMID: 27630102 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections are affecting the health and productivity of grazing cattle worldwide. To evaluate the effects of a single treatment with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15 % ivermectin w/v) in first-grazing season cattle, two studies were conducted under continued stocking conditions for 84 or 100 days in Bavaria, Germany. Each study involved 68 naturally infected, approximately 4- to 6-month-old Brown Swiss bull calves. Animals were blocked based on pretreatment body weights. Within each block of four animals, animals were randomly assigned to treatments: one to saline (control) and three to IVM LAI. Treatments were injected at 1 mL/50 kg body weight subcutaneously in front of the shoulder. Animals in both studies were managed as one herd each grazing together. Cattle were weighed and fecal samples were collected pretreatment and at intervals thereafter for determination of weight gain and treatment efficacy, respectively. Fecal examination including composite fecal culture indicated the presence of nematodes of the genera Cooperia (dominating), Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, and Dictyocaulus, and Moniezia cestodes in the cattle. Following treatment, IVM LAI-treated cattle did not shed any Dictyocaulus larvae for 84 days while controls continued to pass larvae. Compared to the controls, IVM LAI-treated cattle had significantly (p < 0.01) lower strongylid egg counts at each occasion. Percentage reductions were ≥94 % up to 70 days after treatment and were ≥83.9 and 58.9 % at 84 and 100 days. Over the 84- or 100-day study periods, IVM LAI-treated cattle gained significantly more weight than the controls: 22.7 and 12.4 kg, respectively. The two studies demonstrated a high efficacy of IVM LAI against gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections under field conditions in Germany which was associated with significant benefit as to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - M Knaus
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - M Visser
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - R Rauh
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - S Yoon
- Merial Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA
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Lozano-Fuentes S, Kading RC, Hartman DA, Okoth E, Githaka N, Nene V, Poché RM. Evaluation of a topical formulation of eprinomectin against Anopheles arabiensis when administered to Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) under field conditions. Malar J 2016; 15:324. [PMID: 27317557 PMCID: PMC4912782 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vector control strategies, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have been effective in Kenya the transmission of malaria continues to afflict western Kenya. This residual transmission is driven in part by Anopheles arabiensis, known for its opportunistic blood feeding behaviour and propensity to feed outdoors. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the drug eprinomectin at reducing malaria vector density when applied to cattle (Bos indicus), the primary source of blood for An. arabiensis, under field conditions. METHODS A pilot study was carried out in the Samia District of western Kenya from September to October of 2014. Treatment and control areas were randomly designated and comprised of 50 homes per study area. Before cattle treatments, baseline mosquito counts were performed after pyrethrum spray. Cows in the treatment area were administered topical applications of eprinomectin at 0.5 mg/kg once a week for two consecutive weeks. Mosquito collections were performed once each week for two weeks following the eprinomectin treatments. Mosquitoes were first identified morphologically and with molecular confirmation, then screened for sporozoite presence and host blood using PCR-based methods. RESULTS The indoor resting density of An. arabiensis was significantly reduced by 38 % in the treatment area compared to the control area at one-week post-treatment (Control mean females per hut = 1.33 95 % CI [1.08, 1.64]; Treatment = 0.79 [0.56, 1.07]). An increase in the indoor resting density of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles funestus s.s. was observed in the treatment area in the absence of An. arabiensis. At two weeks post-treatment, the total number of mosquitoes for any species per hut was not significantly different between the treatment and control areas. No change was observed in An. arabiensis host preference as a result of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Systemic drugs may be an important tool by which to supplement existing vector control interventions by significantly impacting outdoor malaria transmission driven by An. arabiensis through the treatment of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Genesis Laboratories, 10122 NE Frontage Rd, Wellington, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard M Poché
- Genesis Laboratories, 10122 NE Frontage Rd, Wellington, CO, USA
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18
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A critical review and meta-analysis of the magnitude of the effect of anthelmintic use on stocker calf production parameters in Northern US States. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Poché RM, Burruss D, Polyakova L, Poché DM, Garlapati RB. Treatment of livestock with systemic insecticides for control of Anopheles arabiensis in western Kenya. Malar J 2015; 14:351. [PMID: 26377691 PMCID: PMC4574316 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the implementation of vector control strategies, including insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in western Kenya, this area still experiences high level of malaria transmission. Novel vector control tools are required which target such vector species, such as Anopheles arabiensis, that feed outdoors and have minimal contact with ITNs and IRS. Methods To address this need, ivermectin, eprinomectin, and fipronil were evaluated in Zebu cattle under semi-field conditions to evaluate the potential of these compounds to reduce the survival of blood feeding An. arabiensis. Over the course of four experiments, lactating cattle received doses of oral ivermectin at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg, oral eprinomectin at 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg, topical eprinomectin at 0.5, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg, or oral fipronil at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg. On days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days post-treatment, cattle were exposed to An. arabiensis, and mosquito mortality post-blood feeding was monitored. For the analysis of survival data, the Kaplan–Meier estimator and Mantel–Haenszel test was used to contrast the treatment and control survival functions. Results All three compounds significantly reduced the survival time of An. arabiensis. Twenty-one days post-treatment, mortality of mosquitoes fed on cattle dosed orally with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg eprinomectin, topically with eprinomectin at 0.5 mg/kg, or orally with either 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg fipronil was still significantly higher than control mortality. Conclusions These data demonstrate the effectiveness of three insecticidal compounds administered systemically to cattle for controlling the cattle-feeding mosquito An. arabiensis. Eprinomectin and fipronil provided the longest-lasting control. Such endectocidal treatments in cattle are a promising new strategy for control of residual, outdoor malaria transmission and could effectively augment current interventions which target more endophilic vector species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0883-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Poché
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
| | - Dylan Burruss
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
| | - Larisa Polyakova
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
| | - David M Poché
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
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Charlier J, van der Voort M, Kenyon F, Skuce P, Vercruysse J. Chasing helminths and their economic impact on farmed ruminants. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:361-7. [PMID: 24888669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Global agriculture will be required to intensify production from a shrinking natural resource base. Helminth infections of ruminants are a major constraint on efficient livestock production. The current challenge is to develop diagnostic methods that detect the production impact of helminth infections on farms in order to target control measures and contribute to the global challenge of preserving food security. We review here our understanding of the effects of helminth infections and control practices on productivity and the diagnostic tools that can inform on this. By combining advances in helminth laboratory diagnostics and animal health economics, sustainable management of helminth infections can be integrated into the whole-farm economic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mariska van der Voort
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Social Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bio-Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hunter J, Yoon S, Yazwinski T, Williams J, Rehbein S. The efficacy of eprinomectin extended-release injection against naturally acquired nematode parasites of cattle, with special regard to inhibited fourth-stage Ostertagia larvae. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:346-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Therapeutic efficacy of eprinomectin extended-release injection against induced infections of developing (fourth-stage larvae) and adult nematode parasites of cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 192:338-45. [PMID: 23273929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of eprinomectin in an extended-release injection (ERI) formulation was evaluated against induced infections of developing fourth-stage larval or adult gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes of cattle in a series of six studies under two identical protocols (three each for developing fourth-stage larvae or adults) conducted in the USA, Germany or the UK (two studies at each location, one per stage). Each study initially included 16 nematode-free cattle. The cattle were of various breeds or crosses, weighed 109-186.5 kg prior to treatment, and were approximately 4-7 months old. The animals were blocked based on pre-treatment bodyweight and then randomly allocated to treatment: eprinomectin ERI vehicle (control) at 1 mL/50 kg body weight or eprinomectin 5% ERI at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight (1.0 mg eprinomectin/kg) for a total of eight and eight animals in each group. Treatments were administered once on Day 0 by subcutaneous injection in front of the shoulder. In each study, cattle were infected with a combination of infective third-stage larvae or eggs of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes. Inoculation was scheduled so that the nematodes were expected to be fourth-stage larvae or adults at the time of treatment. For parasite recovery, all study animals were humanely euthanized and necropsied 14-15 (adult infections) or 21-22 days after treatment (developing fourth-stage larval infections). When compared with the vehicle-treated control counts, efficacy of eprinomectin ERI against developing fourth-stage larvae and adults was ≥98% (p<0.05) for the following nematodes: Dictyocaulus viviparus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia curticei, C. oncophora, C. surnabada, C. punctata, Haemonchus contortus, H. placei, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Oes. venulosum, Ostertagia leptospicularis, O. ostertagi, O. circumcincta, O. pinnata, O. trifurcata (developing fourth-stage larval infections only), Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, and Trichuris ovis (adult infections only). All animals accepted the treatment well. No adverse reaction to treatments was observed in any animal in any study.
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Rehbein S, Baggott DG, Johnson EG, Kunkle BN, Yazwinski TA, Yoon S, Cramer LG, Soll MD. Nematode burdens of pastured cattle treated once at turnout with eprinomectin extended-release injection. Vet Parasitol 2012; 192:321-31. [PMID: 23273928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of eprinomectin in an extended-release injection (ERI) formulation was evaluated against infections with third-stage larvae or eggs of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes in cattle under 120-day natural challenge conditions in a series of five studies conducted in the USA (three studies) and in Europe (two studies). For each study, 30 nematode-free (four studies) or 30 cattle harboring naturally acquired nematode infections (one study) were included. The cattle were of various breeds or crosses, weighed 107.5-273 kg prior to treatment and aged approximately 4-11 months. For each study, animals were blocked based on pre-treatment bodyweight and then randomly allocated to treatment: ERI vehicle (control) at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight or Eprinomectin 5% (w/v) ERI at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight (1.0 mg eprinomectin/kg) for a total of 15 and 15 animals in each group. Treatments were administered once on Day 0 by subcutaneous injection in front of the shoulder. In each study, all animals grazed one naturally contaminated pasture for 120 days. At regular intervals during the studies, fecal samples from all cattle were examined for nematode egg and larval counts. In four studies pairs of tracer cattle were used to monitor pasture infectivity at 28-day intervals before and/or during the grazing period. All calves were weighed before turnout onto pasture and at regular intervals until housing on Day 120. For parasite recovery, all study animals were humanely euthanized 27-30 days after removal from pasture. Cattle treated with Eprinomectin ERI had significantly (p<0.05) fewer strongylid eggs (≤1 egg per gram; egg count reduction≥94%) than the control cattle and zero lungworm larvae at each post-treatment time point. At euthanasia, cattle treated with Eprinomectin ERI had significantly (p<0.05) fewer of the following nematodes than the ERI vehicle-treated (control) cattle with overall reduction of nematode counts by >92%: Dictyocaulus viviparus (adults and fourth-stage larvae (L4), Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia curticei, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia surnabada, Cooperia spp. inhibited L4, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, Haemonchus spp. inhibited L4, Nematodirus helvetianus, Nematodirus spp. inhibited L4, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Oesophagostomum spp. inhibited L4, Ostertagia leptospicularis, Ostertagia lyrata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia spp. inhibited L4, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus spp. inhibited L4, Trichuris discolor, and Trichuris ovis. Over the 120-day grazing period, Eprinomectin ERI-treated cattle gained between 4.8 kg and 31 kg more weight than the controls. This weight gain advantage was significant (p<0.05) in three studies. All animals accepted the treatment well. No adverse reaction to treatment was observed in any animal in any study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany.
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An eprinomectin extended-release injection formulation providing nematode control in cattle for up to 150 days. Vet Parasitol 2012; 192:313-20. [PMID: 23273777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 10 dose confirmation studies was conducted to evaluate the persistent activity of an extended-release injectable (ERI) formulation of eprinomectin against single point challenge infections of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes of cattle. The formulation, selected based on the optimal combination of high nematode efficacy, appropriate plasma profile, and satisfactory tissue residue levels, includes 5% poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) and is designed to deliver eprinomectin at a dose of 1.0mg/kg bodyweight. Individual studies, included 16-30 cattle blocked based on pre-treatment bodyweight and randomly allocated to treatment with either ERI vehicle or saline (control), or the selected Eprinomectin ERI formulation. Treatments were administered once at a dose volume of 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight by subcutaneous injection in front of the shoulder. In each study, cattle were challenged with a combination of infective stages of gastrointestinal and/or pulmonary nematodes 100, 120 or 150 days after treatment and were processed for parasite recovery according to standard techniques 25-30 days after challenge. Based on parasite counts, Eprinomectin ERI (1mg eprinomectin/kg bodyweight) provided >90% efficacy (p<0.05) against challenge with Cooperia oncophora and Cooperia surnabada at 100 days after treatment; against challenge with Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia lyrata, Ostertagia leptospicularis, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, and Cooperia punctata at 120 days after treatment; and against challenge with Haemonchus contortus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Dictyocaulus viviparus at 150 days after treatment. Results of a study to evaluate eprinomectin plasma levels in cattle treated with the Eprinomectin ERI formulation reveal a characteristic second plasma concentration peak and a profile commensurate with the duration of efficacy. These results confirm that the Eprinomectin ERI formulation can provide high levels of parasite control against a range of nematodes of cattle for up to 5 months following a single treatment.
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