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Reda R, Khalil AA, Elhady M, Tayel SI, Ramadan EA. Anti-parasitic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) extracts against Dactylogyrus spp. (Monogenean) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Hematology, immune response, histopathological investigation, and inflammatory cytokine genes of gills. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:334. [PMID: 39061083 PMCID: PMC11282636 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gills monogenean infestation causes significant mortalities in cultured fishes as a result of respiratory manifestation. Medicinal plants are currently being heavily emphasized in aquaculture due to their great nutritional, therapeutic, antimicrobial activities, and financial value. METHODS The current study is designed to assess the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) extracts as a water treatment on the hematological profile, innate immunity, and immune cytokines expression besides histopathological features of gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) infected with gills monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus sp.). Firstly, the 96-hour lethal concentration 50 (96 h-LC50) of garlic extract (GE) and onion extract (OE) were estimated to be 0.4 g/ L and 3.54 g/ L for GE and OE, respectively. Moreover, the in-vitro anti-parasitic potential for (GE) was found between 0.02 and 0.18 mg/mL and 0.4 to 1.8 mg/mL for OE. For the therapeutic trial, fish (n = 120; body weight: 40-60 g) were randomly distributed into four groups in triplicates (30 fish/group, 10 fish/replicate) for 3 days. Group1 (G1) was not infected or treated and served as control. G2 was infected with Dactylogyrus spp. and not exposed to any treatment. G3, G4 were infected with Dactylogyrus sp. and treated with 1/10 and 1/5 of 96 h LC50 of OE, respectively. G5, G6 were infected with Dactylogyrus sp. and treated with 1/10 and 1/5 of 96 h LC50 of GE, respectively. RESULTS No apparent signs or behaviors were noted in the control group. Dactylogyrus spp. infected group suffered from clinical signs as Pale color and damaged tissue. Dactylogyrus spp. infection induced lowering of the hematological (HB, MCH, MCHC and WBCs), and immunological variables (lysozyme, nitric oxide, serum Anti- protease activities, and complement 3). the expression of cytokine genes IL-ß and TNF-α were modulated and improved by treatment with A. sativum and A. cepa extracts. The obtained histopathological alterations of the gills of fish infected with (Dactylogyrus spp.) were hyperplasia leading to fusion of the gill filament, lifting of epithelial tissue, aneurism and edema. The results indecated that G4 and G5 is more regenarated epithelium in compare with the control group. CONCLUSION A. sativum and A. cepa extracts enhance the blood profile and nonspecific immune parameters, and down-regulated the expression level of (IL-1β and TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Reda
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa A Khalil
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Elhady
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Safaa I Tayel
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Al Qanater Al Khairia, 13723, Egypt
| | - Enas A Ramadan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Al Qanater Al Khairia, 13723, Egypt
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Jawaji A, Goldberg IK, Zilberg D. Exploring the use of fatty acid ethyl esters as a potential natural solution for the treatment of fish parasitic diseases. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13991. [PMID: 38943443 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alternatives to conventional chemical treatments for parasitic diseases in fish are needed. Microalgal-sourced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) have shown an antiparasitic effect against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection in guppies. Here, we tested a range of commercial FAEEs of various carbon chain lengths and unsaturation levels against two fish parasites. Guppies and barramundi infected with G. turnbulli and Trichodina sp., respectively, were used. The most effective FAEE, after excluding those toxic to fish, was ethyl laurate (12:0). For both parasites, the LD50 was 18.75 μM within 250 min of incubation. Ethyl eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) was the next most effective FAEE against G. turnbulli, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ethyl ester (20:3n6) and ethyl α-linolenate (18:3n3) were the next most effective against Trichodina sp. In addition, FAEEs prepared from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum residue, after fucoxanthin extraction, were examined against Trichodina sp. infection in barramundi for the first time. LD85 and LD100 was achieved at 2.5 and 5 μL mL-1 of the FAEE preparation, respectively. In vivo, immersion of infected barramundi in 1.25 μL mL-1 of this preparation for 24 h reduced infection prevalence from 100% to 53% and was non-toxic to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunjyothi Jawaji
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin Goldberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Dina Zilberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Evaluation of Garlic Juice Processing Waste Supplementation in Juvenile Black Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii) Diets on Growth Performance, Antioxidant and Digestive Enzyme Activity, Growth- and Antioxidant-Related Gene Expression, and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus iniae. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243512. [PMID: 36552431 PMCID: PMC9774645 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of various dietary levels of garlic juice processing waste (GJPW) on the growth, feed utilization, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activity, growth- and antioxidant-related gene expression, and resistance to Streptococcus iniae infection of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). A total of 450 juvenile rockfish were randomly distributed into 30 L rectangular tanks (30 fish per tank). Five experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The fish were fed experimental diets supplemented with GJPW at concentrations of 0 (GJPW0, control), 2.5 (GJPW2.5), 5 (GJPW5), 7.5 (GJPW7.5), and 10 g kg-1 (GJPW10) diet. All of the GJPW-supplemented treatments (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g kg-1) significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and digestive enzyme activity (amylase, trypsin, and lipase). A decreasing trend was seen in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), and glucose (GLU) content with increasing dietary levels of GJPW. In contrast, plasma lysozyme and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased with increasing dietary GJPW levels. Furthermore, GJPW administration significantly upregulated the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver of rockfish. A challenge test with S. iniae showed significantly higher resistance in the GJPW-supplemented treatments than in the control. In short, dietary supplementation GJPW enhanced growth performance and antioxidant response in juvenile black rockfish, with suitable effects in fish fed with 2.5 g kg-1 GJPW for 8 weeks.
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Negm SS, Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Patra AK, Naiel MAE. The Beneficial Impacts of Essential Oils Application against Parasitic Infestation in Fish Farm. ANTIBIOTIC ALTERNATIVES IN POULTRY AND FISH FEED 2022:194-214. [DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a growing sector due to the high rising demand for fish, shrimp, oysters, and other products, which is partially conflicted by various infectious diseases. The infectious diseases affecting the production and inducing high mortalities cause substantial economic losses in this sector. Also, parasitic infections may induce severe mortality and morbidity in fish farms. Therefore, most farmers apply several kinds of antibiotics to control the problems induced by bacterial diseases and, to some extent, parasitic infections. The extensive usage of antibiotics to control or prevent pathogens may lead to the development of pathogenic resistant strains that might cause hazards to human health. Besides, there is a global trend toward reducing the application of antibiotics in aquaculture farms. Thus, there is a great effort to discover new natural and safe products with pharmaceutical properties, such as natural essential oils (EO). Essential oils are secondary metabolites of many plants (roots, flowers, seeds, leaves, fruits and peels) and their molecular structures provide a high antimicrobial and antiparasitic efficiency against pathogens. Consequently, it is essential to provide sufficient knowledge about the mode of action of EO against fish parasites and its future applications and directions in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S. Negm
- Agriculture Research Centre,Fish Biology and Ecology Departmen,Giza,Egypt
| | | | | | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences,Department of Animal Nutrition,Kolkata,India
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Antibacterial and Antiparasitic Activity of Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfinate (PTS) and Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfonate (PTSO) from Allium cepa against Gilthead Sea Bream Pathogens in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206900. [PMID: 36296491 PMCID: PMC9611463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of phytogenic extracts is considered a sustainable strategy for the prevention of fish diseases, including Alliaceae as a potential option due to their variety of bioactive compounds. In this study, we analyzed the antibacterial and antiparasitic potential of propyl-propane-thiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl-propane-thiosulfonate (PTSO) from onions. The in vitro activity against Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Tenacibaculum maritimum, and Photobacterium damselae of both compounds was tested. In addition, the viability of Sparicotyle chrysophrii larvae was evaluated. Moreover, a diet that consisted of a blend of PTS/PTSO (ALLIUM) was used. A total of 90 gilthead sea bream juveniles were tested against P. damselae subsp. Piscicida after 12 weeks of dietary administration. Furthermore, 150 fish with a rate of 10-15 parasites/fish were fed for 21 days and the number of gill parasites was recorded. All strains were sensitive to both compounds. PTSO showed the highest inhibitory effect against all target strains, while PTS showed higher effectiveness against S. chrysophrii. Fish from ALLIUM group presented the highest probability of survival, increasing up to 91.1%, whereas in the control group, the probability of survival was 66.7%. The number of parasites in the gilthead sea bream decreased in the ALLIUM group over time. These results suggest the inclusion of PTS and PTSO in feed as a natural strategy to prevent antibacterial and antiparasitic fish diseases.
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Zhang W, Zhao J, Ma Y, Li J, Chen X. The effective components of herbal medicines used for prevention and control of fish diseases. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:73-83. [PMID: 35609759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for fish consumption has promoted the rapid development of fish aquaculture. With the continuous expansion of culture scale and the deterioration of culture environment, various diseases have broken out frequently, leading to huge economic losses to fish farming. Antibiotics and chemicals are common options to prevent and control of fish diseases, but their use is now restricted or even banned due to serious problems such as drug residues, pathogen resistance, and environmental pollution. Herbs and their extracts have increasingly become promising supplements and alternatives, because of their effectiveness, safety, environmental friendliness and less drug resistance. The application of herbal medicines in prevention and control of fish diseases is mainly attributed to the powerful immune enhancement, antioxidation or direct anti-pathogenic efficacies of their effective components, including mainly polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. Recently these herbal active ingredients have been extensively studied for their efficacies in prevention and control of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases in fish. In the present paper, we comprehensively summarize the research progress of the active ingredients of herbal medicines used for prevention and control of fish diseases, especially of their action mechanisms, and highlight the potential application of the herbal medicines in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; University Key Lab for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yufang Ma
- University Key Lab for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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Comparative Studies on The Efficiency of Neem Leaves Azadirachta indica and Flubendazole Treatment Against Diplectanum in Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:970-975. [PMID: 35426620 PMCID: PMC9165231 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diplectanum is a life-threatening metazoan infecting the gills of Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax causing a wide-ranging extensive economic loss in the aquaculture sector. This study has focused on verifying the most effective non-toxic dose of the Neem (Azadirachta indica) and (flubendazole) bath treatment on infested D. labrax fingerlings. Methods In the first phase of the experiment, a total of 180 apparently healthy fingerlings were subdivided into six groups for each treatment. The tested concentrations were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L−1 for A. indica and 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg L−1 for flubendazole. The second phase was conducted for one week in five groups for each treatment. The first group was untreated healthy. The remaining groups were infested and received different concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L−1 & 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L−1 for A. indica and flubendazole, respectively. Results The most toxic dose exhibited high mortality rates at 200 & 250 and 40 & 50 mg L−1 for A. indica and flubendazole, respectively. In the second phase of the experiment, the most effective dose was 150 and 30 mg L−1; for A. indica and flubendazole, respectively. They demonstrated the lowest mortality rates 20.00 & 20.00 %, prevalence rates 43.33 & 23.33%, and mean parasitic intensities were 2.35 & 2.00 accompanied by the highest therapeutic efficacy value 67.85 & 74.6% for both treatments; respectively. Conclusion The most effective anthelmintic efficacy has been assigned for flubendazole and A. indica at 30 and 150 mg L−1.
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Norbury LJ, Shirakashi S, Power C, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Praziquantel use in aquaculture - Current status and emerging issues. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:87-102. [PMID: 35220160 PMCID: PMC8881684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are major constraints in fish mariculture. The anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) can effectively treat a range of flatworm parasites in a variety of fish species and has potential for broader application than its current use in the global aquaculture industry. In this review we report on PZQ's current use in the aquaculture industry and discuss its efficacy against various flatworm parasites of fish. Routes of PZQ administration are evaluated, along with issues related to palatability, pharmacokinetics and toxicity in fish, while PZQ's effects on non-target species, environmental impacts, and the development of drug-resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan
| | - Cecilia Power
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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Kim JH, Didi-Cohen S, Khozin-Goldberg I, Zilberg D. Translating the diatom-grazer defense mechanism to antiparasitic treatment for monogenean infection in guppies. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Valenzuela-Gutiérrez R, Lago-Lestón A, Vargas-Albores F, Cicala F, Martínez-Porchas M. Exploring the garlic (Allium sativum) properties for fish aquaculture. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1179-1198. [PMID: 34164770 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry's rapid growth to meet commercial demand can trigger an outbreak of infectious diseases due to high-density farming. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in fish farming and its global health consequences have led to searching for more natural alternatives such as medicinal plants. In this sense, garlic (Allium sativum) has different bioactive compounds with biological properties for animal health. Among them are the ajoene, alliin, and allicin, which confer biological properties such as growth promotion, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antiparasitic. Ways to use garlic in aquaculture include oil, fresh mash, aqueous extract, and garlic powder. The powder presentation is the most used in aquaculture; it is generally applied by oral administration, adding to the feed, and the dose used ranges from 0.05 to 40 g/kg of feed. Garlic has been used in the aquaculture of different species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and barramundi (Lates calcarifer). In addition to its properties, garlic's usage became popular, thanks to its low cost, easy incorporation into food, and little environmental impact. Therefore, its application can be an effective solution to combat diseases, improve organisms' health using natural supplies, and as an alternative to antibiotics. This review reports and discusses plant-derived products' beneficial properties, emphasizing garlic and its usages in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Valenzuela-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Biología de Organismos Acuáticos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Asunción Lago-Lestón
- Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica Y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Francisco Vargas-Albores
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Biología de Organismos Acuáticos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Francesco Cicala
- Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica Y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Marcel Martínez-Porchas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Biología de Organismos Acuáticos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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Zhou S, Dong J, Liu Y, Yang Q, Xu N, Yang Y, Ai X. Antiparasitic Efficacy of Herbal Extracts and Active Compound Against Gyrodactylus kobayashii in Carassius auratus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665072. [PMID: 33889606 PMCID: PMC8056006 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gyrodactylus spp. Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) are common ectoparasites of teleost fishes. Infection with these parasites can increase the mortality of fish and cause considerable economic losses in intensive aquaculture. To find an effective antiparasitic agent for the control of gyrodactylosis, antiparasitic efficacy of crude extracts of 36 herbal medicines was evaluated using a Carassius auratus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)—Gyrodactylus kobayashii model. Among all tested medicines, methanol extract of Dioscorea collettii var. hypoglauca (Dioscoreales, Dioscoreaceae) was the most efficient, with an EC50 value of 4.17 mg/L. This extract showed 100% antiparasitic efficacy against G. kobayashii at 10 mg/L and had a therapeutic index (TI, LC50/EC50) of 5.26, which is higher than that of formaldehyde (TI = 4.58), a widely used parasiticide in aquaculture. Subsequently, the potential mechanism of antiparasitic activity of dioscin, an active compound isolated from D. collettii var. hypoglauca was investigated and the histopathological alterations in goldfish after exposure to dioscin were also studied. The in vivo trial indicated dioscin showed significant antiparasitic activity with a 24 h-EC50 value of 1.58 mg/L and it exhibited 100% antiparasitic efficacy at 0.6 mg/L. Also, G. kobayashii could be completely removed in vivo within 2 h at 0.6 mg/L dioscin. Whereas, mean survival time of this worm in vitro was 4.99 h, and some individuals even reached 12 h at the same concentration of dioscin. These results indicated that 0.6 mg/L of dioscin did not completely kill all worms within 2 h, but just temporarily remove the worms from goldfish. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that most of the microvilli on the tegument surface of G. kobayashii dropped after exposure to dioscin. This might be one of the potential mechanisms of antiparasitic activity of dioscin against G. kobayashii. Furthermore, no severe histopathological alteration was observed after exposure to a high concentration of dioscin for a short time. Considering both effectiveness and safety, therapeutic baths with a high concentration of dioscin for a short time might be a more optimal choice for the treatment of gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China
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Zini A, Mann J, Mazor S, Vered Y. Beneficial effect of aged garlic extract on periodontitis: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 67:297-301. [PMID: 33293771 PMCID: PMC7705088 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term efficacy of aged garlic extract to improve periodontitis. Two hundred and one participants were randomly stratified and assigned equally to the regimen group or the control group. At the start, 12 month, and 18 month subjects received dental examination and periodontal evaluation. Probing Pocket Depth and Gingival Recession were examined. For each efficacy parameter, the mean value of examination was calculated and assessed using paired-difference t tests. Statistical tests were two-sided using a 5% significance level. The mean value of pocket depth for the aged garlic extract group at 18 month was 1.06 ± 0.49 as compared to the baseline value of 1.89 ± 0.74 (p<0.001) and the corresponding value of 1.50 ± 0.46 for the placebo group (p<0.001), indicating the beneficial effect of aged garlic extract on periodontitis. According to a Multiple linear regression analysis the only three variables which reached statistical significance as predictors of PPD level were the baseline PPD scores (p<0.001), smoking (p = 0.020), and consumption of daily dose of aged garlic extract (p<0.001). These results demonstrated that aged garlic extract is an effective supplement for preventing or improving periodontal disease. The well demonstrated benefits of aged garlic extract for the oral disease may also be used as a means to improve general health because of the close relationship between periodontitis and some systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Zini
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Jonathan Mann
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sigal Mazor
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yuval Vered
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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13
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Firmino JP, Vallejos-Vidal E, Sarasquete C, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Balasch JC, Tort L, Estevez A, Reyes-López FE, Gisbert E. Unveiling the effect of dietary essential oils supplementation in Sparus aurata gills and its efficiency against the infestation by Sparicotyle chrysophrii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17764. [PMID: 33082387 PMCID: PMC7576129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A microencapsulated feed additive composed by garlic, carvacrol and thymol essential oils (EOs) was evaluated regarding its protective effect in gills parasitized by Sparicotyle chrysophrii in Sparus aurata. A nutritional trial (65 days) followed by a cohabitation challenge with parasitized fish (39 days) were performed. Transcriptomic analysis by microarrays of gills of fish fed the EOs diet showed an up-regulation of genes related to biogenesis, vesicular transport and exocytosis, leukocyte-mediated immunity, oxidation–reduction and overall metabolism processes. The functional network obtained indicates a tissue-specific pro-inflammatory immune response arbitrated by degranulating acidophilic granulocytes, sustained by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. The histochemical study of gills also showed an increase of carboxylate glycoproteins containing sialic acid in mucous and epithelial cells of fish fed the EOs diet, suggesting a mucosal defence mechanism through the modulation of mucin secretions. The outcomes of the in vivo challenge supported the transcriptomic results obtained from the nutritional trial, where a significant reduction of 78% in the abundance of S. chrysophrii total parasitation and a decrease in the prevalence of most parasitic developmental stages evaluated were observed in fish fed the EOs diet. These results suggest that the microencapsulation of garlic, carvacrol and thymol EOs could be considered an effective natural dietary strategy with antiparasitic properties against the ectoparasite S. chrysophrii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Firmino
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Crta. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,TECNOVIT-FARMFAES, S.L. Pol. Ind. Les Sorts, parc. 10, 43365, Alforja, Spain.,PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alicia Estevez
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Crta. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Crta. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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14
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Ahmadniaye Motlagh H, Safari O, Selahvarzi Y, Baghalian A, Kia E. Non-specific immunity promotion in response to garlic extract supplemented diets in female Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:96-99. [PMID: 31841692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract on skin mucus immune parameters of Poecilia reticulata was evaluated. A total of 240 P. reticulate juveniles, weighing 0.013 ± 0.001 g, were randomly stocked in 12 experimental glass tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. The fish were fed with diets supplemented with garlic extract at the concentrations of 0, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 ml kg-1 of diet three times a day at a ratio of 2.5% of their body weight for 80 days. Results of the study showed that, lysozyme activity increased significantly in the skin mucus of garlic-treated Guppy (P < 0.05). Values of ACH50 significantly increased (P < 0.05) in fish by increasing concentration of garlic extract from 0 to 0.15 ml kg-1 in diet. ACH50 also showed a significant declining trend (P < 0.05) by increasing concentration of garlic extract from 0.15 to 0.20 ml kg-1. Total Ig content was enhanced significantly in 0.15 and 0.20 ml kg-1 treatments as well. ALP activity significantly increased in garlic-fed treatments compared to the control. Inclusion of garlic extract in diet was found to have no significant effect on final body weight and weight gain. Results revealed that, administration of 0.15 mL of garlic extract per kg feed is suggested to obtain optimal skin mucus immunity in P. reticulata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Safari
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yahya Selahvarzi
- Department of Horticulture Science, Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Baghalian
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Kia
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Gabriel NN, Wilhelm MR, Habte-Tsion HM, Chimwamurombe P, Omoregie E. Dietary garlic (Allium sativum) crude polysaccharides supplementation on growth, haematological parameters, whole body composition and survival at low water pH challenge in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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16
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Smejkal GB, Kakumanu S. Safely meeting global salmon demand. NPJ Sci Food 2019; 2:17. [PMID: 31304267 PMCID: PMC6550187 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-018-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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17
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Yavuzcan Yildiz H, Phan Van Q, Parisi G, Dam Sao M. Anti-parasitic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) juice against crustacean parasite, Lernantropus kroyeri, found on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1593058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quyet Phan Van
- Su Ürünleri Mühendisliği, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mai Dam Sao
- Viên Công nghê Sinh hoc và Thùc phâm, Dai hoc Công nghiêp, Hò Chí Minh, Vietnam
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18
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Bader C, Starling DE, Jones DE, Brewer MT. Use of praziquantel to control platyhelminth parasites of fish. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:139-153. [PMID: 30556228 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fish are common definitive and intermediate hosts for a variety of parasitic flatworms. In unstressed wild populations, parasitic infections often go unnoticed and are perceived to represent a lesser threat to fish health. In contrast, platyhelminth parasitism of captive fish often results in decreased weight gain and increased mortality which often necessitates chemotherapeutic treatment. The presence of platyhelminth parasites in fish tissues is not only unappealing but in some cases also represents a threat to human health. In veterinary medicine, one of the most commonly used agents with anti-flatworm activity is praziquantel; yet, no praziquantel products are labeled for use in fish in the United States. Veterinarians may use praziquantel preparations approved for other vertebrate species under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA). However, such extra-label use should be informed by scientific evidence including efficacy and tissue residue studies. Herein, we review studies testing the efficacy of praziquantel for treatment of platyhelminthes along with an assessment of routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bader
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - David E Starling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Douglas E Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
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19
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Stratev D, Zhelyazkov G, Noundou XS, Krause RWM. Beneficial effects of medicinal plants in fish diseases. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL 2018; 26:289-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s10499-017-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
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20
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Plant extracts as a natural treatment against the fish ectoparasite Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae). J Helminthol 2017; 93:57-65. [PMID: 29248015 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of water-ethanol extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), basil (Ocimum basilicum), bitter chaparro (Castela tortuousa), onion (Allium cepa) and papaya (Carica papaya) against adults, eggs and oncomiracidia of Neobenedenia spp. parasites was examined. Parasites were exposed to continuous immersion and treated as follows: extracts were tested at three dilutions: 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 made with filtered seawater (35 g l-1); ethanol (70%) was evaluated at the same dilutions of 1:10 (7% ethanol), 1:50 (1.4% ethanol) and 1:100 (0.07% ethanol) and a seawater (35 g l-1) control. The antiparasitic effect was measured on: (1) adult survival, egg production and time to detachment from the culture vessel; (2) egg development and cumulative egg hatching; and (3) oncomiracidia survival. All three dilutions of ginger and dilutions 1:100 and 1:50 of basil extract reduced adult survival in vitro, time to detachment from the surface of the culture vessel, egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Bitter chaparro extract reduced adult egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Hatching success was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in basil extract (1:100) to 86.6% compared to the seawater control (100%). Dilutions 1:10 of ginger and basil exhibited the highest impact on the biological parameters of Neobenedenia sp. Our study demonstrates that water-ethanol extracts of ginger, basil and bitter chaparro are toxic against Neobenedenia sp. life stages.
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21
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Effects of dietary intake of garlic on intestinal trematodes. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2119-2129. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Sutili F, Murari A, Silva L, Gressler L, Heinzmann B, de Vargas A, Schmidt D, Baldisserotto B. The use of Ocimum americanum
essential oil against the pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila
and Gyrodactylus
sp. in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen
). Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:82-8. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.J. Sutili
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - A.L. Murari
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy; UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - L.L. Silva
- Regional Integrated University of High Uruguay and Missions (URI); Santiago RS Brazil
| | - L.T. Gressler
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine; UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - B.M. Heinzmann
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy; UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - A.C. de Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine; UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - D. Schmidt
- Department of Agronomy; UFSM/CESNORS; Frederico Westphalen RS Brazil
| | - B. Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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23
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Levy G, Zilberg D, Paladini G, Fridman S. Efficacy of ginger-based treatments against infection with Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)). Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:235-41. [PMID: 25819871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monogenean infections of commercially farmed fishes are responsible for significant economic losses and existing chemical therapeutants, often stressful to the fish, pose associated risks. As part of a recent trend to move towards the use of alternative, plant-based remedies for commonly occurring aquaculture-related diseases, the efficiency of ginger (Zingiber officinale) was investigated against the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy. In vitro trials revealed the clear anti-parasitic effects of ginger. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts, prepared from freeze dried ginger, were tested. An increase in extract concentration was associated with reduced time to parasite immobilisation, with ethanolic extract being more efficient; at 75 and 200ppt aqueous ginger extract parasites died at 65.6±2.8 and 1.8±0.2min, respectively, whereas at 5 and 40ppt ethanolic extract parasites died at 26.1±0.7 and 4.9±0.3min, respectively. Bathing G. turnbulli-infected fish in ethanolic ginger extract (i.e. 5 and 7.5ppt for 90 and 30min, respectively) significantly reduced infection prevalence and intensity when compared to the water and ethanol controls. The higher concentration (i.e. 7.5ppt) proved as equally effective as Praziquantel, the conventionally used chemical treatment for gyrodactylosis, with the fish appearing to be completely cleared of the infection in both cases. Oral treatments of G. turnbulli-infected guppies with diets supplemented with 10 and 20% ginger powder proved to be ineffective in decreasing parasite load. These findings demonstrate that immersion in ginger extract offers an effective, alternative treatment against monogenean infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Levy
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - D Zilberg
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer Campus, 84990 Israel
| | - G Paladini
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - S Fridman
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer Campus, 84990 Israel.
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24
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The first report of Dactylogyrus formosus Kulwiec, 1927 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from goldfish (Carassius auratus) in central China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2689-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:401630. [PMID: 25961060 PMCID: PMC4417560 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of garlic to health have been proclaimed for centuries; however, only recently have Allium sativum and its derivatives been proposed as promising candidates for maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The complex biochemistry of garlic makes it possible for variations in processing to yield different preparations with differences in final composition and compound proportion. In this review, we assess the most recent experimental results, which indicate that garlic appears to enhance the functioning of the immune system by stimulating certain cell types, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils, by mechanisms including modulation of cytokine secretion, immunoglobulin production, phagocytosis, and macrophage activation. Finally, because immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of several diseases, we critically examined immunoregulation by garlic extracts and compounds isolated, which can contribute to the treatment and prevention of pathologies such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, gastric ulcer, and even cancer. We concluded that A. sativum modulates cytokine secretion and that such modulation may provide a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.
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26
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Zhu S, Ling F, Zhang Q, Liu G, Tu X, Jiang C, Wang G. Anthelmintic activity of saikosaponins a and d from radix bupleuri against Dactylogyrus spp. infecting goldfish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:177-182. [PMID: 25266906 DOI: 10.3354/dao02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Disease caused by the parasitic helminths Dactylogyrus spp. results in significant economic damage to the aquaculture industry. Treatment using common chemicals (e.g. formalin) is usually dissatisfactory due to environmental problems, risk of residues, toxicity to fish, and the possibility of anthelmintic resistance. The search for an alternative drug is thus becoming more urgent. This study was designed to evaluate in vivo the anthelmintic efficacy of total saponin (TS), saikosaponin a (SSa), and saikosaponin d (SSd) from radix bupleuri (i.e. the dried root of Bupleurum sp.) based on our previous screening works, with the aim of determining which has commercial potential. Results showed that median effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for TS, SSa, and SSd were 2.01, 1.46, and 0.74 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The acute toxicities against goldfish Carassius auratus for TS, SSa, and SSd were also determined, with median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 8.99, 11.20, and 1.54 mg l-1, respectively. The resulting therapeutic indices (TIs) indicated that SSa (TI = 7.67) is a potential therapeutic agent for treating Dactylogyrus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling 712100, PR China
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