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Kelly PA, McHugo GP, Scaife C, Peters S, Stevenson ML, McKay JS, MacHugh DE, Saez IL, Breathnach R. Unveiling the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways in Canine Demodicosis. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13033. [PMID: 38607285 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Canine demodicosis is a prevalent skin disease caused by overpopulation of a commensal species of Demodex mite, yet its precise cause remains unknown. Research suggests that T-cell exhaustion, increased immunosuppressive cytokines, induction of regulatory T cells and increased expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors may contribute to its pathogenesis. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular changes occurring in canine demodicosis using mass spectrometry and pathway enrichment analysis. The results indicate that endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes canine demodicosis through regulation of three linked signalling pathways: eIF2, mTOR, and eIF4 and p70S6K. These pathways are involved in the modulation of Toll-like receptors, most notably TLR2, and have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases in both dogs and humans. Moreover, these pathways are also implicated in the promotion of immunosuppressive M2 phenotype macrophages. Immunohistochemical analysis, utilising common markers of dendritic cells and macrophages, verified the presence of M2 macrophages in canine demodicosis. The proteomic analysis also identified immunological disease, organismal injury and abnormalities and inflammatory response as the most significant underlying diseases and disorders associated with canine demodicosis. This study demonstrates that Demodex mites, through ER stress, unfolded protein response and M2 macrophages contribute to an immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby assisting in their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kelly
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Gillian P McHugo
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- Proteomics Core, Mass Spectrometry Resource, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Peters
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - M Lynn Stevenson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Irene Lara Saez
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Rory Breathnach
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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Hughes K, Conaway E, Blackwell E, Rout E, Yoshimoto J, Burnett R, Avery A. Canine T zone lymphoma is a tumor of mature, previously activated αβ T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 269:110725. [PMID: 38359755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
T cell lymphomas are a diverse group of tumors found in both dogs and humans, originating from various normal T cell types. Identifying the origin of neoplastic lymphocytes can offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of these tumors. T zone lymphoma (TZL) in dogs is characterized by the absence of CD45 expression, a strong breed predilection, and its association with adult-onset demodicosis-a condition believed to be linked to immunosuppression. In this study, our aim was to employ transcriptomic and functional data to determine the normal counterpart of TZL. Identifying the normal counterpart may help us understand both how these tumors arise and explain their clinical behavior. Gene expression profiling using NanoString and RNA seq was used to compare the transcriptome between neoplastic T zone cells, normal canine T cells and publicly available gene sets using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Mitogen, anti-CD3 stimulation and PMA/ionomycin stimulation were used to assess T cell proliferation in vitro, and intracellular cytokine production was measured by flow cytometry. Gene expression profiling revealed that TZL is most likely derived from an activated or memory alpha-beta T cell but the cells do not fall cleanly into an effector subtype. TZL cells express CD4-specific transcription factors GATA3 and THPOK, even though TZL cells more commonly express CD8, or neither CD4 nor CD8. TZL cells produce high levels of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha when stimulated, further supporting the hypothesis that they are derived from an antigen experienced T cell. TZL cells do not proliferate when stimulated through the T cell receptor but will divide when the T cell receptor is bypassed with PMA and ionomycin. The observation that these cells are derived from a mature, previously activated T cell is the first step in understanding the genesis of this unique T cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hughes
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Evan Conaway
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Emily Blackwell
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Emily Rout
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Janna Yoshimoto
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Robert Burnett
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Anne Avery
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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Wang W, Xu L, Cao Y, Liu G, Lin Q, Mao X. Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide-Selenium Complex on the Immune Functions in Beagle Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162037. [PMID: 36009627 PMCID: PMC9404450 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of pets is becoming a growing concern for the pet industry and its owners. Immunity is one of the foundational supports for health, thus developing a functional bioactive substance that can boost pets’ immunity is essential. Many studies have shown that casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and selenium (Se) can individually regulate immunity in many species, but there has been no reported research on the immunomodulatory function of casein phosphopeptide–selenium complex (CPP-Se). The objective of this study was to investigate the function of CPP-Se on immunomodulation in dogs. Twenty Beagle dogs were equally divided into two groups and fed either a control snack or a test snack supplemented with 0.03% CPP-Se for 30 days. Anticoagulated blood, serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were collected from dogs at 0 d, 10 d, 20 d and 30 d to detect the change in the number of immune cells and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs and proteins. PBL isolated from blood were exposed to CPP-Se in vitro to measure the proliferative responses and cytokine-related mRNAs expression. During the time the test snack was fed, the number of lymphocytes increased significantly, whereas neutrophils and monocytes remained unaltered. The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), CD4 molecule (CD4) and CD8α molecule (CD8α) was up-regulated, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was down-regulated, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) declined initially and subsequently increased. ELISA detection revealed a significant increment in serum IL-4, IL-6, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IFN-γ, except for IgG. Furthermore, CPP-Se treatment increased the proliferation and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs in PBL cultured in vitro. This is the first study to demonstrate that CPP-Se can improve immunity in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Wang
- Chongqing Sweet Pet Products Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Chongqing Sweet Pet Products Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianru Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Chongqing Sweet Pet Products Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
- Correspondence:
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Vargo CL, Banovic F. Localized Demodicosis in a Dog After Fluticasone Propionate Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100578. [PMID: 34400383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old, castrated male Shetland Sheepdog presented for a 3-week history of localized nonpruritic alopecia and scaling affecting the peri-nasal region. The dog was being managed for several comorbidities, including chronic bronchitis successfully controlled with the chronic administration of inhaled fluticasone propionate. The physical examination was unremarkable aside from erythema, symmetrical alopecia, scaling and follicular casts affecting the peri-nasal region. Deep skin scrapings and histopathological examination from the lesional skin revealed several live demodex mites consistent with Demodex canis. Transcriptome analysis of lesional skin demonstrated significant downregulation of several cytokines involved in the T helper (Th) 2 and Th17 pathway with moderate upregulation of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and T-cell recruitment chemokine CXCL10. The dog was immediately treated with oral fluralaner. Clinical signs of demodicosis resolved after 8 weeks and a trichogram was negative for live and/or dead demodex mites. The dog has remained on twice-daily administration of inhaled fluticasone and oral fluralaner every 3 months for 15 months without a demodicosis relapse, in addition to medication to manage the dog's comorbidities. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case of localized demodicosis caused by an inhaled glucocorticoid in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Vargo
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Javeed N, Foley J, Oliver-Guimera A, Affolter VK, Keel MK, Reed A, Pesapane R, Duignan PJ, Murray M, Tinker MT, Miller MA. Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:211-e55. [PMID: 33739551 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) rely on intact pelage for thermoregulation, and thus clinically significant demodicosis and associated alopecia can cause morbidity and death. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe lesions associated with follicular Demodex sp. infestation, estimate the prevalence and intensity of infestation, describe mite distribution across key anatomical regions, and assess mite presence or absence in relation to lesions and host risk factors. ANIMALS Twenty necropsied, wild southern sea otters that stranded along the central California coast from 2005 to 2018. METHODS AND MATERIALS Grossly normal and abnormal integument from the head, perineum, genitals, mamillary papillae and limbs was assessed microscopically for mites and mite-associated pathological findings. RESULTS Intrafollicular mites were observed in the integument of 55% of otters and 20% had clinical demodicosis. Demodicosis was considered to be contributory to death or euthanasia in two cases. Although Demodex sp. mites often were observed microscopically in grossly normal skin, the presence of multiple densely-packed intrafollicular mites generally was associated with pigmentary incontinence, ectatic follicles, lymphoplasmacytic perifolliculitis, and neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic, dermal inflammation. Other findings included epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis of epidermis and follicular epithelium, concurrent pyoderma and cell necrosis. Perioral integument, especially of the chin, had the highest prevalence of mites and the highest mite density, suggesting facial contact as a means of mite transmission. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our research confirmed demodectic mange as a contributor to morbidity and mortality in sea otters, with important implications for clinical care, rehabilitation and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Javeed
- Departments of, Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Janet Foley
- Departments of, Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Arturo Oliver-Guimera
- Departments of, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Departments of, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael K Keel
- Departments of, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Angelina Reed
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Risa Pesapane
- Departments of, Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pádraig J Duignan
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road Fort Cronkhite Sausalito, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Michael Murray
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - M T Tinker
- Nhydra Ecological Research, 11 Parklea Drive, Head of St Margarets Bay, Davis, NS, B3Z 2G6, Canada
| | - Melissa A Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.,Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Zhou X, Hohman A, Hsu WH. Review of extralabel use of isoxazolines for treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1342-1346. [PMID: 32459587 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.12.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amitraz is presently the only FDA-approved treatment for demodicosis in dogs in the United States. Amitraz treatment involves a protracted course of administration and risks of severe adverse effects such as sedation, bradycardia, and respiratory depression, which are caused by activation of α2-adrenergic receptors. Other treatment options include macrocyclic lactones and lime sulfur, but these products have varied efficacy and high risks of adverse effects. Several recent studies have indicated that isoxazolines are capable of reducing Demodex mite counts in canine and feline patients with demodicosis by ≥ 99% in as little as 1 month with few adverse effects. This article reviews the status of isoxazolines in regard to labeled uses in dogs and cats in the United States, extralabel clinical use for treatment of demodicosis in these species, and safety of orally administered formulations of these drugs.
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Morris MG, Ricart Arbona RJ, Daniels K, Gardner R, Easthausen I, Boteler WL, Baseler GP, Pastenkos G, Perkins CL, Henderson KS, Schietinger A, Lipman NS. Mite Burden and Immunophenotypic Response to Demodex musculi in Swiss Webster, BALB/c, C57BL/6, and NSG Mice. Comp Med 2020; 70:336-348. [PMID: 32605691 PMCID: PMC7446637 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection methods for Demodex musculi were historically unreliable, and testing was rarely performed because its prevalence in laboratory mice was underestimated. Although infestations are unapparent in most mouse strains, D. musculi burdens are higher and clinical signs detected in various immunodeficient strains. The parasite's influence on the immune system of immunocompetent mice is unknown. We characterized mite burden (immunocompetent and immunodeficient strains) and immunologic changes (immunocompetent strains only) in naïve Swiss Webster (SW; outbred), C57BL/6NCrl (B6; Th1 responder), BALB/cAnNCrl (BALB/c; Th2 responder) and NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG; immunodeficient) mice after exposure to Demodex-infested NSG mice. Infested and uninfested age-matched mice of each strain (n = 5) were euthanized 14, 28, 56, and 112 d after exposure. Mite burden was determined through PCR analysis and skin histopathology; B-cell and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and activation states (CD25 and CD69) were evaluated by using flow cytometry; CBC counts were performed; and serum IgE levels were measured by ELISA. Mite burden and PCR copy number correlated in NSG mice, which had the highest mite burden, but not in immunocompetent strains. Infested immunocompetent animals developed diffuse alopecia by day 112, and both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice had significantly increased IgE levels. These findings aligned with the skewed Th1 or Th2 immunophenotype of each strain. BALB/c mice mounted the most effective host response, resulting in the lowest mite burden of all immunocompetent strains at 112 d after infestation without treatment. Clinically significant hematologic abnormalities were absent and immunophenotype was unaltered in immunocompetent animals. Topical treat- ment with imidacloprid-moxidectin (weekly for 8 wk) was effective at eradicating mites by early as 7 d after treatment. IgE levels decreased substantially in infested BALB/c mice after treatment. These findings demonstrate a need for D. musculi surveillance in mouse colonies, because the infestation may influence the use of infested mice in select studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya G Morris
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;,
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen Daniels
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Imaani Easthausen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Gabrielle Pastenkos
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cheryl L Perkins
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth S Henderson
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Program in Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Soman SP, Singh SK, Kumari P, Choudhury S, Singh A, Kanwal S, Khushboo R, Garg SK. Quantification of immuno-regulatory cytokine and toll-like receptors gene expression in dogs with generalized demodicosis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 280:109063. [PMID: 32151890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of Demodex mites is mainly controlled by host immunity; however, the precised mechanism of host-mite interplay and host immune response in the cutaneous microenvironment of dogs with generalized demodicosis (GD) are not yet established. In the present study, we envisaged the alterations in the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and immuno-regulatory cytokine gene in the skin lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dogs with GD. The expression of TLR2, TLR6, IFN-γ, TGF-β and IL-10 genes in the skin lesions and PBMCs of 15 dogs with GD was quantified by qRT-PCR. Compared to healthy dogs, significantly elevated expression of TLR2 (P = 0.048), TGF-β (P = 0.04) and IL-10 (P = 0.012) were found in the PBMCs of dogs with GD. Conversely, there was significantly reduced expression of TLR6 gene (P = 0.021) in the PBMCs of these dogs. The infested dogs also revealed significantly elevated expression of TLR2 gene (P = 0.034) in the skin lesions, while, the expression of the TLR6 gene was found to be significantly (P = 0.004) reduced. Interestingly, significant alterations in TGF-β (P = 0.105) and IL-10 (P = 0.162) genes expression were not observed in the skin lesions of diseased dogs. Our findings suggest that Demodex mites contribute to a different systemic and cutaneous immune response in dogs for their proliferation, and consequently the development of GD. Therefore, Demodex mites might be inducing the immunosuppression through activating the systemic over-expression of immunosuppressive cytokines; however, in the cutaneous lesions, the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines remained unaltered. Both systemic and local over-expression of TLR2 and reduced expression of TLR6 genes might be responsible for the inflammatory signs of canine demodicosis and helping to the mite to escape the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep P Soman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India.
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Soumen Choudhury
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Alok Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Sarita Kanwal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Richa Khushboo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
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Singh SK. Superglue slide impression (SSI) method: a novel diagnostic application for canine demodicosis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:387-393. [PMID: 31768807 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The conventional gold standard diagnostic method for canine demodicosis, the deep skin scrapings (DSS), is traumatic to the animal and appears aggressive in the eyes of the owner. A less invasive, sensitive, easy-to-perform and field-oriented diagnostic method for the rapid diagnosis of canine demodicosis is warranted. The present study aimed to develop a rapid less invasive diagnostic method using superglue (cyanoacrylate adhesive) slide impression (SSI). Ninety-seven client-owned dogs presented with clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of demodicosis were examined using SSI for detection of Demodex mites. A clean microscope slide was taken and a drop of superglue was placed on the slide. Immediately, the superglue-bearing slide surface was applied to the previously squeezed selected skin lesion with gentle pressure for 30 s. The slide was removed from the skin lesion and a drop of immersion oil was placed over the SSI. Another clean cover slide was applied and examined under the microscope at low-power magnification (× 10 lens). Of the 97 dogs, 90 dogs (92.8%) were detected positive for demodectic mites using the SSI method, whereas 86 (88.7%) dogs were found positive using the DSS technique. The SSI method was found to be equally sensitive to the DSS method. In summary, the SSI method is a new quick, sensitive, easy-to-perform, owner- and animal-friendly, less traumatic and field-oriented diagnostic application for demodicosis in dogs. It can be used for harvesting the live demodectic mites and monitoring miticidal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India.
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10
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Gazi U, Taylan-Ozkan A, Mumcuoglu KY. Immune mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis: A review. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12673. [PMID: 31557333 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Demodex mites are saprophytic parasites of the mammalian skin, mostly found in or near pilosebaceous units of hairy regions. While they can be found in healthy humans and animals without causing any clinical manifestations, they were suggested to create pathogenic symptoms when they appear in high densities under favourable conditions (ie, demodicosis). Nevertheless, their role as the primary causative agent of the pathogenic conditions in humans is debated today. Canine demodicosis, which is highly prevalent in certain dog breeds, provides a valuable tool for studying the pathogenesis of human demodicosis. Canine and human demodicosis are caused by different Demodex species, and the clinical manifestations in former could be life-threatening. Nevertheless, current literature suggests similar immune responses and immune evasion mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis; cellular immunity appeared to have a central role in protection against demodicosis, and Demodex mites were shown to influence both innate and adaptive immune response to escape immune attack. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on demodicosis obtained from studies conducted on both organisms, and draw the attention to the effect of mite-associated factors (eg, microbiota) on the different clinical manifestations displayed during human and canine demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Singh A, Kumari P, Singh SK, Soman SP, Choudhury S, Srivastava A, Nigam R, Garg SK. Pre- and post-therapy circulating immuno-stimulatory and immuno-suppressive cytokines in dogs with juvenile-onset generalized demodecosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108954. [PMID: 31634689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproliferation of Demodex mites in dogs with compromised immunity attributed to the development of canine demodecosis. Whether clinical signs of canine demodecosis are triggered by genetically-mediated specific immunodeficiency in dogs or the Demodex mites induce lesions in hair follicles and result in compromised immunity is yet to be fully explored. To unravel the concealments of immunosuppression in canine demodecosis the present study was aimed to estimate the levels of circulating cytokines, pre- and post-therapy in nine dogs with juvenile-onset generalized demodecosis. At day 60 post-therapy of recommended amitraz rinse, significant (p ≤ 0.02) reduction in circulating IL-10 level was observed compared to its level before the start of the therapy (day 0). However, significant alterations in circulating levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were not observed in these dogs at day 60 post-therapy as compared to their day 0 levels. A strong positive correlation between circulating level of IL-10 and mites population was observed both on day 0 (r2 = 0.656; p ≤ 0.005) and day 60 post-therapy (r2 = 0.575; p ≤ 0.018). Therefore, our findings suggest that Demodex mites induce immunosuppression in dogs during clinical disease and mites burden seems to be responsible for the development of generalized demodecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India.
| | - Sandeep P Soman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India
| | - Soumen Choudhury
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India
| | - Rajesh Nigam
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
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12
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Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Leon-Alvarado OD, Ossa-Lopez PA, Rivera-Paez FA, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Sarcoptic mange in wild quichua porcupines ( Coendou quichua Thomas, 1899) in Colombia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:95-98. [PMID: 29988810 PMCID: PMC6032029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Quichua porcupine (Coendou quichua) is a neotropical rodent with uncertain taxonomic and conservation status. Two Quichua porcupines with severe hyperkeratosis and alopecia were found in the Magdalena River Basin of Colombia. Sarcoptes scabiei, the mite causing mange, a disease carried mainly by domestic animals, was confirmed via parasitological and molecular methods. This is the first report of mange in neotropical porcupines to date. The population-level impact of mange in Coendou spp., related mammals and predators in Colombia might represent a threat and needs further investigation. Pathological characterisation of sarcoptic mange in cryptic Coendou quichua is carried out. The impact of sarcoptic mange on Coendou quichua is currently unknown. New data on Sarcoptes hosts carries significance for the economy and conservation. Sarcoptic mange is of low priority in Colombia, affecting the understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gonzalez-Astudillo
- School of Veterinary Science, Building 8114, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia, 4343
| | - Omar D Leon-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biogeografía, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra. 27 Calle 9 A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Ossa-Lopez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Fredy Arvey Rivera-Paez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Héctor E Ramírez-Chaves
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
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Gasparetto ND, Almeida ADBPF, Nakazato L, França EL, França ACH, Fagundes DLG, Bortolini J, Sousa VRF. Density measurement of Demodex canis by qPCR and analysis of serum cytokine levels in dogs with different clinical forms of demodicosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 257:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Sastre N, Calvete O, Martínez-Vargas J, Medarde N, Casellas J, Altet L, Sánchez A, Francino O, Ventura J. Skin mites in mice (Mus musculus): high prevalence of Myobia sp. (Acari, Arachnida) in Robertsonian mice. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2139-2148. [PMID: 29728826 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myobia sp. and Demodex sp. are two skin mites that infest mice, particularly immunodeficient or transgenic lab mice. In the present study, wild house mice from five localities from the Barcelona Roberstonian system were analysed in order to detect skin mites and compare their prevalence between standard (2n = 40) and Robertsonian mice (2n > 40). We found and identified skin mites through real-time qPCR by comparing sequences from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and the nuclear 18S rRNA genes since no sequences are available so far using the mitochondrial gene. Fourteen positive samples were identified as Myobia musculi except for a deletion of 296 bp out to 465 bp sequenced, and one sample was identified as Demodex canis. Sampling one body site, the mite prevalence in standard and Robertsonian mice was 0 and 26%, respectively. The malfunction of the immune system elicits an overgrowth of skin mites and consequently leads to diseases such as canine demodicosis in dogs or rosacea in humans. In immunosuppressed mice, the probability of developing demodicosis is higher than in healthy mice. Since six murine toll-like receptors (TLRs) are located in four chromosomes affected by Robertsonian fusions, we cannot dismiss that differences in mite prevalence could be the consequence of the interruption of TLR function. Although ecological and/or morphological factors cannot be disregarded to explain differences in mite prevalence, the detection of translocation breakpoints in TLR genes or the analysis of TLR gene expression are needed to elucidate how Robertsonian fusions affect the immune system in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sastre
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oriol Calvete
- Human Genetics Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Martínez-Vargas
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Medarde
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Casellas
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics, Parc de Recerca UAB Edifici Eureka, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armand Sánchez
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Vetgenomics, Parc de Recerca UAB Edifici Eureka, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Francino
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Vetgenomics, Parc de Recerca UAB Edifici Eureka, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Kumari P, Nigam R, Choudhury S, Singh SK, Yadav B, Kumar D, Garg SK. Demodex canis targets TLRs to evade host immunity and induce canine demodicosis. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40. [PMID: 29253318 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Widespread incidence of Demodex mites throughout the mammalian class and occasional serious and fatal outcomes in dogs warrant an insight into the host-parasite interface especially. Therefore, this study was aimed to unravel the interplay between innate immune response and canine demodicosis. The dogs diagnosed to have natural clinical demodicosis were allocated into two groups; dogs with localized demodicosis (LD) and with generalized demodicosis (GD). The expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 6 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these dogs was quantified by real-time PCR. Significantly increased TLR2 gene expression, while significantly diminished TLR4 and TLR6 gene expressions were observed in demodicosed dogs (LD and GD) as compared with the healthy ones. Even the expression of TLR2 gene was found to differ significantly between the dogs with LD and GD. Therefore, it can be inferred that clinical demodicosis in dogs is coupled with an up-regulation of TLR2 and down-regulation of TLR4 and TLR6 gene expressions. Overexpression of TLR2 gene might be responsible for Demodex-induced clinical manifestations, while TLR4 and TLR6 gene down-regulations could be the paramount strategy of Demodex mites to elude the host-immune interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - R Nigam
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - S Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - S K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - B Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - D Kumar
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - S K Garg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
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16
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Demodex canis regulates cholinergic system mediated immunosuppressive pathways in canine demodicosis. Parasitology 2017; 144:1412-1416. [PMID: 28583218 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Demodex canis infestation in dogs remains one of the main challenges in veterinary dermatology. The exact pathogenesis of canine demodicosis is unknown but an aberration in immune status is considered very significant. No studies have underpinned the nexus between induction of demodicosis and neural immunosuppressive pathways so far. We have evaluated the involvement of cholinergic pathways in association with cytokines regulation as an insight into the immuno-pathogenesis of canine demodicosis in the present study. Remarkable elevations in circulatory immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 and cholinesterase activity were observed in dogs with demodicosis. Simultaneously, remarkable reduction in circulatory pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha level was observed in dogs with demodicosis. Findings of the present study evidently suggest that Demodex mites might be affecting the cholinergic pathways to induce immunosuppression in their host and then proliferate incessantly in skin microenvironment to cause demodicosis.
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17
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Ajith Y, Dimri U, Singh SK, Gopalakrishnan A, Devi G, Verma MR, Joshi V, Alam S. Lice induced immuno-oxidative wreckage of goats. Vet Parasitol 2017; 242:24-30. [PMID: 28606320 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the immuno-oxidative patho-biology of lice infestation in goats. Sixty goats were divided into five groups; sucking lice (Linognathus africanus) infested (Group 1, n=12), chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infested-mild (Group 2, n=12), chewing lice (B. caprae) infested-moderate (Group 3, n=12), chewing lice (B. caprae) infested-severe (Group 4, n=12) and healthy control (Group 5, n=12). To assess the pathological changes, markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation-LPO, reduced glutathione-GSH, superoxide dismutase-SOD, Catalase-CAT and total antioxidant capacity-TAC), the markers of immune status (Tumour necrosis factor alpha- TNF-α, Interleukin-10- IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta 1- TGF-β1, ratios of TNF-α/IL-10 and TNF-α/TGF-β1) and hemato-biochemical status were evaluated. Significant anemia, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in caprine pediculosis irrespective of the type of lice infested. Remarkably increased oxidative stress was observed in chewing lice infested goats and no significant changes in oxidative stress markers were observed in sucking lice infested goats. TGF-β mediated suppression of Th1 and Th2 immune responses was observed in sucking lice infested goats; whereas, a Th2 cytokine dominant inflammatory response was observed in chewing lice infested goats. From the present study, it may be concluded that sucking lice infestation produces remarkable immunosuppression and chewing lice infestation produces significant oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ajith
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India.
| | - U Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, UP, 281 001, India
| | - A Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
| | - Gopinath Devi
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
| | - M R Verma
- Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
| | - Vivek Joshi
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
| | - Shahjahan Alam
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
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Woldemeskel M, Hawkins I. First report of vascular invasion of demodex mites with thrombi and dissemination to visceral lymph nodes in a dog. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:93-96. [PMID: 28288772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An adult-onset generalized canine demodecosis is a life threatening form of demodecosis often seen in immunocompromised dogs. A generalized, adult-onset canine demodecosis with an unusual vascular invasion, thrombi and dissemination to peripheral, and visceral lymph nodes was diagnosed in an adult, female, American Bulldog of unknown age. Organized thrombi with intralesional mites were observed in multiple lymphatic vessels and in a section of blood vessel. Vascular invasion of mites with dissemination of mites into visceral lymph nodes, is an unusual findings not previously recorded in canine generalized demodecosis. Dissemination of mites to visceral lymph nodes through vascular channels may be part of the pathogenesis of chronic, untreated, and disseminated, adult-onset generalized canine demodecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Woldemeskel
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Ian Hawkins
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
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20
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe sequences of four mitochondrial genes were determined for Demodex mites isolated from two distantly related species within the family Cervidae, and identified morphologically as belonging to the species Demodex kutzeri. The sequences were used to test the hypothesis that Demodex are strictly host-specific, and hence cospeciate with their hosts: (1) The estimated divergence time between mites found on elk vs humans agreed closely with a previous estimate of the time that these host species last shared a common ancestor, suggesting cospeciation of mites and hosts, at least over long evolutionary timescales. (2) The extremely low levels of sequence divergence between the mites found on elk vs mule deer hosts indicated that these mites belong to the same species, which suggests that Demodex are able to move across host species boundaries over shorter timescales. Together, the results are consistent with the model that Demodex mites are not strict host-specialists, but instead lose the ability to move between host lineages gradually.
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Nicholls SG, Oakley CL, Tan A, Vote BJ. Demodex species in human ocular disease: new clinicopathological aspects. Int Ophthalmol 2016; 37:303-312. [PMID: 27160273 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Demodex brevis and Demodex folliculorum are likely ubiquitous organisms associated with human eyelashes. However, they have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of external ocular diseases. This article reviews the current literature in regards to life cycle, morphology, pathogenesis and treatment of underlying Demodex spp. infestation and outlines the previously undescribed in vivo behaviour of the mites. Images were obtained from the epilation of lashes from 404 patients seen in clinical practice. Epilated lashes were placed on a microscope slide which had been coated with optically clear hypromellose/carbomer gel (Genteal gel, Novartis pharmaceuticals corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey). Adults were identified with either dark field or standard transmission microscopy at 40-100×. Eggs and other life-cycle stages were examined at 250× magnification, with transmission microscopy giving the best image resolution. The life cycle of the mite has been reviewed and simplified according to clinical observations. Clinical signs suggestive of underlying Demodex spp. infestation have been described, and their pathogenesis was explained based on the micrographic digital images obtained. The problem of symptomatic Demodex spp. disease likely reflects an imbalance in the external ocular ecology; however, the role of Demodex spp. as a commensal should not be overlooked. Treatment should not be aimed at total eradication of the mite but rather restoring the ocular ecology to a balanced state. By revisiting the life cycle of the mite, we can identify areas where possible intervention may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Nicholls
- Tasmanian Eye Clinics, Glenorchy, TAS, Australia.,Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carmen L Oakley
- Tasmanian Eye Institute, 36 Thistle St West, South Launceston, TAS, 7249, Australia. .,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrea Tan
- Tasmanian Eye Institute, 36 Thistle St West, South Launceston, TAS, 7249, Australia
| | - Brendan J Vote
- Tasmanian Eye Institute, 36 Thistle St West, South Launceston, TAS, 7249, Australia
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22
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Singh SK, Dimri U, Sharma B, Saxena M, Kumari P. Assessment of the cytokine profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of naturally Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis infested dogs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 206:253-7. [PMID: 25468023 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cytokine secretion from T lymphocytes plays an important role in the immune response of dogs and parasitic skin infestations. Assessment of the cytokine profile of naturally S. scabiei var. canis infested dogs could augment understanding of the pathobiology of canine sarcoptic mange. Therefore, the present study examined the cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of dogs suffering from sarcoptic mange. Thirteen dogs naturally infected with sarcoptic mange participated in the study. The dogs were found positive for S. scabiei var. canis mites in skin scraping examinations and revealed at least three clinical inclusion criteria. Another five clinically healthy dogs were kept as healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from heparinized blood samples and used for extraction of mRNA. Further, cDNA was synthesized by using 1 mg of mRNA by reverse transcription using oligonucleotide primers. Relative levels of cytokine expression were compared with normalized glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) transcripts. The levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) mRNA expression in dogs with sarcoptic mange were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01), whereas the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01) in comparison with the healthy dogs. No remarkable difference was seen for interleukin-2 mRNA expression between these animals. An overproduction IL-4 and IL-5 might be involved in immuno-pathogenesis of canine sarcoptic mange. S. scabiei var. canis mites possibly induce an overproduction of TGF-β and reduced expression of TNF-α and thus could be conferring the immune suppression of infested dogs.
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Abstract
Human Demodex mites (Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis) are unique in that they are an obligate human ectoparasite that can inhabit the pilosebaceous unit lifelong without causing obvious host immune response in most cases. The mode of symbiosis between humans and human Demodex mites is unclear, while the pathogenicity of human Demodex mites in many inflammatory skin diseases is now better understood. Primary human demodicosis is a skin disease sui generis not associated with local or systemic immunosuppression. Diagnosis is often underestimated and differentiation from folliculitis, papulopustular rosacea and perioral dermatitis is not always straightforward. Dependent on the morphology and degree of inflammation, the clinical manifestations can be classified into spinulate, papulopustular, nodulocystic, crustic and fulminant demodicosis. Therapy success can be achieved only with acaricides/arachidicides. The effective doses, optimal regimen and antimicrobial resistance remain to be determined.
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Fourie JJ, Liebenberg JE, Horak IG, Taenzler J, Heckeroth AR, Frénais R. Efficacy of orally administered fluralaner (Bravecto™) or topically applied imidacloprid/moxidectin (Advocate®) against generalized demodicosis in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:187. [PMID: 25881320 PMCID: PMC4394402 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This laboratory study compared the efficacy of Bravecto™ (fluralaner), formulated as a chewable tablet, with the efficacy of Advocate® (imidacloprid/moxidectin), formulated for topical administration, against naturally acquired generalized demodicosis in dogs. METHODS Sixteen dogs, all diagnosed with generalized demodectic mange, were randomly allocated to two equal groups. Bravecto™ chewable tablets were administered once orally at a minimum dose of 25 mg fluralaner/kg body weight to one group of dogs, while the second group was treated topically on three occasions at 28-day intervals with Advocate® at a minimum dose of 10 mg imidacloprid/kg body weight and 2.5 mg moxidectin/kg body weight. Mites were counted in skin scrapings and demodectic lesions were evaluated on each dog before treatment and at 28-day intervals thereafter over a 12 week study period. Deep skin scrapings (~4 cm(2)) were made from the same five sites on each dog at each subsequent examination. RESULTS After single oral administration of Bravecto™ chewable tablets, mite numbers in skin scrapings were reduced by 99.8% on Day 28 and by 100% on Days 56 and 84. Mite numbers in the dogs treated topically on three occasions at 28-day intervals with Advocate® were reduced by 98.0% on Day 28, by 96.5% on Day 56 and by 94.7% on Day 84. Statistically significantly (P ≤ 0.05) fewer mites were found on Days 56 and 84 on the Bravecto™ treated dogs compared to Advocate® treated dogs. A marked decrease was observed in the occurrence of erythematous patches, crusts, casts and scales in the dogs treated with Bravecto™ and in the occurrence of erythematous patches in the dogs treated with Advocate®. With the exception of one dog in each treated group, all dogs exhibited hair regrowth ≥ 90% at the end of the study in comparison with their hair-coat at study start. CONCLUSIONS Single oral administration of Bravecto™ chewable tablets is highly effective against generalized demodicosis, with no mites detectable at 56 and 84 days following treatment. In comparison, Advocate®, administered three times at 28-day intervals, is also highly effective against generalized demodicosis, but most dogs still harboured mites at all assessment time points. Both treatments resulted in a marked reduction of skin lesions and increase of hair re-growth 12 weeks after the initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephus J Fourie
- ClinVet International, Uitsigweg, Bainsvlei, 9338, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Julian E Liebenberg
- ClinVet International, Uitsigweg, Bainsvlei, 9338, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Ivan G Horak
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Janina Taenzler
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany.
| | - Anja R Heckeroth
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany.
| | - Regis Frénais
- MSD Animal Health Innovation SAS, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France.
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Oliveira CD, Larsson CE, de Camargo MM. Longitudinal assessment of T-lymphocyte subpopulations during generalized demodicosis in dogs and their relationship with remission. Vet Dermatol 2014; 26:18-22, e5-6. [PMID: 25354979 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of canine generalized demodicosis is poorly understood but is thought to involve dysfunction of the immune system. Previous studies showed diminished CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in affected dogs, but none has evaluated this subpopulation through resolution of the disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES In this longitudinal study, we tested whether quantification of CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells are good indicators of immunological status and could be used as biomarkers of treatment efficacy and prognosis. ANIMALS Sixteen dogs of several breeds with diagnoses of generalized demodicosis, plus 30 age/breedmatched healthy dogs. METHODS Total lymphocytes, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+:CD8+ ratio were quantified at four time points: at diagnosis, 30 days after diagnosis (during treatment), at first negative parasitological examination and at clinical cure. RESULTS Absolute numbers of CD4+ cells were significantly lower in affected dogs at the time of diagnosis. Absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were significantly augmented in affected animals compared with control dogs after treatment was established, and this persisted until the first negative parasitological examination, at which time the CD4+ counts equalled those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our findings suggest that longitudinal quantification of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes is a useful indicator of the efficacy of demodicosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila D Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando M. Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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