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Ávalos G, Caballero-Gómez J, Matas-Méndez P, Castro-Scholten S, Jiménez-Martín D, Köster PC, Santín M, Bailo B, Cano-Terriza D, González-Barrio D, Mateo M, García-Bocanegra I, Dashti A, Nájera F, Carmena D. Detection and genotyping of zoonotic microsporidia in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae027. [PMID: 38499442 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia is a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, and spore-forming parasites that infect a wide range of animals. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are the most frequently reported species in humans. Limited information is available about the presence and molecular diversity of microsporidian species in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. was investigated by molecular methods in wild and captive Iberian lynxes from Spain. Overall, E. bieneusi was detected in 3.2% (8/251) of the animals examined. None of the samples tested were positive for Encephalitozoon spp. Four known (D, EbfelA, PigEBITS7, and Type IV) and a novel (named as LynxSpEb1) E. bieneusi genotypes were identified. All the genotypes found belonged to the zoonotic Group 1 of E. bieneusi. This study provides the first genotyping data of E. bieneusi in Iberian lynx in Spain. Our result indicate that the Iberian lynx does not seem to play a relevant role in the epidemiology of Encephalitozoon spp., and that this endangered felid is likely acting as spillover host rather than a true reservoir of E. bieneusi. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the impact of this parasite in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ávalos
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Matas-Méndez
- Faculty of Veterinary, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabrina Castro-Scholten
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Débora Jiménez-Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Women for Africa Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Nájera
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Gomes-Gonçalves S, Palmeira JD, Ferreira H, Santos-Silva S, Mesquita JR. Occurrence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Zoonotic Enteropathogenic Protist Parasites in Asymptomatic Domestic Ruminants from Portugal. Pathogens 2023; 12:1341. [PMID: 38003805 PMCID: PMC10675233 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic parasites are of significant concern for public health due to their zoonotic potential and their impact on human and animal health. In this study, we investigated their occurrence and characterized these enteropathogens in asymptomatic domestic ruminants from Portugal. A total of 302 stool samples were collected from cattle (n = 166), sheep (n = 73), and goats (n = 63) in various regions of Portugal and tested for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Blastocystis sp., and Balantioides coli by PCR. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found to be 12.7% (8/63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.65-23.5) in goats; however, no sample was found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle and sheep. For E. bieneusi, 6.35% (4/63; 95%CI: 1.76-15.47) of goats were found to be positive; however, no cattle or sheep were found to be positive. Blastocystis sp. was found in sheep (9.59%; 7/73; 95% [CI]: 0.394-18.76) and goats (12.70%; 8/63; 95% [CI]: 5.65-23.50) but none was found in cattle. No positive results for G. duodenalis or B. coli were detected in this study. This study provides essential baseline information for understanding the silent shedding and epidemiology of these enteropathogens in Portugal, contributing to overall livestock health and related occupational safety. Raising awareness among consumers, veterinarians, and farm owners is crucial to minimize the risk of transmission and promote effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes-Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Josman Dantas Palmeira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.D.P.); (H.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.D.P.); (H.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Yang X, Fan YY, Yang DJ, Huang S, Wang JW, Chen X, Zhang M, Liu YW, Li Q, Song JK, Zhao GH. High genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in yaks (Bos grunniens) from Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Parasite 2023; 30:39. [PMID: 37754780 PMCID: PMC10525053 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common pathogen in humans and various animals, threatening the breeding industry and public health. However, there is limited information on the molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in yaks, an economically important animal mainly domesticated in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in China. In the present study, nested PCR targeting the ITS gene region was applied to investigate the positive rates and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in 223 faecal samples of yaks from three locations in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The total positive rate of E. bieneusi was 23.8% (53/223). Significant differences in positive rates were identified among yaks from three locations (χ2 = 8.535, p = 0.014) and four age groups (χ2 = 17.259, p = 0.001), with the highest positive rates in yaks from Yajiang and aged < 6 months, respectively. Sequence analysis identified seven known (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, J and BEB4) and five novel (Ganzi1-5) ITS genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed eight genotypes (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, Ganzi1, Ganzi2 and Ganzi4) in group 1 and three genotypes (J, BEB4 and Ganzi3) in group 2, indicating high genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in yaks from Ganzi. Considering the increasing zoonotic genotypes in yaks in the present study compared with previous findings, interventions should be developed to reduce the potential transmission of E. bieneusi between humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Ying-Ying Fan
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Dan-Jiao Yang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Shuang Huang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Xu Chen
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Min Zhang
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Qiang Li
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jun-Ke Song
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education Yangling 712100 China
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Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Yangling 712100 China
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Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province Yangling 712100 China
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Lichtmannsperger K, Harl J, Roehl SR, Schoiswohl J, Eibl C, Wittek T, Hinney B, Wiedermann S, Joachim A. Enterocytozoon bieneusi in fecal samples from calves and cows in Austria. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:333-340. [PMID: 36394671 PMCID: PMC9669533 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects livestock, companion animals, and wildlife and has the potential to cause severe diarrhea especially in immunocompromised humans. In the underlying study, fecal samples from 177 calves with diarrhea and 174 adult cows originating from 70 and 18 farms, respectively, in Austria were examined for the presence of E. bieneusi by polymerase chain reaction targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) region. All positive samples were further sequenced for genotype determination. Overall, sixteen of the 351 (4.6%) samples were positive for E. bieneusi, two of the 174 samples from cows (1.2%) and 14 of the 177 samples from calves (7.9%). In total, four genotypes, J (n = 2), I (n = 12), BEB4 (n = 3), and BEB8 (n = 1), were identified. The uncorrected p-distance between the four ITS1 lineages (344 bp) ranges from 0.3% to 2.9%. The lineages differ by 1 bp (I and J), 2 bp (J and BEB4), and 3 bp (I and BEB4), respectively, and BEB8 differs by 7 to 10 bp from the latter three lineages. Two of the E. bieneusi-positive calves showed an infection with two different genotypes. E. bieneusi occurred significantly more often in calves > 3 weeks (8/59) than in calves ≤ 3 weeks (6/118), respectively (p = 0.049). Calves with a known history of antimicrobial treatment (50 of 177 calves) shed E. bieneusi significantly more often than untreated calves (p = 0.012). There was no statistically significant difference in E. bieneusi shedding in calves with or without a medical history of antiparasitic treatment (p = 0.881). Calves showing a co-infection with Eimeria spp. shed E. bieneusi significantly more often than uninfected calves (p = 0.003). To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in cattle in Austria. Cattle should be considered as a reservoir for human infection since potentially zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josef Harl
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Rosa Roehl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Schoiswohl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cassandra Eibl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Wiedermann
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Qin Y, Chen C, Qin YF, Yang XB, Li MH, Meng XZ, Zhao ZY, Ma N, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Prevalence and related factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ghebremichael ST, Meng X, Wei J, Yang Y, Huang Q, Luo L, Xiang H, Chen J, Abo-Kadoum MA, Li T, Liu X, Bao J, Zhou Z, Pan G. Prevalence and genotyping distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in diarrheic pigs in Chongqing and Sichuan provinces, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025613. [PMID: 36312914 PMCID: PMC9608567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian fungal pathogen Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a unicellular parasite that infects humans and various animals, including pigs. Currently, there are few data on E. bieneusi infection a in diarrheic pigs in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces, China. This study aims to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in diarrheic pigs. In total, 514 fecal samples from diarrheic pigs were obtained from 14 large-scale farms in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces (326 suckling pigs, 17 weaned pigs, 65 fattening pigs, and 106 sows). To identify the E. bieneusi genotypes, genomic DNA was isolated from the samples and tested by nested PCR, targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA followed by DNA sequence analysis. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 79.8% (410/514), with rates of 84.9% (90/106) in sows and 64.7% (11/17) in weaned pigs. We found 61 different genotypes, including seven known genotypes (E, F, CHG1, Peru8, CAF1, B, and BEB17) and 54 novel genotypes. These 54 new genotypes are variants of eight known genotypes (SDD2, A, B, HLJD-IV, PigSpEb1, O, JLD-I, and BEB17) based on their sequence similarities. Phylogenetically, all of the identified genotypes clustered with counterparts belonging to Group 1 and Group 2 of E. bieneusi. Therefore, we found a higher prevalence of E. bieneusi in sows than in preweaned and weaned pigs. These findings indicate that diarrheic pigs could be a potential reservoir host, which can contaminate the environment and be a source of microsporidia in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Teweldeberhan Ghebremichael
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Biology, Mai Nefhi College of Science, Mai-Nefhi, Eritrea
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - M. A. Abo-Kadoum
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Pan,
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Dashti A, Santín M, Köster PC, Bailo B, Ortega S, Imaña E, Habela MÁ, Rivero-Juarez A, Vicente J, Arnal MC, de Luco DF, Morrondo P, Armenteros JA, Balseiro A, Cardona GA, Martínez-Carrasco C, Ortiz JA, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D, González-Barrio D. Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in free-ranging and farmed wild ungulates in Spain. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6696380. [PMID: 36095135 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia comprises a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, and spore-forming parasites that infect a wide range of animals. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently reported species in humans and other mammals and birds. Data on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in wildlife is limited. Hence, E. bieneusi was investigated in eight wild ungulate species present in Spain (genera Ammotragus, Capra, Capreolus, Cervus, Dama, Ovis, Rupicapra, and Sus) by molecular methods. Faecal samples were collected from free-ranging (n = 1058) and farmed (n = 324) wild ungulates from five Spanish bioregions. The parasite was detected only in red deer (10.4%, 68/653) and wild boar (0.8%, 3/359). Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections were more common in farmed (19.4%, 63/324) than in wild (1.5%, 5/329) red deer. Eleven genotypes were identified in red deer, eight known (BEB6, BEB17, EbCar2, HLJD-V, MWC_d1, S5, Type IV, and Wildboar3) and three novel (DeerSpEb1, DeerSpEb2, and DeerSpEb3) genotypes. Mixed genotype infections were detected in 15.9% of farmed red deer. Two genotypes were identified in wild boar, a known (Wildboar3) and a novel (WildboarSpEb1) genotypes. All genotypes identified belonged to E. bieneusi zoonotic Groups 1 and 2. This study provides the most comprehensive epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in Spanish ungulates to date, representing the first evidence of the parasite in wild red deer populations worldwide. Spanish wild boars and red deer are reservoir of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and might play an underestimated role in the transmission of this microsporidian species to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Ortega
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Imaña
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Habela
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Sciences Faculty, Extremadura University, Caceres, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joaquin Vicente
- SaBio Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Maria C Arnal
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José A Armenteros
- Council of Development, Territory Planning and the Environment of the Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, León, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Mountain Livestock Institute (CSIC-University of León), León, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Animal Health Department, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Ortiz
- Medianilla S.L., Department of Veterinary and Research. Benalup-Casas Viejas, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Occurrence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Turkey. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106568. [PMID: 35716763 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular fungus-like parasites that infect humans and animals worldwide. However, there is limited epidemiological data on the occurrence and molecular diversity of microsporidia in buffaloes worldwide. In the present study, fecal samples of 300 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Kayseri, Sivas, and Samsun provinces of Turkey were investigated using two nested PCR assays targeting the rRNA of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. All the fecal samples from water buffalo were found to be negative for Encephalitozoon spp. PCR positive isolates of E. bieneusi were bidirectionally sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analyses. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the only microsporidian species identified in 8 water buffaloes with an overall molecular prevalence of 2.7%. Two known genotypes, YNDCEB-90 (n = 5) and J (n = 3) were identified by ITS sequence analysis. The YNDCEB-90 and J genotypes fall into zoonotic Group 1 and 2 of E. bieneusi in the phylogenetic tree, respectively. These findings suggested that water buffalo in Turkey are harbouring zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and may have a significant risk for zoonotic transmission to humans. This is the first report of detecting E. bieneusi genotypes J and YNDCEB-90 in water buffaloes. Further insight into the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in water buffaloes in different geographical areas in Turkey will be highly important to have determined the public health significance of this pathogen.
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Li S, Wang P, Zhu XQ, Zou Y, Chen XQ. Prevalence and genotypes/subtypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in different breeds of cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105216. [PMID: 35066167 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. are common zoonotic pathogens that parasitize in the small intestine of humans and animals, posing a threat to public health. However, little information is available on the prevalence and genotypes/subtypes of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. In the present study, 556 fecal samples of cattle were collected from Nanchang city, Gao'an city, Xinyu city, and Ji'an city in Jiangxi Province. All samples were examined for the presence of E. bieneusi by nested PCR analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and Blastocystis sp. using PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. was 5.4% (30/556) and 54.9% (305/556), respectively. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and buffaloes was 7.9% (13/165), 3.9% (11/283), and 5.6% (6/108), respectively. Eleven E. bieneusi genotypes were identified in this study, including six known genotypes, D (n = 10), I (n = 5), J (n = 4), IV (n = 4), N (n = 1), and BEB4 (n = 1), and five novel genotypes, JX-I to JX-V (n = 1), with genotype D as the predominant genotype in cattle. Phylogenetic analysis showed that six genotypes of E. bieneusi, D, IV, and JX-II to JX-V, were clustered into zoonotic group 1, whereas the remaining five genotypes belonged to group 2. Moreover, seven, seven, four, and five types were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the MS1, MS3, MS4, and MS7 loci, respectively, forming three distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs). In addition, the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 42.4% (70/165), 59.4% (168/283), and 62.0% (67/108) in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that ST1, ST5, ST10, and ST14 of Blastocystis sp. were identified in these cattle, with ST10 being the major subtype. ST1 and ST5 are potential zoonotic subtypes. These findings have important implications for the control of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650201, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, PR China.
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Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Abdoli A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence of cattle microsporidiosis with focus on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: An emerging zoonotic pathogen. Prev Vet Med 2022; 200:105581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liu X, Tang L, Li W, Li C, Gu Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from large-scale cattle farms in Anhui Province, China. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:40-47. [PMID: 34866074 PMCID: PMC8810317 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from large-scale cattle farms in Anhui Province, 955 fecal samples were
collected from 16 cattle farms from March to October 2018, which included six dairy farms (526), seven yellow cattle farms (323), and three water buffalo farms (106) in different regions of
Anhui Province. PCR was conducted on all fecal samples using the 18S ribosomal RNA of Cryptosporidium spp. and internal transcribed spacer gene of E.
bieneusi to detect these two pathogens, and the positive samples were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that 23 (2.4%) and 40 (4.2%) out of the 955 samples were positive
for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi, respectively. There were 11 (2.1%), 10 (3.1%), and 2 (1.9%) positive samples of Cryptosporidium
spp. and 16 (3.0%), 23 (7.1%), and 1 (0.9%) positive samples of E. bieneusi collected from dairy cattle, yellow cattle, and water buffalo, respectively, and no co-infection
was identified in this study. All positive samples of Cryptosporidium spp. were C. andersoni with some variations. Ten E. bieneusi
genotypes were obtained, including two known genotypes, J and CHN11, and eight new genotypes, named AHDC1 and AHYC1-7. The genotype CHN11 belonged to zoonotic Group 1, and the other nine
genotypes belonged to Group 2, which is mainly documented in ruminants. These results indicated that Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi infections were
present in large-scale cattle farms in Anhui Province. Therefore, attention should be paid to the development of containment strategies of these two pathogens in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University
| | - Li Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University
| | - Wenchao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
| | - Youfang Gu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University
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Molecular Detection and Characterization of Blastocystis sp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Cattle in Northern Spain. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090191. [PMID: 34564585 PMCID: PMC8473172 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Some enteric parasites causing zoonotic diseases in livestock have been poorly studied or even neglected. This is the case in stramenopile Blastocystis sp. and the microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Spain. This transversal molecular epidemiological survey aims to estimate the prevalence and molecular diversity of Blastocystis sp. and E. bieneusi in cattle faecal samples (n = 336) in the province of Álava, Northern Spain. Initial detection of Blastocystis and E. bieneusi was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing of the small subunit (ssu) rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, respectively. Intra-host Blastocystis subtype diversity was further investigated by next generation amplicon sequencing (NGS) of the ssu rRNA gene in those samples that tested positive by conventional PCR. Amplicons compatible with Blastocystis sp. and E. bieneusi were observed in 32.1% (108/336, 95% CI: 27.2–37.4%) and 0.6% (2/336, 95% CI: 0.0–1.4%) of the cattle faecal samples examined, respectively. Sanger sequencing produced ambiguous/unreadable sequence data for most of the Blastocystis isolates sequenced. NGS allowed the identification of 10 Blastocystis subtypes including ST1, ST3, ST5, ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST25, and ST26. All Blastocystis-positive isolates involved mixed infections of 2–8 STs in a total of 31 different combinations. The two E. bieneusi sequences were confirmed as potentially zoonotic genotype BEB4. Our data demonstrate that Blastocystis mixed subtype infections are extremely frequent in cattle in the study area. NGS was particularly suited to discern underrepresented subtypes or mixed subtype infections that were undetectable or unreadable by Sanger sequencing. The presence of zoonotic Blastocystis ST1, ST3, and ST5, and E. bieneusi BEB4 suggest cross-species transmission and a potential risk of human infection/colonization.
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Molecular epidemiology and genotype/subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Encephalitozoon spp. in livestock: concern for emerging zoonotic infections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17467. [PMID: 34471179 PMCID: PMC8410837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections have high prevalence rate in many regions especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and genotype/subtype of some intestinal protozoa in livestock in Iran. Stool samples were collected from cattle, sheep, chickens, and horses. The presence of targeted parasites was evaluated using real-time PCR. Genotyping/subtyping of positive samples was characterized using sequencing of the ITS and barcoding region, respectively. Blastocystis sp., 27.7% (48/173) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi 26.0% (45/173) were the most frequent protozoa followed by Encephalitozoon spp., 0.57% (1/173). Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected among samples. Encephalitozoon spp., was detected only in chickens 2.2% (1/45). A statistically correlation was seen between animals and the prevalence of targeted protozoa. E. bieneusi genotypes I (9/38; 23.68%), BEB6 (22/38; 57.89%), D (6/38; 15.79%), and horse1 (1/38; 2.63%) were detected among samples. A statistically significant correlation was seen between the genotypes and animals (P ≤ 0.05). Blastocystis sp., ST1 (1/45; 2.22%), ST5 3/45; 6.66%), ST7 (1/45; 2.22%), ST10 (24/45; 53.33%), and ST14 (16/45; 35.55%) were characterized among samples. There was no significant correlation between certain subtypes and animals (P = 0.173). The presence of zoonotic potential genotypes of E. bieneusi in animals and zoonotic potential subtypes ST1 and ST7 among our samples provide a clue about the transmission dynamic of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. between animals–animals and humans–animals.
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Karim MR, Rume FI, Li D, Li J, Zhang L. First molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children and calves in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1999-2007. [PMID: 34109760 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a widespread opportunistic pathogen found in humans and domestic animals, including cattle that poses a public health risk. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence, genotypic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi among children and calves in Bangladesh. A total of 998 fecal samples were collected from children (n = 299) and calves (n = 699) and screened by nested PCR and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 6.4% in children and 7.9% in calves. ITS sequence analysis of 74 isolates revealed 10 genotypes, including eight known genotypes (A, D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, I, J, BEB4, and BEB6) and two new genotypes (BANEB1 and BANEB3). Specifically, genotypes A, D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, BANEB1, and BANEB3, and genotypes D, PigEBITS7, I, J, BEB4, and BEB6 were detected in children and calves, respectively. Among them, genotypes D and I were dominant genotypes in children and calves, respectively. The genotypes D and PigEBITS7 were found in both children and calves, with PigEBITS7 being observed for the first time in calves. In phylogenetic analysis, six genotypes (A, D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, BANEB1, and BANEB3), detected in 39.2% of the isolates, belonged to zoonotic Group 1. The remaining four genotypes I, J, BEB4, and BEB6 were clustered in Group 2 and are common members of the group with zoonotic potential. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report of E. bieneusi infection in calves in Bangladesh and also the first molecular characterization of the parasite in children and calves in this country. Two new genotypes in children have been found, which is noteworthy. Furthermore, the presence of zoonotic genotypes indicates that cattle may serve as reservoirs for E. bieneusi, which can be a source of human microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Robiul Karim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Islam Rume
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Dongfang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:1-73. [PMID: 33482973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Ecological and public health significance of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. One Health 2020; 12:100209. [PMID: 33426263 PMCID: PMC7779778 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a fungus-like protist parasite, causes symptomatic and asymptomatic intestinal infections in terrestrial animals and is also abundant in the environment. This parasite has been isolated from a variety of host types including humans, livestock, companion animals, birds, and wildlife, as well as the natural and urban environments including drinking source water, coastal water, recreational water, wastewater, vegetables in retail markets, and raw milk on farms. E. bieneusi exhibits high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and at least 500 genotypes have been identified thus far. Since its discovery in AIDS patients in 1985, scientists across the world have worked to demonstrate the natural history and public health potential of this pathogen. Here we review molecular typing studies on E. bieneusi and summarize relevant data to identify the potential sources of human and nonhuman infections and environmental contamination. This review also discusses the possible transmission routes of E. bieneusi and the associated risk factors, and advocates the importance of the One Health approach to tackle E. bieneusi infections.
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Zheng XL, Zhou HH, Ren G, Ma TM, Cao ZX, Wei LM, Liu QW, Wang F, Zhang Y, Liu HL, Xing MP, Huang LL, Chao Z, Lu G. Genotyping and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle farmed in Hainan Province, the southernmost region of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:65. [PMID: 33231548 PMCID: PMC7685235 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intestinal pathogen that infects a wide range of species, including humans. Cattle constitute an important host for E. bieneusi; however, there is a scarcity of information on the prevalence and genotyping of E. bieneusi in cattle in the Hainan Province of China. In this study, PCR analysis of 314 fecal samples from cattle in six cities of Hainan was performed for genotype identification. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in these animals was 9.9% (31/314), and ranged from 0.0% (0/12) to 20.5% (8/39). Five known genotypes – EbpC (n = 14), BEB4 (n = 12), J (n = 2), I (n = 1), and CHG5 (n = 1) – and a novel genotype: HNC-I (n = 1) – were identified. Genotypes EbpC and HNC-I were placed in zoonotic Group 1, and the remaining four genotypes (BEB4, J, I, and CHG5) were placed in Group 2. Since 93.5% of the genotypes found in the cattle (29/31) (EbpC, BEB4, J, and I) have previously been found in humans, these genotypes are probably involved in the transmission of microsporidiosis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China - Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Gangxu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China - Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Tian-Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China - Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Zong-Xi Cao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Li-Min Wei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Quan-Wei Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Hai-Long Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Man-Ping Xing
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China - Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, Hainan, PR China
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Li W, Feng Y, Xiao L. Diagnosis and molecular typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi: the significant role of domestic animals in transmission of human microsporidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:251-261. [PMID: 33035931 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular fungus-like parasite with high genetic diversity among mammalian and avian hosts. Based on polymorphism analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nearly 500 genotypes were identified within E. bieneusi. Those genotypes form several genetic groups that exhibit phenotypic differences in host specificity and zoonotic potential and probably have varying public health implications. Some of the genotypes in Group 1 (e.g., D, EbpC, and Type IV) and Group 2 (e.g., BEB4, BEB6, I, and J) are the most common ones that infect a variety of hosts including humans and thus are of public health importance. By contrast, those genotypes in other genetic groups (Groups 3-11) are mostly restricted to the hosts from which they were originally isolated, which would have unknown or limited impacts on public health. Advances on diagnosis and molecular typing of E. bieneusi are introduced in this review. Genotype distribution pattern of E. bieneusi in major domestic animal groups (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, cats, and dogs), the role of those animals in zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis, and food and water as potential vehicles for transmission are interpreted here as well. This review highlights the importance of including more genetic or epidemiological data obtained in the same geographical areas and using more reliable genetic markers to analyze the actual extent of host specificity in E. bieneusi, for the purpose of fully appreciating zoonotic risks of those domestic animals in close contacts with men and enhancing our understanding of the modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhao A, Zhang K, Xu C, Wang T, Qi M, Li J. Longitudinal identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy calves on a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101550. [PMID: 33032191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human and animals microsporidiasis. A total of 250 samples were collected weekly from 25 newborn dairy calves of a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China at one to ten weeks of age. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.The cumulative prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 100% (25/25), and the average infection was 52.0% (130/250). The highest infection rate was recorded at six weeks of age (92.0%, 23/25), and no infection was observed at one and two weeks of age. Sequencing analysis showed nine E. bieneusi genotypes (J, EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5) were identified. The highest genetic polymorphism was observed at ten weeks of age. Genotype J was the predominant E. bieneusi genotype. Phylogenetic analysis clustered genotype J into Group 2 and other eight genotypes (EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5), detected in 22 (16.9%, 22/130) samples, into Group 1. Among the genotypes, EbpC, KIN-1, and J have been identified in humans. The highest E. bieneusi infection rate (57.9%, 124/214) was observed in fecal samples with formed feces with no diarrhea (p < 0.01), and high genetic polymorphism was observed in class I fecal samples. The presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in dairy calves suggests the possibility of transmitting zoonotic infections to humans. It provides the basic data on dynamic change of E. bieneusi in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Kuankuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Yildirim Y, Al S, Duzlu O, Onmaz NE, Onder Z, Yetismis G, Hizlisoy H, Gonulalan Z, Yildirim A. Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw milk of cattle, sheep and water buffalo in Turkey: Genotype distributions and zoonotic concerns. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108828. [PMID: 32866940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Raw milk is a continued threat to public health due to possible contamination with zoonotic pathogens. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most prevalent pathogenic fungi in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, causing diarrheal disease. Although there has been some evidence, the role and potential risk of raw milk of dairy animals in the transmission dynamics of E. bieneusi is not clear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the occurrence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in raw milk of dairy animals in several farms of the Central Anatolia Region. We also investigated if there is a relation between the presence of E. bieneusi and mastitis. Genomic DNAs from a total of 450 raw milk including 200, 200 and 50 samples from cattle, sheep and water buffalo respectively were analyzed using nested PCR, targeting the internal transcribed spacer of E. bieneusi. Totally milk samples of 9 (4.5%) dairy cattle, 36 (18.0%) sheep, and 1 (2.0%) water buffalo were PCR-positive. A significant relationship was determined between mastitis and the presence of E. bieneusi. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of eight genotypes: two known (ERUSS1, BEB6) and six novel genotypes (named as TREb1 to TREb6). The genotype ERUSS1 and BEB6 were the most common genotypes, found in all cattle and sheep farms. Phylogenetic analysis clustered all the identified genotypes in Group 2. This study provides novel findings that contribute to the transmission dynamics and molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi. Our study also highlighted the potential risk of raw milk for public health with respect to microsporidia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Yildirim
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serhat Al
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ertas Onmaz
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yetismis
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Hwang S, Shin SU, Kim S, Ryu JH, Choi KS. Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pre-weaned Korean native calves. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:300. [PMID: 32522245 PMCID: PMC7288687 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidian species infecting humans and various animals worldwide. To date, there has been limited information on the prevalence of infection and genotypes of E. bieneusi in cattle in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi circulating in pre-weaned Korean native calves and determined the age pattern of E. bieneusi infection and the relationship between E. bieneusi infection and diarrhea. METHODS The prevalence of E. bieneusi infection in pre-weaned Korean native calves was screened by polymerase chain reaction. PCR-positive products were sequenced to determine the genotype of E. bieneusi. A Chi-square analysis was used to compare the association between diarrhea and the infection rate of E. bieneusi in each age range or for all ages. RESULTS PCR and sequencing analysis revealed an overall prevalence (16.9%, 53/314) of E. bieneusi in pre-weaned calves. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was highest in September (36.2%), followed by March (28.3%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection was associated with diarrhea in calves (χ2 = 5.82, P = 0.016). Our results also indicated that E. bieneusi infection was significantly associated with calf age (χ2 = 11.61, P = 0.003), and the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was significantly higher in calves aged 21-40 days-old (odds ratio: 2.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.54-5.45; P = 0.001) than in those aged 1-20 days-old. Interestingly, the association between E. bieneusi infection and diarrhea was observed only in calves aged 1-20 days-old (χ2 = 5.82, P = 0.010). We identified three known genotypes, BEB4 (n = 12), BEB8 (n = 21) and J (n = 16), and three novel genotypes, BEB8-like (n = 21), KCALF1 (n = 1) and KCALF2 (n = 1). The genotype BEB8 was the most prevalent among all age groups. All genotypes identified in this study exhibited zoonotic potential. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of the genotype BEB4 in pre-weaned Korean native calves. Zoonotic E. bieneusi infection was prevalent in pre-weaned calves, indicating that cattle may play an important role as a reservoir host for E. bieneusi transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Hwang
- Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animal Science, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - SuHee Kim
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ryu
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animal Science, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou HH, Zheng XL, Ma TM, Qi M, Zhou JG, Liu HJ, Lu G, Zhao W. Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farm-raised pigs in Hainan Province, China: infection rates, genotype distributions, and zoonotic potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:12. [PMID: 32129760 PMCID: PMC7055476 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic fungal pathogen with a high degree of host diversity that can parasitize many animals, including humans. Pigs may play an important role in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi as reservoir hosts. Nevertheless, the genotypes of E. bieneusi in pigs in China remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection amongst pigs raised on farms from four cities of Hainan Province, using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the partial small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene, and to identify genotypes of E. bieneusi isolates based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Among 188 stool samples, E. bieneusi was detected in 46.8% (88/188). Eight genotypes including four known (EbpA, CS-4, MJ14, and CHG19) and four novel (HNP-I – HNP-IV) genotypes were identified. Using phylogenetic analysis, genotypes EbpA, CS4, CHG19, HNP-III, and HNP-IV were clustered into zoonotic Group 1, while the remaining three genotypes (MJ14, HNP-I, and HNP-II) clustered into Group 10. The high prevalence of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi among pigs suggests that pig farming is a potential source of human infection. Additionally, this is the first identification of genotypes in Group 10 in pigs indicating unique epidemic features of E. bieneusi in pigs in Hainan Province, the southernmost part of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Xin-Li Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300 Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Tian-Ming Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Jing-Guo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Hai-Ju Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China - Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, PR China
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Genotypes and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in edible bullfrogs ( Lithobates catesbeiana) in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 11:103-107. [PMID: 32051812 PMCID: PMC7005328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an obligate intracellular pathogen of the intestinal epithelium, is commonly identified in humans and many other animals and is ubiquitous in water sources and the environment generally. To determine the molecular prevalence of E. bieneusi in edible bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) and evaluate the possibility of its potential zoonotic transmission to humans via food or water, the intestinal contents of 295 bullfrogs were intermittently collected from two open markets in Aksu, China. The samples were screened for the internal transcribed spacer by polymerase chain reaction amplifications, revealing that 20.7% (61/295) of them were infected with E. bieneusi, with no significant differences found between the two sampling locations (p > 0.05). Twenty-two different E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, including one known genotype (EbpC) and 19 novel ones (named BLC1 to BLC19). The zoonotic genotype EbpC was identified in most of the E. bieneusi-positive samples (65.6%, 40/61). The remaining genotypes were identified in either one or three samples each. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that 20 of the E. bieneusi genotypes belonged to Group 1. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of E. bieneusi infections in edible bullfrogs. Our findings suggest that E. bieneusi can be maintained in edible bullfrogs and potentially transmitted via food or water. It is possible that these amphibians are unsuspected zoonotic reservoirs of E. bieneusi. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections in edible bullfrogs. Overall detection ratio of E. bieneusi was 20.7% in edible bullfrogs. Zoonotic genotype EbpC was the predominant genotype. All the identified twenty E. bieneusi genotypes belonged to zoonotic group 1.
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Li W, Feng Y, Zhang L, Xiao L. Potential impacts of host specificity on zoonotic or interspecies transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104033. [PMID: 31494271 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are composed of a highly diverse group of single-celled, obligate intracellular fungi that colonize an extremely wide range of other eukaryotes, among which Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human microsporidiasis. Genotyping of E. bieneusi based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) has recognized ~500 genotypes in humans and a great variety of other mammals and birds. Those genotypes vary in genetic or hereditary characteristics and form 11 genetic groups in phylogenetic analysis of the ITS nucleotide sequences. Some of genotypes in Group 1 (e.g., D, EbpC, and type IV) and Group 2 (e.g., BEB4, BEB6, I, and J) have broad host and geographic ranges, constituting a major risk for zoonotic or cross-species transmission. By contrast, host specificity seems common in Group 3 to Group 11 whose members appear well adapted to specific hosts and thus would have minimal or unknown effects on public health. Multilocus sequence typing using the ITS, three microsatellites MS1, MS3, and MS7, and one minisatellite MS4, and population genetic analysis of Group 1 isolates reveal the occurrence of clonality, potential host adaptation, and population differentiation of E. bieneusi in various hosts. Nonetheless, it is still highly desirable to explore novel genetic markers with enough polymorphisms, to type complex or unstructured E. bieneusi populations of various host species and geographic origins, notably those belonging to Group 2 to Group 11. Additional population genetic and comparative genomic data are needed to elucidate the actual extent of host specificity in E. bieneusi and its potential impacts on zoonotic or interspecies transmission of microsporidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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Udonsom R, Prasertbun R, Mahittikorn A, Chiabchalard R, Sutthikornchai C, Palasuwan A, Popruk S. Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in goats and cattle in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:308. [PMID: 31462318 PMCID: PMC6714406 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been increasingly reported to infect domestic animals and humans, with human infections primarily reported as zoonotic in origin. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence and genotype of E. bieneusi in humans and domestic animals in central Thailand by testing stool samples of 200 apparently healthy humans, 73 goats, 60 cattle and 65 pigs using nested-PCR/ sequence analysis based on the ITS region of SSU rRNA genes. Results E. bieneusi tested positive in 2 (1%) of the 200 stool samples collected from humans and 56 (28.3%) of the 198 stool samples collected from domestic animals. The highest prevalence of E. bieneusi was observed in pigs (39/65, 60%), followed by goats (14/73, 19.2%) and cattle (3/60, 5%). Seven novel E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, which were named GoatAYE1–4 and PigAYE1–3 and clustered in either zoonotic Group 1 or Group 2. Moreover, eleven previously described E. bieneusi genotypes were also identified (O, D, H, SX1, CHC8, CHG3, CS-10, SHZC1, LW1, WildBoar5, and EbpC). All novel genotypes exhibited zoonotic potential from a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region. Conclusion Our data showed that the prevalence of E. bieneusi is low in apparently healthy individuals and higher in pigs than cattle and goats. This study provides baseline data useful for controlling and preventing E. bieneusi infection in farm communities, where pigs and goats appear to be the major reservoir of E. bieneusi. The results of our study support the view that E. bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen that should be considered a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruenruetai Udonsom
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Prasertbun
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rachatawan Chiabchalard
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chantira Sutthikornchai
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Attakorn Palasuwan
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders and Health Task Force, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama I Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Wang R, Li N, Jiang W, Guo Y, Wang X, Jin Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Infection patterns, clinical significance, and genetic characteristics of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Jiangsu, China. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3053-3060. [PMID: 31420739 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The infection patterns and clinical significance of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle remain poorly investigated despite their common occurrence. Data on the genetic diversity are also needed to understand the transmission and human-infective potential of the two pathogens. In this study, fecal specimens from 1366 dairy cattle on a large farm were examined for the presence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis by PCR and DNA sequencing. The overall infection rates of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis were 13.0% and 20.6%, respectively. Pre-weaned calves had significantly higher infection rates of both pathogens than post-weaned and adult cattle (P < 0.001), with peak occurrence of the pathogens in animals of 7-12 weeks. In both pre- and post-weaned calves, animals with diarrhea were 2.1-3.0 times more likely to be infected with either pathogen than those without diarrhea (P < 0.01). The E. bieneusi identified belonged to five genotypes, including J (n = 138), I (n = 21), BEB4 (n = 10), Type IV (n = 1), and a novel genotype CHC17 (n = 1). Genotype J was the dominant one in all age groups, whereas genotype I was only identified in calves of 6-11 weeks. Genotyping of G. duodenalis at three genetic loci identified assemblage E (n = 278), assemblage A (n = 2), and concurrence of the two (n = 1). Altogether, 13, 7 and 10 subtypes of assemblage E were detected at the bg, gdh, and tpi loci, respectively, forming 65 multilocus genotypes. The formation of two major clusters of MLGs in eBURST analysis indicated that intra-assemblage genetic recombination of two dominant MLGs could have led to the high genetic heterogeneity within assemblage E on a single farm. Results of this study provide much needed data on the pathogenicity of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis in pre- and post-weaned calves. The clinical significance of the two pathogens in dairy cattle warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in cats and dogs in Victoria, Australia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:183. [PMID: 31395004 PMCID: PMC6686557 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the commonest microsporidians contributing to human microsporidiosis, and is frequently found in animals in various countries. However, there is limited epidemiological information on this microorganism in Australia. Here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in cats and dogs in Victoria. RESULTS Genomic DNAs were extracted from 514 individual faecal deposits from cats (n = 172) and dogs (n = 342) and then tested using PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Four distinct genotypes (designated D, PtEb IX, VIC_cat1 and VIC_dog1) of E. bieneusi were identified in 20 of the 514 faecal samples (3.9%). Genotype D is known to have a broad host range (humans and other animals) and has a wide geographical distribution around the world. The identification of this genotype here suggests that companion animals might represent reservoir hosts that are able to transmit E. bieneusi infection to humans in Australia. A phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence data revealed that the novel genotype VIC_cat1 is related to the known genotype type IV within Group 1, and the new genotype VIC_dog1 is linked to a contentious "Group 3", which includes genotypes reported previously in the published literature to represent Group 2 or 3. CONCLUSIONS A future, large-scale phylogenetic study of all known E. bieneusi genotypes, including VIC_dog1, should aid in clarifying their relationships and assignment to Groups, and in the identification of new genotypes, thus assisting epidemiological investigations.
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Wang HY, Qi M, Sun MF, Li DF, Wang RJ, Zhang SM, Zhao JF, Li JQ, Cui ZH, Chen YC, Jian FC, Xiang RP, Ning CS, Zhang LX. Prevalence and Population Genetics Analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Dairy Cattle in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1399. [PMID: 31293544 PMCID: PMC6603133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can infect various hosts. In this study, 3527 dairy cattle fecal specimens were collected from different geographic locations in China (including 673 from Shandong province, 1,440 from Guangdong province and 1,414 from Gansu province) and examined for the presence of E. bieneusi using polymerase chain reactions targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The dominant genotypes identified were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 14.2% (501/3527), with a significant difference in prevalence among the different geographical locations (P < 0.001). Our logistic regression analysis showed that all four variables (farming model, location, age, and clinical manifestations) had strong effects on the risk of contracting E. bieneusi. Sequence analysis revealed 11 genotypes: eight known genotypes (J, I, BEB4, BEB10, D, EbpC, CM19, and CM21) and three novel genotypes (named here as CGC1, CGC2, and CGC3). Genotypes J and I, the commonest, were found on all farms across the three provinces. Our linkage disequilibrium analysis showed a clonal population structure in the E. bieneusi dairy cattle population but the ITS genotypes had different population structures. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analysis showed the absence of geographical segregation in the E. bieneusi dairy cattle populations. Instead, they revealed the presence of host adaptation to the E. bieneusi populations in various animals. Our findings augment the current understanding of E. bieneusi transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Experimental and Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Ming-Fei Sun
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Fang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rong-Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Feng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Cai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fu-Chun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui-Ping Xiang
- Experimental and Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang-Shen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long-Xian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li W, Feng Y, Santin M. Host Specificity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Public Health Implications. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:436-451. [PMID: 31076351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common cause of human microsporidiosis and it also infects a wide range of mammals and birds worldwide. The role of animals in the transmission of this parasite to humans and its public health importance remain poorly elucidated. This review summarizes all E. bieneusi genotypes identified thus far based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from specimens obtained from humans, domestic and wild animals, and water sources; it examines genotypes, host and geographical distribution, analyzes inter- and intragenotype group host specificity, and interprets the public health significance of genotype groups and major zoonotic genotypes, with the goal of improving our understanding of host specificity in E. bieneusi and its implications for interspecies and zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, USA.
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Prado JBF, Ramos CADN, Fiuza VRDS, Terra VJB. Occurrence of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:80-90. [PMID: 30785555 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen that infects humans and a wide variety of animals worldwide. Our aim in this study was to investigate the occurrence of E. bieneusi in a domestic cat population in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sixty fecal samples from diarrheic cats were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced for identification. E. bieneusi was detected in two samples (3.3%), both identified as genotype D. This genotype has already been reported in animals and humans and is considered a zoonotic genotype. Our findings represent the first report of E. bieneusi in domestic cats in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of identifying this agent as a source of infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille Batista Faria Prado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Veronica Jorge Babo Terra
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Feng Y, Gong X, Zhu K, Li N, Yu Z, Guo Y, Weng Y, Kváč M, Feng Y, Xiao L. Prevalence and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pre-weaned dairy calves in Guangdong, China. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:41. [PMID: 30654832 PMCID: PMC6337774 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common enteric pathogens in humans and animals. Data on the transmission of these pathogens are scarce from Guangdong, China, which has a subtropical monsoon climate and is the epicenter for many emerging infectious diseases. This study was conducted to better understand the prevalence and identity of the three pathogens in pre-weaned dairy calves in Guangdong. Methods The occurrence and genetic identity of three pathogens were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. PCR-positive products were sequenced to determine the species and genotypes. A Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of pathogens among sampling dates, age groups, or clinical signs. Results The detection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi were 24.0% (93/388), 74.2% (288/388) and 15.7% (61/388), respectively. Three Cryptosporidium species were detected, including C. bovis (n = 73), C. parvum (n = 12) and C. ryanae (n = 7); one animal had concurrence of C. bovis and C. parvum. C. parvum was the dominant species during the first two weeks of life, whereas C. bovis and C. ryanae were mostly seen at 3–9 weeks of age. Sequence analysis identified the C. parvum as subtype IIdA19G1. Assemblage E (n = 282), assemblage A (n = 1), and concurrence of A and E (n = 5) were identified among G. duodenalis-positive animals using multilocus genotyping (MLG). Altogether, 15, 10 and 17 subtypes of assemblage E were observed at the bg, gdh and tpi loci, respectively, forming 49 assemblage E MLGs. The highest detection rate of G. duodenalis was found in winter. Sequence analysis identified genotypes J (n = 57), D (n = 3) and one concurrence of J and D among E. bieneusi-positive animals. The detection rate of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in spring (38.0%; 41/108) than in summer (7.2%; 8/111) and winter (7.1%; 12/169). Conclusions These results indicate a common occurrence of C. parvum subtype IIdA19G1, G. duodenalis assemblage E, and E. bieneusi genotype J in pre-weaned dairy calves in Guangdong. More studies are needed to understand the unique genetic characteristics and zoonotic potential of the three enteric pathogens in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kexin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhengjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yabiao Weng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Haydon SR, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Genotypes in Cattle on Farms Located within a Water Catchment Area. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:553-559. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Melbourne Veterinary School Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Melbourne Veterinary School Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Melbourne Veterinary School Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Melbourne Veterinary School Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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Zhang X, Qi M, Jing B, Yu F, Wu Y, Chang Y, Zhao A, Wei Z, Dong H, Zhang L. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Rabbits in Xinjiang, China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:854-859. [PMID: 29710421 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 321 rabbit fecal samples were collected from 10 farms in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in the samples was 3.4% (11/321), 1.9% (6/321), and 2.8% (9/321), respectively. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence analysis identified all 11 Cryptosporidium-positive samples as C. cuniculus. Further subtyping based on the 60-kDaglycoprotein locus (gp60) identified five of the C. cuniculus isolates as subtype VbA24. G. duodenalis genotypes were determined by multilocus sequence typing of the SSU rRNA, triosephosphate isomerase, β-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase loci, which confirmed that six G. duodenalis isolates belonged to subtype BIV of assemblage B. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, showed that five, three, and one E. bieneusi isolates belonged to genotypes J, BEB8, and Type IV, respectively. These results suggest that Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi isolates from rabbits in China have zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yankai Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Molecular and phylogenetic evidences of dispersion of human-infecting microsporidia to vegetable farms via irrigation with treated wastewater: One-year follow up. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:642-651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Tang C, Cai M, Wang L, Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Genetic diversity within dominant Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in pre-weaned calves. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29530084 PMCID: PMC5848593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cattle are commonly infected with the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Sequence characterization of E. bieneusi in these animals at the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus had identified I, J and BEB4 as the dominant genotypes. However, current studies on E. bieneusi in dairy cattle are mostly on infection rates and genotype distribution. This study aims to examine the intragenotypic diversity within dominant E. bieneusi genotypes in pre-weaned dairy calves in Shanghai, China. Methods Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes and subtypes were identified by PCR sequence analysis of ITS and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), based on material from farms. Chi-square test was used to examine differences in E. bieneusi infection rates between farms or age groups. Results The overall infection rate of E. bieneusi was 26.5% (214/809), ranging from 12.6% (Farm 5) to 38.5% (Farm 4). Infection rates increased with age during early life, with the peak infection rate (43.0%; 43/100) occurring at six weeks. Four genotypes were present, including J (n = 145, 67.8%), BEB4 (n = 59, 27.6%), CHN4 (n = 4, 1.9%) and CHN15 (n = 1, 0.5%), with the former two belonging to Group 2 and the latter two belonging to Group 1. Differences were detected in the distribution of the dominant genotypes J and BEB4 among five study farms. Altogether, 10 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified in the two dominant ITS genotypes, including MLG-J1 to MLG-J8 of genotype J and MLG-B1 to MLG-B2 of genotype BEB4. MLG-B1 and MLG-B2 were recovered in Farms 1, 2 and 5, whereas MLG-J1 to MLG-J5 and MLG-J6 to MLG-J8 were found in Farms 3 and 4, respectively. Conclusions There is extensive genetic heterogeneity within the dominant E. bieneusi genotypes J and BEB4 in dairy calves in Shanghai, China, and MLST should be used in molecular epidemiological studies of E. bieneusi in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Cai
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in Tibetan sheep and yaks. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:721-727. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu H, Jiang Z, Yuan Z, Yin J, Wang Z, Yu B, Zhou D, Shen Y, Cao J. Infection by and genotype characteristics of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV/AIDS patients from Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:684. [PMID: 29029610 PMCID: PMC5640944 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been increasingly reported to infect humans and various mammals. Microsporidia cause diarrhea in HIV-infected patients worldwide. PCR amplification and sequencing based on the internal transcribed spacer region have been used to describe the genotypes of E. bieneusi and transmission of microsporidiosis. Methods In this study, we examined E. bieneusi infection and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Guangxi, China. Stool specimens were collected from 285 HIV-positive patients and 303 HIV-negative individuals. E. bieneusi genotypes were characterized using nested PCR and sequencing. Results Thirty-three (11.58%) HIV-positive patients were infected with microsporidia, and no infection was found in the 303 healthy controls. Three new genotypes were identified and named as GX25, GX456, and GX458; four known genotypes, PigEBITS7, Type IV/K, D, and Ebpc, were also identified. Our data showed that the positive rate for microsporidia was significantly higher in the rural patients than in the other occupation groups. In addition, the positive rate for microsporidia was significantly higher in the patients who drink unboiled water than in those with other drinking water sources. Conclusions Our results will provide baseline data for preventing and controlling E. bieneusi infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Further studies are required to clarify the epidemiology and potential sources of microsporidia. Our study showed that microsporidium infection occurs in the HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi, China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2787-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zunfu Wang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Bingxue Yu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Yamashiro S, Fiuza VRDS, Teixeira ÂTLS, Branco N, Levy CE, Castro ICVSD, Franco RMB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi detected by molecular methods in raw sewage and treated effluent from a combined system in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:403-410. [PMID: 28591400 PMCID: PMC5446229 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the most common microsporidia associated with different clinical manifestations such as diarrhoea, respiratory tract inflammation and acalculous cholecystitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Infection usually occurs by ingestion of food and water contaminated with spores, but can also result from direct contact with spores through broken skin, eye lesions, and sexual transmission, depending on the microsporidian species. Although there are reports of E. bieneusi found in humans and animals in Brazil, there are no published studies of environmental samples examined by molecular methods. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of E. bieneusi in raw sewage and treated effluent from a combined system by molecular methods. METHODS Raw sewage and treated effluent samples collected from a combined system were analysed for the presence of E. bieneusi using the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction. FINDINGS The analysis revealed E. bieneusi presence and a novel genotype (EbRB) in one raw sewage sample and one treated effluent. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The presence of E. bieneusi in final effluent indicates that the combined system may not remove microsporidian spores. This study is the first report of E. bieneusi in environmental samples in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yamashiro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Departamento de Saneamento e Ambiente, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Nilson Branco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Emílio Levy
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in White Yaks in Gansu Province, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5790181. [PMID: 28676859 PMCID: PMC5476876 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5790181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common zoonotic pathogen of microsporidiosis, has been found in various animals and humans, but no information is available concerning the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in white yaks (Bos grunniens). In the present study, 353 faecal samples from white yaks in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province, Northwestern China, were collected and examined by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer gene to estimate E. bieneusi prevalence and identify their genotypes. Of the 353 faecal samples, 4 (1.13%) were tested E. bieneusi-positive. Sequences analysis revealed that two known genotypes, namely, I (n = 1) and BEB4 (n = 2), and a novel genotype, namely, WCY1 (n = 1), were found in this study. Among them, genotype WCY1 was clustered into Group 1, and genotypes I and BEB4 belonged to Group 2. The present study firstly indicates the existence of E. bieneusi in yaks in Gansu Province, Northwestern China. This is also the first record of E. bieneusi in white yaks. Effective measures should be taken to control E. bieneusi infection in white yaks, other animals, and humans.
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Qi M, Jing B, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang S, Wang H, Ning C, Zhang L. Dominance of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype J in dairy calves in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:960-963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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da Cunha MJR, Cury MC, Santín M. Molecular identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in Brazilian captive birds. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:487-493. [PMID: 27815734 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 85 fecal samples from captive birds collected from October 2013 to September 2014 in Uberlândia and Belo Horizonte in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) were evaluated for the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia by PCR. Of these, three birds were found positive for E. bieneusi (3.5%), two for Cryptosporidium (2.3%), and one for Giardia (1.2%). Two genotypes of E. bieneusi were detected by nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS region, genotypes D and Peru 6 in a swan goose and in two rock pigeons, respectively. For Cryptosporidium and Giardia, nucleotide sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA identified Cryptosporidium baileyi and Duck genotype in a swan goose and a mandarin duck, respectively, and Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in a toco toucon. Our results demonstrate that human-pathogenic E. bieneusi genotypes D and Peru6 and G. duodenalis assemblage A are present in captive birds in Brazil, corroborating their potential role as a source of human infection and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- US Department of Agriculture, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Caixa Postal 250, 70040-020, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mónica Santín
- US Department of Agriculture, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Fiuza VRDS, Lopes CWG, Cosendey RIJ, de Oliveira FCR, Fayer R, Santín M. Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes found in brazilian sheep. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:196-201. [PMID: 27473995 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep has been reported in only three countries worldwide. The present study has found E. bieneusi in Brazilian sheep for the first time; in 24/125 (19.2%) fecal samples by PCR and on 8/10 (80%) farms from three diverse locations. A significantly greater number of lambs (34.1%) were found infected than older sheep (11.1%) (P=0.0036); most of the lambs were less than 6months of age. Farms with an intensive production system had a lower infection rate (10.5%) of infection than semi-intensive farms (23%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene revealed four known E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB6, BEB7, I, and LW1) and two novel genotypes (BEB18 and BEB19). Genotypes LW1 and BEB19 clustered within designated zoonotic Group 1 while genotypes BEB6, BEB7, I, and BEB18, and clustered within Group 2. BEB6 was the most prevalent (45.8%), followed by BEB7 (33.3%). Genotypes BEB6, I, and LW1 are zoonotic and can pose a risk to human health for immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, BR-465 km 7, 23897-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, BR-465 km 7, 23897-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ingrid Juliboni Cosendey
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, HUAP, UFF, 24033-900, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Fayer
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Monica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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