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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Bhattacharya P, Oljuskin T, Dey R, Gannavaram S, Satoskar AR, Nakhasi HL. Determinants of Innate Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Implication in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748325. [PMID: 34712235 PMCID: PMC8546207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between Leishmania, the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development. Leishmania parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and/or susceptibility to Leishmania infection. In addition to the cytokine/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in Leishmania pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious Leishmania vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Poulaki A, Piperaki ET, Voulgarelis M. Effects of Visceralising Leishmania on the Spleen, Liver, and Bone Marrow: A Pathophysiological Perspective. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040759. [PMID: 33916346 PMCID: PMC8066032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases constitute a group of parasitic diseases caused by species of the protozoan genus Leishmania. In humans it can present different clinical manifestations and are usually classified as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral (VL). Although the full range of parasite—host interactions remains unclear, recent advances are improving our comprehension of VL pathophysiology. In this review we explore the differences in VL immunobiology between the liver and the spleen, leading to contrasting infection outcomes in the two organs, specifically clearance of the parasite in the liver and failure of the spleen to contain the infection. Based on parasite biology and the mammalian immune response, we describe how hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and the PI3K/Akt pathway function as major determinants of the observed immune failure. We also summarize existing knowledge on pancytopenia in VL, as a direct effect of the parasite on bone marrow health and regenerative capacity. Finally, we speculate on the possible effect that manipulation by the parasite of the PI3K/Akt/HIF1 axis may have on the myelodysplastic (MDS) features observed in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Poulaki
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia-Theophano Piperaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.-T.P.); (M.V.); Tel.: +30-210-7462136 (E.-T.P.); +30-210-7462647 (M.V.)
| | - Michael Voulgarelis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (E.-T.P.); (M.V.); Tel.: +30-210-7462136 (E.-T.P.); +30-210-7462647 (M.V.)
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3
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Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Roatt BM, Mathias FAS, Reis LES, Cardoso JMDO, de Brito RCF, Ker HG, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Giunchetti RC, Reis AB. Phase I and II Clinical Trial Comparing the LBSap, Leishmune ®, and Leish-Tec ® Vaccines against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E690. [PMID: 33212786 PMCID: PMC7712644 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed a phase I and II clinical trial in dogs to evaluate the toxicity and immunogenicity of LBSap-vaccine prototype, in comparison to Leishmune® and Leish-Tec® vaccines. Twenty-eight dogs were classified in four groups: (i) control group received 1 mL of sterile 0.9% saline solution; (ii) LBSap group received 600 μg of Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes protein and 1 mg of saponin adjuvant; (iii) Leishmune®; and (iv) Leish-Tec®. The safety and toxicity of the vaccines were measured before and after three immunizations by clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters. The clinical examinations revealed that some dogs of LBSap and Leishmune® groups presented changes at the site of vaccination inoculum, such as nodules, mild edema, and local pain, which were transient and disappeared seventy-two hours after vaccination, but these results indicate that adverse changes caused by the immunizations are tolerable. The immunogenicity results demonstrate an increase of B lymphocytes CD21+ regarding the Leishmune® group and monocytes CD14+ concerning LBSap and Leishmune® groups. In the in vitro analyses, an increase in lymphoproliferative activity in LBSap and Leishmune® groups was observed, with an increase of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the LBSap group. A second approach of in vitro assays aimed at evaluating the percentage of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes producers of IFN-γ and IL-4, where an increase in both IFN-γ producing subpopulations in the LBSap group was observed, also showed an increase in IFN-γ producers in CD8+ lymphocytes in the Leish-Tec® group. Our data regarding immunogenicity indicate that the vaccination process, especially with the LBSap vaccine, generated a protective immune response compatible with L. infantum parasite control. Based on the foregoing, the LBSap vaccine would be suitable for further studies of phase III clinical trial in endemic areas with high prevalence and incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CEP 40110-040 Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Rory Cristiane Fortes de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, CEP 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CEP 40110-040 Salvador, Brazil
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Nico D. The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History. Front Immunol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32210953 PMCID: PMC7068796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses and bacteria have been known as agents of diseases since 1546, 250 years went by until the first vaccines against these pathogens were developed (1796 and 1800s). In contrast, Malaria, which is a protozoan-neglected disease, has been known since the 5th century BCE and, despite 2,500 years having passed since then, no human vaccine has yet been licensed for Malaria. Additionally, no modern human vaccine is currently licensed against Visceral or Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccination against Malaria evolved from the inoculation of irradiated sporozoites through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes in 1930's, which failed to give protection, to the use of controlled human Malaria infection (CHMI) provoked by live sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum and curtailed with specific chemotherapy since 1940's. Although the use of CHMI for vaccination was relatively efficacious, it has some ethical limitations and was substituted by the use of injected recombinant vaccines expressing the main antigens of the parasite cycle, starting in 1980. Pre-erythrocytic (PEV), Blood stage (BSV), transmission-blocking (TBV), antitoxic (AT), and pregnancy-associated Malaria vaccines are under development. Currently, the RTS,S-PEV vaccine, based on the circumsporozoite protein, is the only one that has arrived at the Phase III trial stage. The "R" stands for the central repeat region of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP); the "T" for the T-cell epitopes of the CSP; and the "S" for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In Africa, this latter vaccine achieved only 36.7% vaccine efficacy (VE) in 5-7 years old children and was associated with an increase in clinical cases in one assay. Therefore, in spite of 35 years of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine against Malaria. In contrast, more progress has been achieved regarding prevention of leishmaniasis by vaccine, which also started with the use of live vaccines. For ethical reasons, these were substituted by second-generation subunit or recombinant DNA and protein vaccines. Currently, there is one live vaccine for humans licensed in Uzbekistan, and four licensed veterinary vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis: Leishmune® (76-80% VE) and CaniLeish® (68.4% VE), which give protection against strong endpoints (severe disease and deaths under natural conditions), and, under less severe endpoints (parasitologically and PCR-positive cases), Leishtec® developed 71.4% VE in a low infective pressure area but only 35.7% VE and transient protection in a high infective pressure area, while Letifend® promoted 72% VE. A human recombinant vaccine based on the Nucleoside hydrolase NH36 of Leishmania (L.) donovani, the main antigen of the Leishmune® vaccine, and the sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (SMT) from L. (L.) infantum has reached the Phase I clinical trial phase but has not yet been licensed against the disease. This review describes the history of vaccine development and is focused on licensed formulations that have been used in preventive medicine. Special attention has been given to the delay in the development and licensing of human vaccines against Protozoan infections, which show high incidence worldwide and still remain severe threats to Public Health.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/history
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Licensure/history
- Malaria Vaccines/history
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Mass Vaccination/history
- Mass Vaccination/methods
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated/history
- Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute for Research in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Velez R, Gállego M. Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: a review of available data on their safety and efficacy. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:540-557. [PMID: 32034985 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused mainly by Leishmania infantum. Diagnosis and treatment of affected individuals can be particularly complex, hindering infection control in endemic areas. Methods to prevent canine leishmaniosis include the use of topical insecticides, prophylactic immunotherapy and vaccination. Four vaccines against canine leishmaniosis have been licensed since 2004, two in Brazil (Leishmune®, the production and marketing licence of which was withdrawn in 2014, and Leish-Tec®) and two in Europe (CaniLeish® and LetiFend®). After several years of marketing, doubts remain regarding vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, potential infectiousness of vaccinated and infected animals or the interference of vaccine-induced antibodies in L. infantum serological diagnosis. This review summarises the scientific evidence for each of the vaccines commercially approved for canine leishmaniosis, while discussing possible weaknesses of these studies. Furthermore, it raises the need to address important questions related to vaccination impact in Leishmania-endemic countries and the importance of post-marketing pharmacological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Velez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Moreno J. Assessment of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:168. [PMID: 31214607 PMCID: PMC6558161 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an increasingly important public health problem. Dogs infected by Leishmania infantum are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite and play a key role in its transmission to humans. Recent findings have helped in the development of novel diagnostic methods, and of control measures such as vaccines, some of which are already commercially available. However, quantitative procedures should be followed to confirm whether these vaccines elicit a cell-mediated immune response. The present work describes the need for this evaluation, and the techniques available for confirming this type of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Laboratory for Reference and Research in Parasitology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in macrophages exposed to Leishmania infantum FML. Exp Parasitol 2019; 203:1-7. [PMID: 31128104 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fucose-mannose ligand (FML) is a soluble antigen purified from Leishmania donovani complex and used for diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We aimed to explore the effects of FML on the production of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were treated with various concentrations of FML purified from Leishmania infantum in the absence or presence of LPS Peritoneal macrophages. After 48hr, cell culture supernatants were recovered and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IP-10 measured by Sandwich ELISA and NO concentration by Griess reaction. We found that FML significantly increase NO, IL-12p70 and IP-10 production in both LPS-treated and untreated macrophages and increase IL-10 levels only in LPS-treated macrophages. However, FML could not alert TNF-α levels in both LPS-treated and untreated macrophages. Further analysis revealed that FML can also increase IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio in LPS-treated macrophages. We concluded that FML can polarize macrophages to an appropriate phenotype similar to M1 phenotype against Leishmania donovani complex, although IL10 and TNF results are controversial.
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Giunchetti RC, Silveira P, Resende LA, Leite JC, Melo-Júnior OADO, Rodrigues-Alves ML, Costa LM, Lair DF, Chaves VR, Soares IDS, de Mendonça LZ, Lanna MF, Ribeiro HS, Maia-Gonçalves AA, Santos TAP, Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDO, Vitoriano-Souza J, das Dores Moreira N, Mathias FAS, Cardoso JMDO, Coura-Vital W, Galdino AS, Viana KF, Martins-Filho OA, Silveira-Lemos DD, Dutra WO, Reis AB. Canine visceral leishmaniasis biomarkers and their employment in vaccines. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271:87-97. [PMID: 31303211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been well described, particularly with respect to the parasite load in different tissues and immunopathological changes according to the progression of clinical forms. The biomarkers evaluated in these studies provide support for the improvement of the tools used in developing vaccines against CVL. Thus, we describe the major studies using the dog model that supplies the rationale for including different biomarkers (tissue parasitism, histopathology, hematological changes, leucocytes immunophenotyping, cytokines patterns, and in vitroco-culture systems using purified T-cells subsets and macrophages infected with L. infantum) for immunogenicity and protection evaluations in phases I and II applied to pre-clinical and clinical vaccine trials against CVL. The search for biomarkers related to resistance or susceptibility has revealed a mixed cytokine profile with a prominent proinflammatory immune response as relevant for Leishmania replication at low levels as observed in asymptomatic dogs (highlighted by high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α and decreased levels in IL-4, TGF-β and IL-10). Furthermore, increased levels in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, presenting intracytoplasmic proinflammatory cytokine balance, have been associated with a resistance profile against CVL. In contrast, a polyclonal B-cell expansion towards plasma cell differentiation contributes to high antibody production, which is the hallmark of symptomatic dogs associated with high susceptibility in CVL. Finally, the different studies used to analyze biomarkers have been incorporated into vaccine immunogenicity and protection evaluations. Those biomarkers identified as resistance or susceptibility markers in CVL have been used to evaluate the vaccine performance against L. infantum in a kennel trial conducted before the field trial in an area known to be endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. This rationale has been a guiding force in the testing and selection of the best vaccine candidates against CVL and provides a way for the veterinary industry to register commercial immunobiological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Silveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Otoni Alves de Oliveira Melo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Luiza Rodrigues-Alves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laís Moreira Costa
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rossi Chaves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Dos Santos Soares
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Zanandreis de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Lanna
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Alice Maia-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaiza Aline Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nádia das Dores Moreira
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, CEP 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelvinson Fernandes Viana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, CEP 85870-901, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Monitoring Biomarkers, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Monitoring Biomarkers, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelaz Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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9
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Nucleoside Hydrolase NH 36: A Vital Enzyme for the Leishmania Genus in the Development of T-Cell Epitope Cross-Protective Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:813. [PMID: 31040850 PMCID: PMC6477039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NH36 is a vital enzyme of the DNA metabolism and a specific target for anti-Leishmania chemotherapy. We developed second-generation vaccines composed of the FML complex or its main native antigen, the NH36 nucleoside hydrolase of Leishmania (L.) donovani and saponin, and a DNA vaccine containing the NH36 gene. All these vaccines were effective in prophylaxis and treatment of mice and dog visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The FML-saponin vaccine became the first licensed veterinary vaccine against leishmaniasis (Leishmune®) which reduced the incidence of human and canine VL in endemic areas. The NH36, DNA or recombinant protein vaccines induced a Th1 CD4+IFN-γ+ mediated protection in mice. Efficacy against VL was mediated by a CD4+TNF-α T lymphocyte response against the NH36-F3 domain, while against tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) a CD8+ T lymphocyte response to F1 was also required. These domains were 36-41 % more protective than NH36, and a recombinant F1F3 chimera was 21% stronger than the domains, promoting a 99.8% reduction of the parasite load. We also identified the most immunogenic NH36 domains and epitopes for PBMC of active human VL, cured or asymptomatic and DTH+ patients. Currently, the NH36 subunit recombinant vaccine is turning into a multi-epitope T cell synthetic vaccine against VL and TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Tibúrcio R, Nunes S, Nunes I, Rosa Ampuero M, Silva IB, Lima R, Machado Tavares N, Brodskyn C. Molecular Aspects of Dendritic Cell Activation in Leishmaniasis: An Immunobiological View. Front Immunol 2019; 10:227. [PMID: 30873156 PMCID: PMC6401646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a diverse group of leukocytes responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Despite their functional versatility, DCs exist primarily in two basic functional states: immature and mature. A large body of evidence suggests that upon interactions with pathogens, DCs undergo intricate cellular processes that culminate in their activation, which is paramount to the orchestration of effective immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Herein we offer a concise review of the emerging hallmarks of DCs activation in leishmaniasis as well as a comprehensive discussion of the following underlying molecular events: DC-Leishmania interaction, antigen uptake, costimulatory molecule expression, parasite ability to affect DC migration, antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tibúrcio
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ivanéia Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Icaro Bonyek Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Reinan Lima
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Solano-Gallego L, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Petersen C, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Miró G, Ferrer L, Baneth G. Diagnostic Challenges in the Era of Canine Leishmania infantum Vaccines. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:706-717. [PMID: 28689776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is complex due to its variable clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. The availability of vaccines to prevent CanL has increased the complexity of diagnosis, as serological tests may not distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated dogs. Current practices of prevaccination screening are not sufficiently sensitive to detect subclinically infected dogs, resulting in the vaccination of infected animals, which may lead to disease in vaccinated dogs that are also infectious to sand flies. This review evaluates the current techniques for diagnosing CanL, and focuses on new challenges raised by the increasing use of vaccines against this disease. Important gaps in knowledge regarding the diagnosis of CanL are underscored to highlight the need for novel diagnostic test development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Christine Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes, France
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Olmos-Ortiz LM, Barajas-Mendiola MA, Barrios-Rodiles M, Castellano LE, Arias-Negrete S, Avila EE, Cuéllar-Mata P. Trichomonas vaginalisexosome-like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite-infected mice. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología; Universidad de Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | | | - M. Barrios-Rodiles
- Center for Systems Biology; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
| | - L. E. Castellano
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica; Universidad de Guanajuato; León México
| | - S. Arias-Negrete
- Departamento de Biología; Universidad de Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - E. E. Avila
- Departamento de Biología; Universidad de Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - P. Cuéllar-Mata
- Departamento de Biología; Universidad de Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
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