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Johnson WL, Reynolds S, Adkins CL, Wehus-Tow B, Brennan J, Krus CB, Buttke D, Martin JM, Jesudoss Chelladurai JR. A comparison of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster techniques, overdispersion and prevalence of parasites in naturally infected North American bison (Bison bison) in the USA. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100103. [PMID: 36437837 PMCID: PMC9684701 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several quantitative diagnostic techniques are available to estimate gastrointestinal parasite counts in the feces of ruminants. Comparing egg and oocyst magnitudes in naturally infected samples has been a recommended approach to rank fecal techniques. In this study, we compared the Mini-FLOTAC (sensitivity of 5 eggs per gram (EPG)/oocysts per gram (OPG)) and different averaged replicates of the modified McMaster techniques (sensitivity of 33.33 EPG/OPG) in 387 fecal samples from 10 herds of naturally infected North American bison in the Central Great Plains region of the USA. Both techniques were performed with fecal slurries homogenized in a fill-FLOTAC device. In the study population, prevalence of strongyle eggs, Eimeria spp. oocysts, Moniezia spp. eggs and Trichuris spp. eggs was 81.4%, 73.9%, 7.5%, and 3.1%, respectively. Counts of strongyle eggs and Eimeria spp. oocysts obtained from 1 to 3 averaged technical replicates of the modified McMaster technique were compared to a single replicate of the Mini-FLOTAC. Correlation between the two techniques increased with an increase in the number of averaged technical replicates of the modified McMaster technique used to calculate EGP/OPG. The correlation for Moniezia spp. EPG when averaged triplicates of the modified McMaster technique were compared to a single replicate of the Mini-FLOTAC count was high; however, the correlation for Trichuris spp. eggs was low. Additionally, we used averaged counts from both techniques to show the overdispersion of parasites in bison herds. Mini-FLOTAC is an acceptable alternative to the McMaster for bison parasites. Increasing technical replicates of McMaster increases correlation with mini-FLOTAC. Gastrointestinal parasites are overdispersed in bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Johnson
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Samantha Reynolds
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Colton L. Adkins
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bradly Wehus-Tow
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Jameson Brennan
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Catherine B. Krus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff M. Martin
- Center of Excellence for Bison Studies, South Dakota State University, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Jeba R.J. Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Buchmann K, Christiansen LL, Kania P, Thamsborg S. Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:292-299. [PMID: 35934997 PMCID: PMC9350870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wiese JD, Caven AJ, Zarlenga DS, Topliff CL, Kelling CL, Salter J. Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison ( Bison bison bison) herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:216-227. [PMID: 33777691 PMCID: PMC7985671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bison (Bison spp) are being reintroduced into semi-wild, spatially constrained herds across North America and Europe. Herd managers are concerned about gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites as they care for the health of their bison. We examine how demographics, grazing location, herd management, and anthelmintic treatments affect the fecal egg counts (FECs) of GI nematodes within a reintroduced Plains bison (Bison bison bison) herd in the Great Plains. Our results suggest that younger bison (<2 years of age) experience higher GI parasite eggs/oocysts per gram (epg/opg) and that some taxa are more prevalent throughout different periods of a bison's early years. Demographic findings suggest that calf and yearling (0–2 yrs age) bison have the highest FECs and that these decline until reaching a low in peak adulthood and thereafter (x > 6 yrs of age). FECs of both Trichuris spp. and particularly Nematodirus spp. were much more abundant, relatively, during the first year of a bison's life. This pattern was also true of Moniezia spp. and Eimeria spp., however, strongyle-type spp. FECs appeared to peak in relative abundance during the second year of life. Our data also indicate that FECs are influenced by differences in land-use histories of pastures previously grazed by cattle or by the proportion of frequent flooding in different pastures. Treatment results suggest that fenbendazole may more effective than moxidectin at lowering FECs of bison over the long-term, and lasting effects of at least one administered anthelmintic treatment. Multiplex PCR assays revealed that American bison share GI nematodes with cattle including: Ostertagia spp., Haemonchus placei, Cooperia onchophora, and Oesophagostomum spp, but did not detect the presence Trichostrongylus columbriformis. Our results may have wider conservation implications for reintroduction efforts of American bison, as well as the endangered European bison (Bison bonasus). Younger plains bison (<2 years of age) are more likely to have higher fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes. Eimeria spp., Trichuris spp., Moniezia spp., and Nematodirus spp. are more prevalent in plains bison between zero and 1 years of age, while strongyle-type nematodes are more prevalent in bison between 1 and 2 years of age. Both land-use histories and landscape features may influence higher fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes in plains bison. Plains bison share many of the same type of gastrointestinal parasites found in cattle. Fenbendazole anthelmintic was more effective than moxidectin treatments in reducing fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal parasites in plains bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Wiese
- Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust, Wood River, NE, 68883, USA
| | - Andrew J Caven
- Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust, Wood River, NE, 68883, USA
| | - Dante S Zarlenga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Christina L Topliff
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Clayton L Kelling
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Jacob Salter
- Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust, Wood River, NE, 68883, USA
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Duzlu O, Yildirim A, Yetismis G, Onder Z, Simsek E, Ciloglu A, Demirpolat GS, Inci A. Development and field evaluation of a species-specific mt-COI targeted SYBR-Green Real Time PCR for detection and quantification of Haemonchus contortus in cattle in Turkey. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109020. [PMID: 31896019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most important gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) infecting sheep, goats, and cattle worldwide. We developed a SYBR Green real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for detection and quantification of H. contortus by using specific primers based on a conserved region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mt-COI) gene, and evaluated this technique in the detection of H. contortus infections in cattle in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The newly developed qPCR assay successfully discriminated H. contortus from other GIN species infecting cattle in the specificity evaluations, with a specific melt peak of 77.5 °C. Our results revealed the efficient amplification of the proposed target COI region within the range of plasmid copies, from 2 × 106 to 2 × 101 per μl, with 96.9 % efficiency, R² value of 0.999, and a slope of -3.398. Among the 920 cattle fecal samples from the field, 58 samples (6.3 %) were positive with qPCR assay, whereas 45 samples (4.9 %) were positive, as determined by larval culture, suggesting the utility of SYBR Green qPCR. Phylogenetic characterization of the partial COI gene of H. contortus isolates was also evaluated for 100 eggs and third stage larvae recovered from positive cattle faecal samples, which were verified with the qPCR assay prior to analyses. COI sequences were classified into three haplotypes (THC1 to THC3) with intraspecific nucleotide differences of 0.50 to 0.76 %. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the haplotypes grouped with H. contortus isolates from several countries in a monophyletic cluster, with evidence of at least two main haplogroups. Overall, the SYBR Green qPCR assay was highly specific and sensitive, suggesting that it can be used for screening of H. contortus infections in livestock populations in epidemiological studies and the control of this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Duzlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yetismis
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emrah Simsek
- Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Abdullah Inci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Avramenko RW, Bras A, Redman EM, Woodbury MR, Wagner B, Shury T, Liccioli S, Windeyer MC, Gilleard JS. High species diversity of trichostrongyle parasite communities within and between Western Canadian commercial and conservation bison herds revealed by nemabiome metabarcoding. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:299. [PMID: 29764472 PMCID: PMC5952520 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many trichostrongylid nematode species are reported to infect bison, some of which are major causes of disase and production loss in North American bison herds. However, there is little information on the species distribution and relative abundance of these parasites in either commercial or conservation herds. This is largely because trichostrongylid nematode species cannot be distinguished by visual microscopic examination of eggs present in feces. Consequently, we have applied ITS2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to describe the trichostrongyle parasite species diversity in 58 bison production groups derived from 38 commercial North American plains bison (Bison bison bison) herds from across western Canada, and two bison conservation herds located in Elk Island National Park (EINP) [plains bison and wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)] and one in Grasslands National Park (GNP) (plains bison). Results We report much higher infection intensities and parasite species diversity in commercial bison herds than previously reported in beef cattle herds grazing similar latitudes. Predominant trichostrongyle parasite species in western Canadian commercial bison herds are those commonly associated with Canadian cattle, with Ostertagia ostertagi being the most abundant followed by Cooperia oncophora. Combined with high fecal egg counts in many herds, this is consistent with significant clinical and production-limiting gastrointestinal parasitism in western Canadian bison herds. However, Haemonchus placei was the most abundant species in five of the production groups. This is both surprising and important, as this highly pathogenic blood-feeding parasite has not been reported at such abundance, in any livestock species, at such northerly latitudes. The presence of Trichostrongylus axei as the most abundant parasite in four herds is also unusual, relative to cattle. There were striking differences in parasite communities between the EINP and commercial bison herds. Most notably, Orloffia bisonis was the predominant species in the wood bison herd despite being found at only low levels in all other herds surveyed. Conclusions This study represents the most comprehensive description of parasite communities in North American bison to date and illustrates the power of deep amplicon sequencing as a tool to study species diversity in gastrointestinal nematode communities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2880-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Ana Bras
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Present address: Feedlot Health Management Services Ltd., Okotoks, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray R Woodbury
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brent Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Todd Shury
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stefano Liccioli
- Grasslands National Park, Parks Canada, Val Marie, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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