Antiparasitic activity, histopathology and physiology of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) exposed to the essential oil of Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae)

Bio-preservatives and essential oils as an alternative to chemical preservatives in the baking industry: a concurrent review

The use of chemical preservatives in the baking industry is a common practice to extend the shelf life of baked goods However, there is growing interest in natural alternatives due to worries about the security and potential health risks of these chemicals. The purpose of this concurrent review is to investigate the potential of using essential oils and bio-preservatives in place of chemical preservatives in the baking industry. With a focus on their efficiency in extending the shelf life of baked goods, the review includes a thorough analysis of the most recent research on the use of bio-preservatives and essential oils in food preservation. The findings suggest that bio-preservatives and essential oils can be effective in preserving baked goods and may offer a safer and more natural alternative to chemical preservatives. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential of these natural alternatives and to optimize their use in the baking industry.

Effects of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and ginger extract on serum biochemistry, oxidative stress and gill tissue damage of pearl gentian grouper during simulated live transport

This study explored the effects of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (EOOB) and ginger extract (GE) during the transportation of pearl gentian grouper from water quality, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress, meat flavor, and gill tissue morphology. Fish (450 ± 50 g) were allocated to the following 5 treatments: control group (fish transported in water only), 5 mg/LEOOB, 10 mg/LEOOB, 3 mg/LGE, and 6 mg/LGE and transported in insulation boxes (66 × 51 × 37.8 cm) for 72 h. Samples were taken at 0, 12, 36, 60, and 72 h immediately after transport. It was found that 10 mg/LEOOB and 6 mg/LGE could reduce the levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), dissolved oxygen (DO), water pH, serum glucose (GLU), cortisol (COR), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), increase the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as significantly increase the total free amino acid (TFAA) content in muscle compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, by observing the microstructure of gill tissue, it was found that compared with untreated grouper, the morphological damage of gill tissue in EOOB and GE treatment was alleviated. These results indicated that adding appropriate amounts of EOOB and GE to transport water could improve the water quality, relieve stress, and lower energy metabolism of grouper during transport. The results of this research will help to improve the survival rate of grouper after transportation and decrease economic losses to fishery.

Acute toxicity of essential oils of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton, Lippia gracilis Schauer, and Piper aduncum L. in Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)

The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) of Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis and Piper aduncum in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), and evaluate the possible histopathological alterations in their gills. For the acute toxicity tests, juvenile tambaqui (n=24/treatment) were distributed in six treatments with three replicates, which comprised the control and five EO concentrations of A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mg L-1) and P. aduncum (42.5, 45, 47.5, 50 and 52.5 mg L-1), with an exposure period of 4 h. The mortality rate and severity of damage to the tambaqui gills were proportional to the increase in the concentration of the EO, with LC50-4 h values estimated at 109.57 mg L -1 for A. triphylla, 41.63 mg L -1 for L. gracilis and 48.17 mg L -1 for P. aduncum. The main morphological damages observed in the gills of the tambaqui exposed to the three EOs, were Grade I: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, epithelial detachment, capillary dilation and constriction, proliferation of chloride cells and mucosal cells and edema; in low frequency Grade II damage as epithelial rupture and lamellar aneurysm. Necrosis (Grade III damage) was observed only in gill lamellae exposed to P. aduncum EO (47.5, 50.0 and 52.5 mg L-1). Concentrations of EOs below LC50-4 h can be used sparingly, for short periods of exposure for the treatment of diseases in tambaqui breeding.

Anthelmintic effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita), lemon (Citrus limon), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils against Monogenean parasite (Dactylogyrus sp.) on carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Dactylogyrus sp. (Monogenea) is one of the most dangerous pathogens causing parasitic infections in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and other freshwater fish. Due to the adverse effects of conventional chemical treatments on the environment and fish, the use of herbal products in aquaculture against various diseases has increased. In the present study, anthelmintic effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita), lemon (Citrus limon), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils against Dactylogyrus sp. found on the gills of carp were studied using in vitro and in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μl/ml concentrations of these essential oils were tested on the parasites and cumulative mortalities were observed to reach 100 % after treatment with peppermint, lemon, and tea tree essential oils of 1 μl/ml concentration in approximately 15, 10 and 2 min, respectively. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the cumulative mortality of the parasites increased with essential oil concentration and exposure duration. As the concentration of essential oil used increased, the observed mean time to death of parasites decreased. In in vivo experiments, median effective concentrations (EC50) as assessed by in vitro tests for peppermint and lemon essential oils in 5 min exposure and EC50 concentration for tea tree essential oil in 2 min exposure was applied on fish as a single bath and there was a significant decrease in the mean parasite intensities (p<0.05). Antiparasitic efficacies of peppermint, lemon, and tea tree essential oils were determined as 28.23 %, 30.95 %, and 35.31 %, respectively. The tea tree oil was the most effective and peppermint oil was the least effective in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. All three herbal essential oils tested in this study have weak antiparasitic potential against monogenean infections in fish.

The Beneficial Impacts of Essential Oils Application against Parasitic Infestation in Fish Farm

Aquaculture is a growing sector due to the high rising demand for fish, shrimp, oysters, and other products, which is partially conflicted by various infectious diseases. The infectious diseases affecting the production and inducing high mortalities cause substantial economic losses in this sector. Also, parasitic infections may induce severe mortality and morbidity in fish farms. Therefore, most farmers apply several kinds of antibiotics to control the problems induced by bacterial diseases and, to some extent, parasitic infections. The extensive usage of antibiotics to control or prevent pathogens may lead to the development of pathogenic resistant strains that might cause hazards to human health. Besides, there is a global trend toward reducing the application of antibiotics in aquaculture farms. Thus, there is a great effort to discover new natural and safe products with pharmaceutical properties, such as natural essential oils (EO). Essential oils are secondary metabolites of many plants (roots, flowers, seeds, leaves, fruits and peels) and their molecular structures provide a high antimicrobial and antiparasitic efficiency against pathogens. Consequently, it is essential to provide sufficient knowledge about the mode of action of EO against fish parasites and its future applications and directions in aquaculture.

Essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia sidoides in the anesthetic induction and transport of ornamental fish Pterophyllum scalare

This study verified the effects of essential oils from Lippia sidoides (EOLS) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOCC) on the anesthesia of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) of two different sizes (juveniles I (0.82 g) and II (2.40 g)) and the transport (8 h) of juveniles II. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOLS and EOCC: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L^-1. Ventilatory rate (VR) and transport for 8 h with 0, 10, and 15 mg L^-1 of each essential oil were evaluated in juveniles II. The major components found in EOLS and EOCC were carvacrol (44.50%) and α-citral (73.56%), respectively. The best sedation and anesthesia times for both essential oils were obtained with 10 and 25 mg L^-1 and 200 and 250 mg L^-1 for juveniles I and II, respectively. Fish sedated with EOLS had lower VR values than the other treatments. Blood glucose levels were higher in ornamental fish transported with 10 and 15 mg EOLS L^-1 and 15 mg EOCC L^-1. Hepatic glycogen values were higher in the control group. In general, fish transported with 10 mg EOLS L^-1 showed fewer gill histological alterations than other transported fish. When the type of lesion was evaluated, the highest gill alterations occurred in fish transported with EOCC. In conclusion, 10 mg EOLS L^-1 could be used to transport of juveniles II because although this concentration increased blood glucose levels, it decreased the VR and muscle glycogen levels and caused only mild alterations to the gills.

Ovicidal effect of essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis on the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae)

Acanthocephalosis in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum culture is a limiting factor for the production of the species, being the most recurrent, which makes it necessary to develop strategies to control parasitosis even in the early stages of parasite development. This study aimed to elucidate the morphological characteristics of eggs of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae and the ovicidal effect of the essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, and Lippia gracilis. The parasites were collected from hosts naturally infected with N. buttnerae, and the eggs obtained from the female 'parasites' abdominal cavity were added to 12-well plates containing the essential oils at different dilutions. After the eggs (N = 300) were separated and measured (length and width) with the aid of an optical microscope coupled to a digital program, the viability of the treated eggs was monitored 24 h after treatments, L. gracilis essential oil was 100% effective at the highest concentration, whereas L. sidoides essential oil showed over 50% efficacy at 2 mg/ml, reaching 100% efficacy at all higher concentrations. Lippia. alba essential oil did not show satisfactory efficacy in preventing N. buttnerae egg hatching.

Ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals and related food safety issues: A comprehensive overview about terpenes

Alternatives to the use of conventional veterinary drugs in food-producing animals have gained attention, such as the use of natural products (NPs), mainly to soften the risks to the animal, the environment, and consumer's health. Although NPs have consistent advantages over conventional drugs, they cannot be considered risk free under food safety matters. In this way, this document presents a comprehensive overview of the importance of considering both the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the constituents of a NP from plants intending the standardization and regulation of its use in food-producing animals. Terpenes are the most diverse class of natural substances present in NP of vegetal origin with a broad range of biological activities that can be explored in veterinary science; however, certain plants and terpenes also have significant toxic effects, a fact that can harm the health of animals and consequently generate economic losses and risks for humans. In this context, this review gathered scientific data of vegetal species of importance to ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals, which produce terpenes, its biological effects, and their implications on food safety issues for consumers. For this, more than 300 documents were selected from different online scientific databases. The present data and discussion may contribute to the rational commercial exploration of this class of NPs in veterinary medicine.

Anthelminthic potential of the Ficus insipida latex on monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (Serrasalmidae), a medicinal plant from the Amazon

INTRODUCTION

Herbal therapy is a potentially beneficial alternative for fish aquaculture, since it may be cheaper and more effective than chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Ficus insipida latex on monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum gills.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To evaluate the anthelmintic activity, four concentrations of F. insipida latex (250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/L) and exposure time to cause immobilization on monogeneans were used. In addition, two control groups, being one with water from the breeding tank and the other with breeding water from the tank + 70% ethyl alcohol were used.

RESULTS

At the concentration of 250 µL/L of F. insipida latex, the immobilization of the monogeneans occurred after 4 h of exposure, while at the concentration of 500 µL/L, it occurred after 2 h. At the concentrations of 750 and 1000 µL/L of F. insipida latex, the immobilization of the monogeneans occurred after 1 h and 30 min, respectively. After exposure to 250 µL/L of F. insipida latex, 100% of immobilization of monogeneans was observed within 4 h, to 500 and 750 µL/L, 100% immobilization occurred within 4 h and to 1000 µL/L, 100% mortality occurred after 2 h.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, we recommended the use of 1000 μL/L of F. insipida latex for therapeutic baths in of C. macropomum against monogeneans, after previous test of toxicity.

Purinergic signaling modulates the splenic inflammatory response in silver catfish naturally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

The spleen is an immune lymphatic organ linked with control of the immune response, which is important to fish health. Recent evidence has suggested the involvement of purinergic signaling in the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses through the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the nucleoside adenosine (Ado), which are regulated by the enzymes nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), 5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase (ADA). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether purinergic signaling can modulate the immune and inflammatory responses in the spleen of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) naturally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Splenic NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities increased in infected animals compared with uninfected animals, while the splenic ADA activity decreased. These data indicate that purinergic signaling can modulate the splenic immune and inflammatory responses through the regulation of ATP and Ado levels, which are known to participate in the physiological and pathological responses as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, respectively. In summary, modulation of the splenic purinergic cascade has an anti-inflammatory role in reducing or preventing inflammatory damage.