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Chettih I, Abdellaoui L, Mekroud M, Dahmani A, Nabi M, Omar KH, Touhami NAK, Dahmani H, Bouasla L, Ouchetati I, Belala R, Ouchene N. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among goats in Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:102201. [PMID: 38810337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonotic parasitic diseases worldwide and is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. It is implicated in reproductive disorders in small ruminants. This study aims to determine, for the first time in Algeria, the seroprevalence and associated factors of T. gondii infection in goats. The study was conducted in four regions, Ghardaia, Laghouat and Djelfa, southern Algeria, and Jijel region, northern Algeria. A total of 92 blood samples were collected including 74 females and 18 males. All sera were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the T. gondii antibodies. The presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was detected in 35 out of 92 goats (38.04%) (95% CI: 31.64%-44.44%) and in all flocks (100%). Risk factors that have a significant influence on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection are breed, regions, production system, presence of cats, clinics and abortion history. However, variables such as age and gender were note significantly associated with toxoplasma infection in goats. The highest seroprevalences of infection was observed in saanen (52.94%) (p<0.001) and cross-breed race (44%) (p<0.01) in comparison with other breeds. Regarding regions, Jijel and Laghouat were most infected with seroprevalences of 50% (p<0.001) and 40.91% (p<0.01), respectively. Animals in intensive production systems were most infected, showing a seroprevalence of 51.85%, in comparison with extensive (28.13%) and semi-intensive systems (36.36%) (p<0.001). The presence of cats in farms was significantly associated with high seroprevalence (44.64%) (p<0.001). The infection was more prevalent in previously aborted females (50%) than females that had never aborted (3.35%) (p<0.001)and animals that have diarrhoea or poor health (41.67%) were significantly more infected than healthy animals (37.50%) (p<0.01). Seroprevalence in males (38.89%) was very close to those in females (37.84%) (p>0.05). Age-related seroprevalence did not vary significantly (ranged from 36.37% to 40%) between the three age classes. These results indicate that goat toxoplasmosis is widespread in Algeria, and goats may represent a high risk of contamination for humans. This requires more attention during consumption of goat meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Chettih
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Lynda Abdellaoui
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Meriem Mekroud
- PADESCA Laboratory Research, Institute of Veterinary Sciences of El Khroub (ISVK), Mentouri Brothers University of Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Ali Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Nabi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Karima Hadj Omar
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Amina Khelifi Touhami
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Hichem Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Lyes Bouasla
- PADESCA Laboratory Research, Institute of Veterinary Sciences of El Khroub (ISVK), Mentouri Brothers University of Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Imane Ouchetati
- Normal High School of Technological Teaching, Skikda University, Skikda 21000, Algeria
| | - Redha Belala
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria.
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Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides L, Xenoulis PG. Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cats from Greece. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071173. [PMID: 37048429 PMCID: PMC10093379 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important protozoan diseases with a global impact on the health of domestic cats and with zoonotic significance. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in different populations of cats in Greece and to assess risk factors for seropositivity. A total of 457 cats were prospectively enrolled, and a commercially available indirect immunofluorescence antibody testing (IFAT) kit was used for the detection of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum. Overall, 95 (20.8%) of the 457 cats were seropositive for T. gondii. Based on multivariate analysis, factors associated with seropositivity included older age [Odds ratio (OR), 1.33; p < 0.001]; a history of cat-fight trauma (OR, 3.88; p = 0.004); and lack of vaccination against calicivirus, herpesvirus-1, panleukopenia, and rabies (OR, 10; p = 0.002). This study shows a high prevalence of seropositivity for T. gondii in cats in Greece. This implies that toxoplasmosis is still a major public health concern and that optimal strategies for the prevention of infection with T. gondii in cats should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiopi Christina G. Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.C.G.K.); (P.G.X.); Tel.: +30-244-106-6053 (K.C.G.K.); +30-244-106-6085 (P.G.X.)
| | - Manolis N. Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: (K.C.G.K.); (P.G.X.); Tel.: +30-244-106-6053 (K.C.G.K.); +30-244-106-6085 (P.G.X.)
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Detección molecular de Toxoplasma gondii en carnes para consumo humano en Ibagué, Colombia. BIOMÉDICA 2022; 42:136-146. [PMID: 35471176 PMCID: PMC9075112 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito con gran potencial zoonótico que puede infectar un amplio rango de huéspedes de sangre caliente, incluidos los animales del sector pecuario, lo que causa pérdidas a la industria. En el humano, es patógeno en personas inmunosuprimidas y afecta el desarrollo del feto en infecciones congénitas. Además, se asocia con diversos trastornos del comportamiento en personas sanas. El humano puede adquirir T. gondii al consumir carnes contaminadas mal cocidas.Objetivo. Determinar la positividad de T. gondii en carnes de consumo humano (res, pollo y cerdo) en Ibagué, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la PCR convencional anidada y la secuencia del gen B1 de T. gondii como blanco de amplificación. Se tomaron 186 muestras de carne comercializada en la zona urbana de Ibagué (62 de res, 62 de pollo y 62 de cerdo) y se obtuvo el porcentaje de positividad en cada tipo de carne evaluada.Resultados. Se encontró un porcentaje de positividad de 18,8 % en las muestras, siendo la carne de cerdo la del mayor porcentaje (22,5 %; 14/62), seguida por las muestras de carne de res (19,3 %; 12/62) y de pollo (14,5 %; 9/62). Los mejores productos amplificados fueron secuenciados en Macrogen, y alineados con las secuencias del gen B1 depositadas en el GenBank, con lo que se confirmó su identidad.Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio sobre prevalencia de T. gondii en carnes para consumo humano en Ibagué y el departamento del Tolima. Se demostró que los tres tipos de carne representan un riesgo para la infección en humanos a nivel local.
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First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from domestic animals in Tunisia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9328. [PMID: 33927299 PMCID: PMC8085010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains provide an essential basis for a better understanding of the parasite’s genetic diversity, determinants of its geographical distribution and associated risks to human health. In this study, we isolated and genetically characterized T. gondii strains from domestic animals in Southern and coastal area of Tunisia. Blood, hearts and/or brains were collected from 766 domestic animals (630 sheep and 136 free-range chickens). Strain isolation from these samples was performed using mouse bioassay and genotyping was carried out with a multiplex PCR technique using 15 microsatellite markers. Thirty viable strains of T. gondii were successfully isolated from tissues of sheep (19/142) and chickens (11/33). In addition, 3 strains could be successfully genotyped from animal tissues for which mouse bioassay was unsuccessful. A large predominance of type II strains (n = 29) was found in the sampled regions, followed by type III (n = 3) and, for the first time in Tunisia, a single isolate of Africa 4 lineage from a sheep. Analyses of population genetics showed the presence of a divergent population of type II lineage in Tunisia, supporting limited recent migrations of strains between Tunisia and other countries of the world.
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among animals in Algeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101603. [PMID: 33385968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals. It is responsible for considerable economic losses in some regions and farming systems. This review aims to synthesize current findings on the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in animal species in Algeria. It was performed according to the recommendations of the PRISMA guideline. A total of 14 papers from 1955 to 2020 were eligible to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis study including a number of 10,187 animals of which 2594 were positive cases (25.46 %) (24.62-26.31 %, 95 %CI). Prevalence of Toxoplasma-infection was 20.04 % in cattle, 22.57 % in sheep, 33.61 % in goats, 28.17 % in horses, 30 % in donkeys, 70.31 % in stray cats, 14.57 % in local rabbits, 30.47 % in dogs and 50.70 % in poultry farms. Adult animals and females were most infected. The highest prevalences were reported in stray cats and poultry. Rabbits were the least infected. This analysis showed a trend of increasing infection since 2015 (R² = 0.129, p > 0.05) which requires further studies to provide better prevention strategies.
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Dubey JP, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Yang YR, Su C. All about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109145. [PMID: 32645556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Toxoplasmosis continues to be of public health concern. Cats (domestic and wild felids) are the most important host in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis because they are the only species that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts in feces. Cats can excrete millions of oocysts and a single cat can spread infection to many hosts. The present paper summarizes information on prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical signs, and diagnosis of T. gondii infections in domestic and wild cats for the past decade. Special emphasis is paid to genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates from cats. Review of literature indicates that a unique genotype (ToxoDB genotype #9 or Chinese 1) is widely prevalent in cats in China and it has been epidemiologically linked to outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in pigs and deaths in humans in China; this genotype has rarely been detected in other countries. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - C K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - F H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Y R Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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Lahmar I, Lachkhem A, Babba O, Slama D, Trabelsi A, Passebosc-Faure K, Dardé ML, Babba H. First isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains from human congenital toxoplasmosis cases in Monastir, Tunisia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1963. [PMID: 32029843 PMCID: PMC7004985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoon parasite that can cause severe clinical problems such as congenital toxoplasmosis. The distribution of T. gondii genotypes varies from one geographic area to another. So far, little is known about the parasite genotypes in Tunisia, North Africa. The present study aimed isolating and genotyping T. gondii from the amniotic fluid (AF) and placenta of pregnant women in Monastir, Tunisia. Amniotic fluid and/or placenta from 80 women who acquired toxoplasma infection during pregnancy were tested by PCR and/or mouse bioassay. Genotyping of T. gondii isolates from these samples was performed with 15 microsatellite markers. Four viable T. gondii strains were isolated from either the AF or placenta of four women. Specifically, strains TUN001-MON1 and TUN002-MON2 were isolated from both the AF and placenta, TUN003-AHA from only the placenta, and TUN004-NEL from only the AF. The four viable strains were not virulent for mice. Genotyping revealed that the four strains were type II strains. This is the first report on isolation and genotyping of T. gondii from AF human samples in Tunisia. Further studies focused on T. gondii genotyping on a larger number of human cases and on animals in Tunisia are needed to improve the knowledge and epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissem Lahmar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Arwa Lachkhem
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Babba
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Darine Slama
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Trabelsi
- Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Karine Passebosc-Faure
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Marie Laure Dardé
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France.,Université de Limoges, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie tropicale, Limoges, France
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Khodaverdi M, Razmi G. Prevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats in Mashhad area, Iran. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:463. [PMID: 31864371 PMCID: PMC6925478 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats as a definitive host have an important role in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii infection and isolate and identify the genotypes of T. gondii in stray cats in the Mashhad suburb. METHODS From April 2016 to August 2017, 175 fecal samples from stray cats and 31 brain samples from cats killed in driving accidents were collected. The fecal samples were examined by fecal flotation technique and T. gondii-specific PCR. The brain samples were investigated by T. gondii-specific PCR and consequently examined by mice bioassay. The DNA of T. gondii isolated was genotyped using SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB and GRA6 as PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) markers. RESULTS In the present study, Toxoplasma-like oocysts were microscopically observed in 2.2% (4/175) fecal samples. The presence of Toxoplasma oocysts was confirmed in one microscopy-positive sample by PCR. In addition, T. gondii DNA was detected in 4% (7/175) microscopy-negative samples using PCR. T. gondii was isolated from one brain PCR-positive sample by mice bioassay. The isolate was avirulent and many T. gondii cysts were observed in mice brain. The isolate was successfully genotyped by PCR-RLFP analysis. The isolated genotyped was type II. Besides, eight Toxoplasma-positive fecal samples contained insufficient DNA and only amplified at SAG-3 locus in PCR. These samples were also showed type II pattern at this locus. CONCLUSIONS Parasitological and molecular results showed low frequency of Toxoplasma infection in the stray cats, and identified the genotype of T. gondii isolate as type II, for the first time in Mashhad area, Khorasan Razavi Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khodaverdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Razmi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran
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Amouei A, Sarvi S, Sharif M, Aghayan SA, Javidnia J, Mizani A, Moosazadeh M, Shams N, Hosseini SA, Hosseininejad Z, Nayeri Chegeni T, Badali H, Daryani A. A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:46-64. [PMID: 31464067 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is well known for its ability to virtually infect all warm-blooded vertebrates. Although felines as the definitive hosts have an important role in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis, there are few descriptions of genetic diversity in the world. The present review study aimed to describe the population structure of T. gondii in these animal species. For the purpose of the study, five English language databases reporting data on T. gondii genotyping in cats were searched within March-June 2019. This study is registered on the site of CAMARADES-NC3Rs (15-Jan-2018). The searching process resulted in the inclusion of 50 reports published from 1992 to June 2019. The data revealed that 47,390 samples were genotyped into 662 T. gondii DNA/isolates. Globally, atypical genotypes were predominant (47.7%, n = 316); in addition, Type II clonal strains were the second most common genotype (37%, n = 244). These results suggested an epidemic population structure in America and Asia, and a clonal population structure in Europe and Africa. Genotype #3 was found to be dominant in Africa, Europe and Oceania continents. Furthermore, genotypes #9 and #5 were prevalent in Asia and America, respectively. Additionally, genotypes #2, #3, #5 and #20 were common genotypes in domestic and sylvatic cycles from family Felidae. Collectively, this systematic review indicated a large degree of genetic diversity and circulation of mouse-virulent T. gondii strains in this family. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the population structure of T. gondii in these animal species and determine the significance of their features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Amouei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Sari Branch Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Azadeh Mizani
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nemat Shams
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseininejad
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tooran Nayeri Chegeni
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
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Henneb M, Harhoura K, Bekara MA, Zenia S, Aissi M. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rabbit of local Algerian population. Vet World 2019; 12:855-859. [PMID: 31440005 PMCID: PMC6661489 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.855-859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this investigation was to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rabbit of the local Algerian population from five districts of Northern Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples of 350 rabbits were collected and analyzed for the presence of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additional data concerning the farms and management practices were obtained through a questionnaire used in surveys and interviews. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was 14.6% (51/350). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in outdoor rearing farms and was linked to the presence of animals from other species on the farm. A higher seroprevalence was found in older animals compared to younger ones. No difference in seroprevalence was noted with respect to the origin or gender of animals, type of cage, feed and water sources, presence of cats in the vicinity, hygiene status, or season. CONCLUSION This study has shown that T. gondii prevalence in rabbits of the local population is relevant and may have important implications for public health in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Henneb
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University M’Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Khaled Harhoura
- High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Safia Zenia
- High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Miriem Aissi
- High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
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11
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Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Amdouni Y, Boussaadoun MA, Ayadi O, Al-Hosary AAT, Rekik M, Ben Abdallah R, Aoun K, Darghouth MA, Wieland B, Gharbi M. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North Africa: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:6. [PMID: 30767889 PMCID: PMC6376878 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The disease is distributed worldwide and can affect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. The present review aimed to collect, compile and summarize the data on the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans and animals in the five North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). Published data from national and international databases were used. Distribution patterns and risk factors for T. gondii infection are discussed, focusing on biotic and abiotic factors. This review is a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of T. gondii infection in North Africa and will therefore be a useful tool for researchers. It can also be used to propose or enhance appropriate national toxoplasmosis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Rouatbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Safa Amairia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Amdouni
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Anis Boussaadoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ouarda Ayadi
- Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Route de Batna, El Khroub 25100, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Amira Adel Taha Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mourad Rekik
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box, 950764 Amman 11195, Jordan
| | - Rym Ben Abdallah
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, BPO 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, BPO 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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12
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Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains shaped by commensal communities of small mammals. Int J Parasitol 2018; 49:267-275. [PMID: 30578812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Commensal rodent species are key reservoirs for Toxoplasma gondii in the domestic environment. In rodents, different T. gondii strains show variable patterns of virulence according to host species. Toxoplasma gondii strains causing non-lethal chronic infections in local hosts will be more likely to persist in a given environment, but few studies have addressed the possible role of these interactions in shaping the T. gondii population structure. In addition, the absence of validated techniques for upstream detection of T. gondii chronic infection in wild rodents hinders exploration of this issue under natural conditions. In this study, we took advantage of an extensive survey of commensal small mammals in three coastal localities of Senegal, with a species assemblage constituted of both native African species and invasive species. We tested 828 individuals for T. gondii chronic infection using the modified agglutination test for antibody detection in serum samples and a quantitative PCR assay for detection of T. gondii DNA in brain samples. The infecting T. gondii strains were genotyped whenever possible by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. We found (i) a very poor concordance between molecular detection and serology in the invasive house mouse, (ii) significantly different levels of prevalence by species and (iii) the autochthonous T. gondii Africa 1 lineage strains, which are lethal for laboratory mice, only in the native African species of commensal small mammals. Overall, this study highlights the need to reconsider the use of MAT serology in natural populations of house mice and provides the first known data about T. gondii genetic diversity in invasive and native species of small mammals from Africa. In light of these results, we discuss the role of invasive and native species, with their variable adaptations to different T. gondii strains, in shaping the spatial structure of T. gondii genetic diversity in Africa.
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13
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Khames M, Yekkour F, Fernández-Rubio C, Aubert D, Nguewa P, Villena I. Serological survey of cattle toxoplasmosis in Medea, Algeria. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 12:89-90. [PMID: 31014815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease transmitted to humans and warm-blooded animals by a ubiquitous parasite Toxoplasma gondii. One of the most common sources of human infection is the ingestion of tissue cysts through raw or undercooked meat. The present study was conducted to investigate a serological survey of Toxoplasma antibodies in cattle from Medea (North of Algeria). Serum samples were obtained from 295 clinically healthy cattle (261 females and 34 males). All cattle sera were tested for antibodies to T. gondii using the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). According to MAT results, and taking 1:25 as the cut-off value, antibodies were found in 13 (4.4%) of 295 bovine sera. Five cattle had an antibody titer of 1:25; 6 of 1:50 and 2 of 1:100. More serological surveys are necessary to better understand the epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis in cattle and other ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mammar Khames
- University of Medea, School of Sciences, Department of Biology, Medea, Algeria; National Veterinary High School, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Feriel Yekkour
- University of Medea, School of Sciences, Department of Biology, Medea, Algeria; National Veterinary High School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Celia Fernández-Rubio
- University of Navarra, Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dominique Aubert
- National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, University Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA3800, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims, France
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Isabelle Villena
- National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, University Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA3800, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims, France
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14
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Galal L, Ajzenberg D, Hamidović A, Durieux MF, Dardé ML, Mercier A. Toxoplasma and Africa: One Parasite, Two Opposite Population Structures. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:140-154. [PMID: 29174610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for an understanding of its worldwide distribution and the determinants of its evolution. Africa remains one of the least studied areas of the world regarding T. gondii genetic diversity. This review has compiled published data on T. gondii strains from Africa to generate a comprehensive map of their continent-wide geographical distribution. The emerging picture about T. gondii strain distribution in Africa suggests a geographical separation of the parasite populations across the continent. We discuss the potential role of a number of factors in shaping this structure. We finally suggest the next steps towards a better understanding of Toxoplasma epidemiology in Africa in light of the strains circulating on this continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Galal
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Azra Hamidović
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Marie-Fleur Durieux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France; Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France.
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