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KABIR MHB, KATO K. Examining the molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Eimeria species in Japan: a comprehensive review. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:563-574. [PMID: 38556324 PMCID: PMC11144535 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, animals and humans suffer from diarrheal illnesses due to protozoan parasites such as Giardia and Eimeria species. The molecular epidemiology of these parasites in Japan is summarized in this review. In humans, researchers found only one main species of Giardia, which is most referred to as G. lamblia, but it's also known by different names like G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis. However, within this species, six assemblages (A, B, C, D, E, and F) were found in animals, and assemblage B was frequently recorded in human and monkey populations, whereas assemblages A and E were predominant in calves. Assemblage A was found in sika deer and assemblages A, C, D, and F were predominant in dogs, cats, and ferret. Eimeria bovis, E. zuernii, and other species found in animals made up the group of species known as Eimeria spp., with E. bovis and E. zuernii being the most common in cattle. Our review highlighted a notable lack of data investigations regarding these two pathogens in water and environmental sources. Giardia cysts were found in the few studies that have been done on water sources, suggesting that water may play a significant role in the transmission of Giardia species. Our review suggests that further research is necessary to fully comprehend the molecular diversity and dynamics of transmission of Giardia spp. and Eimeria spp. in humans, animals, and environmental sources in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hazzaz Bin KABIR
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kentaro KATO
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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Alegría-Morán R, Pastenes Á, Cabrera G, Fredes F, Ramírez-Toloza G. Urban public squares as potential hotspots of dog-human contact: A spatial analysis of zoonotic parasites detection in Gran Santiago, Chile. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100579. [PMID: 34024395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasites are a major public health problem globally, representing a hazard to human health. The infections occur through contact with different parasite forms. Public squares are a common meeting place for people and dogs, becoming a risk area for transmission to other dogs and humans. A spatial analysis of zoonotic parasite distribution in urban public squares in Gran Santiago, Chile was performed to elucidate its importance, exploring spatial aggregation on positivity rates at commune level. A total of 170 stool samples were analysed; 54 (31.7%) were positive for gastrointestinal-zoonotic parasites. Positivity was detected in 27 (79.4%) squares. Diversity of parasite species was variable across sites. Toxocara canis was the most frequently detected (27 samples, 21/34 squares), followed by Toxascaris leonina (13 samples, 10/34 squares), cestode eggs (10 samples, 9/34 squares), Giardia sp. (6 samples, 5/34 squares), Ancylostomatidae-like eggs (4 samples, 4/34 squares), Cryptosporidium spp. (2 samples, 2/34 squares) and Entamoeba spp. (1 sample, 1/34 square). Spatial autocorrelation (SA) was observed at commune level. The local indicators of the spatial association test showed statistical significance for cestode eggs (p < 0.001) with a negative SA (Moran's I Index = -0.2929, CI-95% = -0.3869--0.1989) and Ancylostomatidae (p = 0.046) with a positive SA (Moran's I Index = 0.1404, CI-95% = 0.0499-0.2309). Toxocara canis is the most prevalent geo-helminth in public places of Santiago, Chile. Spatial autocorrelation was detected for cestode eggs and Ancylostomatidae. Diagnosis and detection of parasites is key for the establishment of control/eradication of environmental dissemination following One Health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Unit of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile; Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, 2222 Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Pastenes
- Unit of Parasitology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Fredes
- Unit of Parasitology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Unit of Parasitology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
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Sursal N, Simsek E, Yildiz K. FELINE GIARDIASIS IN TURKEY: PREVALENCE AND GENETIC AND HAPLOTYPE DIVERSITY OF GIARDIA DUODENALIS BASED ON THE β-GIARDIN GENE SEQUENCE IN SYMPTOMATIC CATS. J Parasitol 2021; 106:699-706. [PMID: 33120408 DOI: 10.1645/19-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common zoonotic protozoan parasite with a broad host distribution. The main objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of giardiasis and to reveal the genetic and haplotype diversity of G. duodenalis in symptomatic cats in Turkey. Fecal samples were collected from cats (n = 102) with diarrhea that were admitted to different pet clinics in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. All samples were analyzed by microscopic examination (ME), rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), and PCR targeting the β-giardin (bg) loci of the parasite. Phylogenetic, haplotype, and network analyses of G. duodenalis based on the bg gene were carried out. Overall, G. duodenalis was detected in 70/102 (68.6%) of the cats with diarrhea by ME (38/102, 37.3%), ICT (51/102, 50%), and PCR (30/102, 29.4%). According to sequence analyses of the bg gene region, all isolates were identified as G. duodenalis assemblage B. Haplotype analyses revealed 2 known and 8 novel haplotypes for G. duodenalis assemblage B. This study provides first prevalence and genetic and haplotype diversity data on G. duodenalis assemblage B from cats in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Sursal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Emrah Simsek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kader Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Maloney JG, Molokin A, Santin M. Assessment of next generation amplicon sequencing of the beta-giardin gene for the detection of Giardia duodenalis assemblages and mixed infections. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 21:e00098. [PMID: 33294649 PMCID: PMC7691155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an enteric protozoan parasite commonly found in humans and many other animals around the world. The parasite is grouped into genetically related strains called assemblages which display differing degrees of host specificity. Although mixed assemblage infections have been documented the full extent of the occurrence and importance of mixed infections remains to be characterized as current sequencing technologies lack the sensitivity to readily detect mixed infections. Here we have developed a next generation amplicon sequencing (NGS) protocol and analysis pipeline for detecting Giardia assemblages using the beta-giardin gene. NGS was validated using 37 isolates that included Giardia muris and six assemblages (A-F) of Giardia duodenalis obtained from seven different hosts. NGS was compared to traditional PCR and direct Sanger sequencing for its ability to detect Giardia species, assemblages, and mixed assemblage infections. We demonstrate that NGS works as well as PCR and Sanger sequencing for assemblage detection as the same assemblage was observed in all samples by both methods. NGS has the further benefit of detecting mixed assemblage infections, low abundance assemblages, and intra-assemblage variation in samples which would have been missed using direct Sanger sequencing alone. NGS represents a powerful new tool for exploring Giardia infections not only in infected hosts but also in environmental specimens which may aide in understanding Giardia epidemiology. Developed a next generation sequencing (NGS) protocol to detect Giardia Comparison of NGS to Sanger sequencing for sensitivity and accuracy NGS improved detection of mixed assemblages and detects low abundance assemblages NGS allowed detection of intra-assemblage variabilities Mixed assemblages may be far more common than previously thought
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Aleksey Molokin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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Demircan K, Onder Z, Duzlu O, Yildirim A, Okur M, Ciloglu A, Yetismis G, Inci A. First Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analyses of Zoonotic Giardia intestinalis in Horses in Turkey. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:56-60. [PMID: 31443835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The goal of our study was to investigate the molecular prevalence of Giardia intestinalis in naturally infected horses in Kayseri, Central Anatolia Region in Turkey, to determine the molecular characterization of the obtained isolates and to exhibit the potential role of horses in zoonotic transmission of G. intestinalis. Fecal samples were randomly collected from totally 150 horses with clinically healthy between March and June of 2018. After the genomic DNA extractions, 25 (16.6%) of the 150 fecal samples, were found positive for G. intestinalis by nested PCR analyses of β-giardin gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the β-giardin gene sequences of G. intestinalis showed that the sequences detected in this study belonged to assemblage A that is regarded as zoonotic. Our study is the first report on the presence of G. intestinalis in horses in Turkey. The findings of the present study indicate that future research studies are required to determine molecular epidemiology and geographical distribution of G. intestinalis infections in horses nationwide. In addition, this study also may be helpful to assess the zoonotic potential for public health of G. intestinalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Demircan
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mubeccel Okur
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yetismis
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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