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Anjos OO, Gomes MN, Tavares CP, Sousa DM, Mendonça CJS, Reck J, Maciel AP, Costa-Junior LM. Polymeric films of corn starch enhance the lethal effects of thymol and carvacrol terpenes upon Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110149. [PMID: 38412588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a parasite of great importance in cattle breeding. It is responsible for huge economic losses. The application of synthetic acaricides is used as a form of control. However, resistant strains have been selected over the years, making it necessary to search for new alternative formulations. The present study aimed to formulate biodegradable films impregnated with the terpenes carvacrol and thymol and evaluate their efficacy on larvae and adults of R. microplus through in vitro tests. The following formulations were prepared: Film 1 (starch based); Film 2 (based on starch and glycerol); Film 1 + Carvarcol or Thymol; Film 2 + Carvarcol or Thymol. Terpenes had a final concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. To evaluate the formulations on larvae, the immersion test was performed by dividing into six groups according to the concentration of terpenes: 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313, 0.156 mg/mL and the control groups: 1% ethanol solution; 10% ethanol solution; Film 1; and Film 2. For the evaluations on adult ticks, ten experimental groups (n = 10) were used: 1) Carvacrol; 2) Film 1 + Carvacrol; 3) Film 2 + Carvacrol; 4) Thymol; 5) Film 1 + Thymol; 6) Film 2 + Thymol; 7) Distilled water; 8) 10% ethanol solution; 9) Film 1; and 10) Film 2. In experimental groups 1-6, carvacrol and thymol (free or incorporated in two different biodegradable film formulations) were evaluated at the same concentration (5.0 mg/mL). Each group of ticks was immersed in their respective solutions for five minutes. The results of the tests on larvae showed that the Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + carvacrol formulations had the lowest lethal concentrations (0.076 and 0.255 mg/mL, respectively), values up to 9.0-fold lower than the monoterpenes tested outside the formulation. Carvacrol and thymol at the concentrations tested were effective in controlling engorged females with a percentage of 32.2% and 63.8%, respectively. When incorporated into biodegradable film formulations, these monoterpenes showed much greater efficacy. Film 1 + carvacrol and Film 2 + carvacrol with control percentages of 71.6% and 97.2%, respectively, while the formulations Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + thymol showed values of 96.9% and 100.0%. The tick control activity of the biopolymer formulations with thymol and carvacrol was demonstrated through the high mortality rates of larvae and engorged females of the tick R. microplus. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that these formulations have great potential for tick control mainly because of the percentage of control up to 100% in engorged females in in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Anjos
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Gomes
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Caio P Tavares
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Dauana M Sousa
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Adeilton P Maciel
- Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Livio M Costa-Junior
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Barbieri A, Rico IB, Silveira C, Feltrin C, Dall Agnol B, Schrank A, Lozina L, Klafke GM, Reck J. Field efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae oil formulations against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks using a cattle spray race. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102147. [PMID: 36893500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus tick is the main ectoparasite of cattle in Brazil. The exhaustive use of chemical acaricides to control this tick has favored the selection of resistant tick populations. Entomopathogenic fungi, as Metarhizium anisopliae, has been described as a potential biocontroller of ticks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of two oil based formulations of M. anisopliae for the control of the cattle tick R. microplus under field conditions using a cattle spray race as a method of treatment. Initially, in vitro assays were carried out with an aqueous suspension of M. anisopliae, using mineral oil and/or silicon oil. A potential synergism between oils and fungus conidia for tick control was demonstrated. Additionally, the usefulness of silicon oil in order to reduce mineral oil concentration, while improving formulation efficacy was illustrated. Based on the in vitro results, two formulations were selected for use in the field trial: MaO1 (107 conidia/mL plus 5% mineral oil) and MaO2 (107 conidia/mL plus 2.5% mineral oil and 0.01% silicon oil). The adjuvants concentrations (mineral and silicon oils) were chosen since preliminary data indicate that higher concentrations caused significant mortality in adult ticks. For this, 30 naturally infested heifers were divided into three groups based on previous tick counts. The control group did not receive treatment. The selected formulations were applied on animals using a cattle spray race. Subsequently, tick load was evaluated weekly by counting. The MaO1 treatment significantly reduced the tick count only on day +21, reaching approximately 55% efficacy. On the other hand, MaO2 showed significantly lower tick counts on days +7, +14, and +21 after treatment, with weekly efficacy achieving 66%. The results showed a substantial reduction of tick infestation, up to day +28, using a novel formulation of M. anisopliae based in the mixture of two oils. Moreover, we have shown, for the first time, the feasibility of employing formulations of M. anisopliae for large-scale treatment methods, such as a cattle spray race, which in turn, may increase the use and adhesion to biological control tools among farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbieri
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - I B Rico
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | | | - C Feltrin
- Fazenda Escola BIOTECH, Guaiba, RS, Brazil
| | - B Dall Agnol
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - A Schrank
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste - UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - L Lozina
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G M Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - J Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil.
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Ries AS, Roman IJ, Bräunig P, Kommers GD, Sangioni LA, Cargnelutti JF, Vogel FSF. Acaricide activity of organo-modified siloxane and acaricide associations in Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3673-3680. [PMID: 34626236 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Search to a new alternative to control bovine ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus), the present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of organo-modified siloxane alone and in association with different commercial products or with piperonyl butoxide (BPO). Engorged females were subjected to an in vitro immersion test and 10 groups were used: control, 0.5% siloxane, 1% siloxane, 2% siloxane, 0.5% siloxane + 5% BPO, 1% siloxane + 5% BPO, 2% siloxane + 5% BPO, commercial product, 0.5% siloxane + commercial product, and 1% siloxane + commercial product. After immersion, engorged females were incubated for 14 days for oviposition and hatchability tests. Another immersion test was performed with 5% siloxane and 2.5% siloxane + 10% BPO to evaluate the histopathological changes. Then, engorged females were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h and immersed in 10% formaldehyde for later analyses. The unassociated siloxane showed an acaricide efficacy of 93.88% at 2% concentration, and when associated with 5% BPO, it reached 100% efficacy at all tested concentrations. The tested commercial products showed enhanced efficacy when associated with siloxane. Histopathological analysis showed cell changes in both treatments and total cell disintegration after 120 h in the 5% siloxane group and after 96 h in the 2.5% siloxane + 10% BPO group. Therefore, siloxane alone or in combination is an alternative against R. microplus, and siloxane enhances the efficacy of available commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Segabinazzi Ries
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (Ladopar), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63C - Parque de exposições, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Isac J Roman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (Ladopar), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63C - Parque de exposições, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bräunig
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (Ladopar), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63C - Parque de exposições, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Glaucia D Kommers
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (Ladopar), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63C - Parque de exposições, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flôres Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (Ladopar), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63C - Parque de exposições, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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