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Valderas-García E, Castilla-Gómez de Agüero V, González Del Palacio L, Galli G, Escala N, Ruiz-Somacarrera M, González-Warleta M, Del Olmo E, Balaña-Fouce R, Martínez-Valladares M. New benzimidazole derivative compounds with in vitro fasciolicidal properties. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:173. [PMID: 38570858 PMCID: PMC10993450 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the zoonotic food-borne parasite Fasciola hepatica remains a major challenge in humans and livestock. It is estimated that annual economic losses due to fasciolosis can reach US$3.2 billion in agriculture and livestock. Moreover, the wide distribution of drug-resistant parasite populations and the absence of a vaccine threaten sustainable control, reinforcing the need for novel flukicides. METHODS The present work analyses the flukicidal activity of a total of 70 benzimidazole derivatives on different stages of F. hepatica. With the aim to select the most potent ones, and screenings were first performed on eggs at decreasing concentrations ranging from 50 to 5 µM and then on adult worms at 10 µM. Only the most effective compounds were also evaluated using a resistant isolate of the parasite. RESULTS After the first screenings at 50 and 10 µM, four hit compounds (BZD31, BZD46, BZD56, and BZD59) were selected and progressed to the next assays. At 5 µM, all hit compounds showed ovicidal activities higher than 71% on the susceptible isolate, but only BZD31 remained considerably active (53%) when they were tested on an albendazol-resistant isolate, even with values superior to the reference drug, albendazole sulfoxide. On the other hand, BZD59 displayed a high motility inhibition when tested on adult worms from an albendazole-resistant isolate after 72 h of incubation. CONCLUSIONS BZD31 and BZD59 compounds could be promising candidates for the development of fasciolicidal compounds or as starting point for the new synthesis of structure-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Valderas-García
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura González Del Palacio
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Giulio Galli
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Nerea Escala
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Somacarrera
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigacións Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL-Xunta de Galicia, Abegondo, 15318, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
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Magalhães de Almeida T, Neto IR, de Oliveira Brandão Y, Molento MB. Geographic expansion of Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) due to changes in land use and cover in Brazil. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:201-212. [PMID: 38160740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is caused by parasites of the genus Fasciola, affecting animals and humans worldwide. In South America, the disease is a result of infection with Fasciola hepatica and although animal infections are more frequently reported, the full extent of the impact on human health due to underdiagnosis remains uncertain. This study analyzed changes in land use and the distribution of F. hepatica in bovine livers in Brazil over 18 years. Data on land use and land cover were collected from the Mapbiomas Project. Data on 414,481,963 slaughtered cattle and condemned livers due to F. hepatica infection were obtained from 4,433 municipalities. Joinpoint analysis was used to study the time series, and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model was utilized to explore the behavior of F. hepatica infection. In the North, pasture areas significantly increased (P = 0.000001), while forested areas decreased (P = 0.000001). The midwestern and northern regions concentrated the highest number (>290 million) of cattle slaughtered in Brazil. More than 2 million bovine livers were infected by F. hepatica. The infected cattle originated from 194 municipalities in 2002, increasing to 747 in 2020. We consider that the changes in land use and intense cattle transportation may have caused the expansion of F. hepatica. The SIR model analyzed the spread of the disease looking at all six biomes: Caatinga, Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa. Moreover, this infection not only threatens the health of animals but is also a major concern to biodiversity and vulnerable human communities in South America. Emblematic biomes such as the Amazon basin already face challenges with logging, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, strategies for mitigating infection should include controlling illegal pasture areas, establishing health inspections of animal transport, quarantine of newly arrived animals, and livestock zoning, as well as clear One Health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayany Magalhães de Almeida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, R: dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80.035-050, Brazil
| | - Irineu Romero Neto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, R: dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80.035-050, Brazil
| | - Yara de Oliveira Brandão
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, R: dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80.035-050, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, R: dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80.035-050, Brazil.
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Bari T, Al Mamun MA, Toet H, Rathinasamy V, Larkins JA, Beddoe T, Spithill TW, Piedrafita D, Greenhill AR. Evaluation of LAMP for Fasciola hepatica detection from faecal samples of experimentally and naturally infected cattle. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110132. [PMID: 38280252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica causes liver fluke disease in production animals and humans worldwide. Faecal egg counts (FEC) are the most common diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of liver fluke disease. However, FEC has low sensitivity and is often unreliable for the detection of patent infection. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was optimised and evaluated for the detection of Fasciola hepatica infection, with the aim of increased sensitivity and making it suitable for on-farm application. LAMP was initially conducted under laboratory conditions, optimised to enable visual detection using calcein dye. DNA extraction based on bead-beating was developed to enable on-farm application. LAMP results were compared to FEC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Under laboratory conditions, LAMP was conducted using two incubation methods: a conventional PCR thermocycler and a field-deployable LAMP instrument. When compared to a 'rigorous' FEC protocol consisting of multiple counts using a comparatively large volume of faeces and with infection confirmed post-mortem, LAMP was highly sensitive and specific (using silica membrane DNA extraction sensitivity 88 %, specificity 100 %; using sieving and beat-beating DNA extraction sensitivity 98.9 %, specificity 100 %). When applied on-farm, LAMP was compared to conventional FEC, which suggested high sensitivity but low specificity (sensitivity 97 %, specificity 37.5 %). However, further analysis, comparing field LAMP results to laboratory PCR, suggested that the low specificity was likely the outcome of the inability of conventional FEC to detect all true F. hepatica positive samples. Based on the high sensitivity and specificity of LAMP compared to a 'rigorous' FEC protocol and its ability to be used in field settings, the study demonstrates the potential of LAMP for diagnosing F. hepatica infection in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjina Bari
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia
| | - Md Abdullah Al Mamun
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hayley Toet
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo-Ann Larkins
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
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Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Calvopiña M, Romero-Alvarez D, Montenegro-Franco M, Pavon D, Pointier JP, Benítez-Ortiz W, Celi-Erazo M. Triclabendazole efficacy, prevalence, and re-infection of Fasciola hepatica in bovine and ovine naturally infected in the Andes of Ecuador. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100947. [PMID: 38199691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Fasciola spp., infections are distributed worldwide including the Andes region of Ecuador, affecting cattle, sheep, porcine, humans, and other herbivores. Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is commonly used to treat animal infections. However, prospective studies on TCBZ efficacy and fascioliosis prevalence have not been studied in the highlands of Ecuador. This study was performed in a rural community at central of the Ecuadorian Andes in freely roaming bovine and ovine aimed to 1) evaluate the efficacy of TCBZ by administering a single oral dose of 12 mg/kg body weight, 2) assess the prevalence of F. hepatica infection and 3) to monitor re-infections for a follow-up period of five months. In total, 122, 86, 111, 110, 89, and 90 and 49, 34, 47, 28, 27, and 31 stool samples were collected each month from bovines and ovine, respectively. Besides, 32 stool samples from porcine were also collected at the beginning of the study. Stools were microscopically analyzed by formalin-ether concentration method to detect F. hepatica ova. The prevalence of F. hepatica infections before treatment was 55,7% and 63,3% for bovine and ovine, respectively. The infection prevalence was of 22% in porcine. The efficacity of triclabendazole was 83% and 97% in bovines and ovine, respectively, at 30 days post-treatment. The re-infection reaches to 54,4% in bovines and 61,3% in ovine after five months. TCBZ had a high efficacy and could be used for bovines and ovine Fasciola infections in the study region; however, re-infections reach the initial prevalence after five months. Therefore, we recommend integrated control strategies, including chemotherapy with a single oral dose of TCBZ, vector control, and future drug resistance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Research Institute of Zoonoses (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - M Calvopiña
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - D Romero-Alvarez
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Montenegro-Franco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - D Pavon
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J P Pointier
- PSL Research University, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE Université de Perpignan, Perpignan-Francia, France
| | - W Benítez-Ortiz
- Research Institute of Zoonoses (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Celi-Erazo
- Research Institute of Zoonoses (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Ezeta-Miranda A, Avila-Acevedo JG, Vera-Montenegro Y, Francisco-Marquez G. Evaluation of the ovicidal activity and fasciolicidal activity of the extract of ethyl acetate from Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. spp. mexicana and of artemisinin against adult parasites of Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:71. [PMID: 38148378 PMCID: PMC10751259 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate extract from A. ludoviciana (EALM) and artemisinin against adult parasites and eggs of F. hepatica. For the ovicidal assay, cell culture plates with 24 wells were used, and 90 to 110 F. hepatica eggs were placed in each well. The eggs were exposed to concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L EALM and incubated for 16 days. Additionally, triclabendazole (TCBZ) was used as a reference drug at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg, and the response of artemisinin at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg was simultaneously assessed. Adult flukes were exposed to concentrations of 125, 250, 375, and 500 mg/L EALM. The results of the ovicidal action of EALM on the eggs showed that concentrations greater than 300 mg/L were significant, with ovicidal percentages greater than 60% observed on day 16 of incubation (p < 0.05). The maximum efficiency of EALM on adult flukes was reached 72 h post-exposure at a concentration of 125 mg/L (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Ezeta-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FESI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av de los Barrios # 1, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54010, México
| | - José G Avila-Acevedo
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FESI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av de los Barrios # 1, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54010, México.
| | - Yolanda Vera-Montenegro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), UNAM, Departamento de Pareasitología, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Gerardo Francisco-Marquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), UNAM, Departamento de Pareasitología, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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Chryssafidis AL, Arruda PM, Américo L, Machado SGR, de Lima FR, Matos J, de Moura AB. The Fasciola hepatica egg development and hatching test (EDHT) using commercial drugs: a simple protocol for tackling anthelminthic resistance and promoting cattle productivity. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:70. [PMID: 38135838 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica, and it causes great losses in bovine production. The anthelmintic resistance is a major problem in the control of fasciolosis. In this study, the F. hepatica egg development and hatching test (EDHT) was used for the evaluation of the ovicidal activity of commercial drugs, commonly used for treating infected cattle, which reflects F. hepatica anthelminthic resistance in infected bovines, according to recent literature. Bile samples from F. hepatica naturally parasitized cattle were obtained from slaughterhouses in the cities of Lages and Otacílio Costa, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The bile was washed, the eggs were recovered, quantified, and distributed in universal collectors, with a minimum of 1,000 eggs per vial. Four commercial drugs were used in this study, containing albendazole sulfoxide (ABDZ), closantel (CSTL), nitroxynil (NTXL), and triclabendazole with fenbendazole (TBZF). The drugs were diluted according to the manufacturer instructions. All drugs, and the respective control, were tested in triplicates, with the quantity of recovered eggs determining the number of drugs to be tested. The vials were incubated for 28 days at 27 °C, and the eggs were classified according to their degree of development under a stereomicroscope. In total, 121 egg samples were analyzed. Two samples were identified as resistant to TBZF. Undetermined resistance/susceptibility has been found in two isolates treated with ABDZ, one treated with NTXL and six treated with TBZF. CSTL did not present ovicidal activity and cannot be used in EDHT. This is the first time that commercial drugs were used in F. hepatica EDHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lazaros Chryssafidis
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Paula Maciel Arruda
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Américo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Sandy Gabrielly Radünz Machado
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rieth de Lima
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Josiane Matos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Barbosa de Moura
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
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Oehm AW, Zablotski Y, Hoedemaker M, Campe A, Strube C, Jordan D, Springer A, Klawitter M, Knubben-Schweizer G. Associations of production characteristics with the on-farm presence of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cows vary across production levels and indicate differences between breeds. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294601. [PMID: 37976265 PMCID: PMC10656002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is one of the economically most important endoparasites in cattle production. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relevance of production level on the associations of on-farm presence of F. hepatica with farm-level milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein in Holstein cows, a specialised dairy breed, and in Simmental cows, a dual purpose breed. Furthermore, we investigated whether differential associations were present depending on breed. Data from 560 dairy farms across Germany housing 93,672 cows were analysed. The presence of F. hepatica antibodies was determined via ELISA on bulk tank milk samples. Quantile regression was applied to model the median difference in milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein depending on the interaction of breed and fluke occurrence. Whereas a reduction in milk yield (-1,206 kg, p < 0.001), milk fat (-22.9 kg, p = 0.001), and milk protein (-41.6 kg, p <0.001) was evident on F. hepatica positive German Holstein farms, only milk fat (-33.8 kg, p = 0.01) and milk protein (-22.6 kg, p = 0.03) were affected on F. hepatica positive German Simmental farms. Subsequently, production traits were modelled within each of the two breeds for low, medium, and high producing farms in the presence of F. hepatica antibodies and of confounders. On Holstein farms, the presence of F. hepatica seropositivity was associated with lower production, while on German Simmental farms such an association was less evident. This work demonstrates that production level is relevant when assessing the associations between the exposure to F. hepatica with production characteristics. Moreover, both models indicate a breed dependence. This could point towards a differential F. hepatica resilience of specialised dairy breeds in comparison with dual purpose breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W. Oehm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Jordan
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Klawitter
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Kotze AC, Hunt PW. The current status and outlook for insecticide, acaricide and anthelmintic resistances across the Australian ruminant livestock industries: assessing the threat these resistances pose to the livestock sector. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:321-333. [PMID: 37401786 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The Australian ruminant livestock industries are faced with the need to control parasitic infectious diseases that can seriously impact the health of animals. However, increasing levels of resistance to insecticides, anthelmintics and acaricides are substantially reducing the ability to control some of these parasites. Here we review the current situation with regard to chemical resistances in parasites across the various sectors of the Australian ruminant livestock industries and assess the level of threat that these resistances pose to the sustainability of these sectors in the short to long terms. We also look at the extent to which testing for resistance occurs across the various industry sectors, and hence how well-informed these sectors are of the extent of chemical resistance. We examine on-farm management practices, breeding of parasite-resistant animals, and non-chemical therapeutics that may act as short to long term means to reduce the current reliance on chemicals for parasite control. Finally, we look at the balance between the prevalence and magnitude of current resistances and the availability and adoption rates of management, breeding and therapeutic alternatives in order to assess the parasite control outlook for the various industry sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P W Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Nurlaelasari A, Wulandari AR, Caro TM, Nugroho HA, Sukaryo S, Cahyadi M, Kurniawan W, Hamid PH. Artemisia vulgaris anthelmintic activities to ova and adult stages of Fasciola gigantica in vitro. Vet World 2023; 16:1141-1153. [PMID: 37576776 PMCID: PMC10420699 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1141-1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Fasciolosis due to Fasciola gigantica is endemic to tropical countries and Fasciola hepatica in temperate climates, highly detrimental to livestock and known as foodborne zoonotic diseases. The strategic control of the disease is mainly the use of chemical anthelmintic. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic properties of Artemisia vulgaris extract on the ova and adult stages of F. gigantica. Materials and Methods Samples were collected from the Ampel Abbatoir, Boyolali District, Central Java, Indonesia. The ova from 20-gallbladders of cattle which were naturally infected with F. gigantica and 270 living F. gigantica worms were used in this study. The ovicidal assay was performed by incubating the ova with A. vulgaris in different concentrations, that is, 5%, 2.5%, and 1.25% for 5, 9, 11, 14, and 16 days. The efficacies were evaluated by quantification of ova degeneration during developmental stages in different time points and egg-hatch assay. The flukicidal effects were observed by mortality assay in 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 min incubations followed by scanning electron microscopy for surface morphology and histology of the fluke's transversal sections. Results The concentration of 5% A. vulgaris showed the strongest ovicidal activities. The percentage of hatching ova on day 16 at concentrations of 5%, 2.5%, and 1.25% were 3.33%, 6.67%, and 16.67%. These ova hatch assay showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) compared to untreated control. The flukicidal effect was significant (p < 0.001) at a concentration of 20%, with a mortality rate reaching 66.67% in the 40 min of incubation time. The surface properties of the adult worms, including the spine, tegument, acetabulum, intestine, and vitelline follicles, were disintegrated. Conclusion The results showed that A. vulgaris has the potential ovicidal and flukicidal properties to F. gigantica. The active compounds remained necessary to be elucidated further and its modes of action would be interesting to be predicted by molecular docking modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andini Nurlaelasari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
| | | | - Tamara Muñoz Caro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile
| | | | - Sukaryo Sukaryo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Cahyadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Kurniawan
- Agency of Livestock and Fishery Services, Boyolali District, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Penny Humaidah Hamid
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
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10
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Mpisana Z, Jaja IF, Byaruhanga C, Marufu MC. Body condition scores, fluke intensity, liver pathology, and carcass quality of different dairy cattle genotypes infected with Fasciola species at high throughput abattoirs in South Africa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1671-1682. [PMID: 35366098 PMCID: PMC9098594 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Milk is an essential commodity whose demand far exceeds supply. However, dairy animal productivity is constantly hampered by parasitic diseases such as fasciolosis, affecting milk production. Despite the negative impact of liver fluke on milk production, there is little information on liver fluke infection and associated abattoir losses (body weight, condition score, liver pathology, and carcass quality) in culled dairy cattle. This study aimed to determine body condition scores, fluke intensity, liver pathology, and carcass quality of different cattle genotypes infected with Fasciola species at three commercial abattoirs. A longitudinal study was conducted from September 2019 to October 2020 to determine body condition score, liver fluke intensity, liver pathology in 3065 dairy cattle slaughtered in CA1, CA2, and CA3, of the Eastern Cape Province South Africa. Liver fluke intensity significantly increased with cattle age (P < 0.0001). Cattle ≥ 7 years old (59.93 ± 6.42) and those 4 to 6 years old (49.78 ± 9.98) had higher infection than those 2 to 3 years old (27.55 ± 13.68). The liver fluke infection was significantly (P < 0.001) the highest when sampling was conducted in summer, followed by autumn and winter, and least for spring. The differences in carcass weights or body condition scores decreased by 0.99 units (P < 0.0001) or 0.97 units (P < 0.0001) respectively. Therefore, this study suggests that fluke infection could be responsible for considerable economic and production losses mainly due to condemnation and weight loss in dairy cattle. This study recommended a combination of holistic and grazing management to control infection rates in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuko Mpisana
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X 1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X 1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa. .,Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Christopher Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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11
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Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM. Field evaluation of the enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA test for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265569. [PMID: 35324959 PMCID: PMC8947386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a severe zoonosis responsible for major economic losses in livestock. The enhanced MM3-COPRO test (eMM3-COPRO) and the commercial version BIO K 201 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium) are widely used as immunodiagnostic tools for the specific detection of coproantigens released by Fasciola during the late prepatent and patent stages of infection. However, performance of the eMM3-COPRO has never been evaluated under field conditions. To address this gap, a large number of ovine faecal samples, collected in a region where fasciolosis is endemic (Galicia, NW Spain), were analyzed. Two groups of sheep flocks were selected according to the Fasciola infection status: ‘Fasciola-free’ and ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks. ‘Fasciola-free’ flocks were seronegative flocks with no history of fasciolosis detected by either coproscopy or necropsy in the last 5 years. Faecal samples from these sheep were used to calculate a cut-off value for infection (OD = 0.021). The cut-off was calculated using a bootstrap resampling method that enables estimation of the sampling distribution of the statistical parameters without making assumptions about the underlying data distribution. ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks were characterized by high seroprevalence, a history of fasciolosis and periodical treatment with flukicides. Samples from these flocks were used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the eMM3-COPRO relative to coproscopy, which although limited by poor sensitivity is the only reference test available for diagnosing fasciolosis in vivo. To overcome this limitation, all animals classified positive by eMM3-COPRO were treated with triclabendazole and then retested. The eMM3-COPRO displayed higher sensitivity than coproscopy, as it detected coproantigens in all samples with positive coproscopy and in 12% of samples with negative coproscopy. The test also proved highly specific as coproantigens disappeared after the treatment. The eMM3-COPRO was less time consuming than coproscopy, particularly when the procedure involved numerous samples, and showed promise as a tool for monitoring flukicide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
- * E-mail:
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
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12
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Field study on the determination of the effective dose of injectable fosfatriclaben prodrug in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:433-440. [PMID: 34739596 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effective dose of fosfatriclaben through a field study in sheep naturally infected with F. hepatica. Thirty crossbred sheep positive for fluke eggs were selected for inclusion in the trial. On day 0, 5 groups of 6 animals each were formed for treatments: group 1 (G1), G2, and G3 received fosfatriclaben at 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg/IM, respectively. G4 received triclabendazole at 10 mg/kg/PO, and G5 was the untreated control group. Fecal samples of the sheep were analyzed to count the number of fluke eggs to evaluate the percentage of egg reduction. Twenty-one days after treatment, all sheep were humanely euthanized to extract the flukes from the bile ducts. They were counted to assess the percentage of fluke reduction. Fosfatriclaben reduced fluke eggs by 99.6, 99.6, and 100% and flukes by 94.3, 100, and 100%, respectively. Triclabendazole reduced fluke eggs by 95.2% and flukes by 100%. The fosfatriclaben injectable prodrug showed a high fasciolicidal efficacy similar to triclabendazole, with advantages over its predecessor, since only half the dose as compared to triclabendazole was required to remove eggs and flukes in the sheep that were studied.
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13
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Ico-Gómez R, González-Garduño R, Ortiz-Pérez D, Mosqueda-Gualito JJ, Flores-Santiago EDJ, Sosa-Pérez G, Salazar-Tapia AA. Assessment of anthelmintic effectiveness to control Fasciola hepatica and paramphistome mixed infection in cattle in the humid tropics of Mexico. Parasitology 2021; 148:1458-1466. [PMID: 35060454 PMCID: PMC11010186 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the main anthelmintics used for the control of trematodes in cattle in an endemic area in the humid Mexican tropics. A diagnostic study was carried out in nine cattle farms to determine the prevalence of flukes through faecal examination. Only three farms with more than 20 cows positive to trematodes were chosen to determine the effectiveness of commercial anthelmintics (triclabendazole, TCBZ; ivermectin + closantel, (IVM + CLOS); IVM + clorsulon, (CLORS); nitroxynil, NITROX). The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica was 27.1% and 29.6% of paramphistomes. The faecal egg count of trematodes ranged from 0.0 to 12.2 eggs per gram of faeces. The highest effectiveness against F. hepatica was 96.7%, and 92.7% against paramphistomes. NITROX was the most effective in the control of trematodes, while other products, such as IVM + CLORS and TCBZ obtained values lower than 90%, which puts sustainable trematode control at risk. The presence of trematodes was observed on most farms, although the prevalence per herd was highly variable, which indicates that the trematodes F. hepatica and paramphistomes are endemic to the region and a suitable management programme is suggested to control infections caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ico-Gómez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Garduño
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Diego Ortiz-Pérez
- Facultad De Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Extensión Pichucalco. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Libramiento de la Ciudad, Boulevard Universitario S/N. Col. Napaná, Pichucalco, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Juan J. Mosqueda-Gualito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Vacunas. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Ever del J. Flores-Santiago
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Sosa-Pérez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Abel A. Salazar-Tapia
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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14
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Kouadio JN, Giovanoli Evack J, Achi LY, Balmer O, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, Bonfoh B, Hattendorf J, Zinsstag J. Efficacy of triclabendazole and albendazole against Fasciola spp. infection in cattle in Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised blinded trial. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106039. [PMID: 34252386 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole is the anthelminthic of choice for the treatment of fascioliasis, however, it is only registered in a few countries. We investigated the efficacy of a single-dose of triclabendazole (12 mg/kg) or albendazole (15 mg/kg) against Fasciola spp. infection in cattle on farms in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire in a randomized clinical trial. Faecal samples were obtained from 196 cattle, of which 155 (79.1%) were found positive for Fasciola spp. by the sedimentation technique. Cattle infected with Fasciola spp. were randomly allocated (3:3:1) to receive triclabendazole (n = 66), albendazole (n = 67) or left untreated to serve as control (n = 22). Follow-up faecal samples were collected on days 21, 28, 90 and 188 post-treatment. No adverse events were observed as reported by farmers in any of the treatment groups. The proportion of non-egg shedding cattle, assessed at day 21 (primary outcome), was significantly higher in cattle treated with triclabendazole (95.4%) compared to those receiving albendazole (70.3%; odds ratio [OR] 8.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.43-31.28, p <0.001). The egg reduction rate (ERR) expressed as number of eggs per gram of faeces, a secondary endpoint assessed at day 21 post-treatment, was significantly higher in the triclabendazole arm (arithmetic mean (AM) ERR = 99.8%) than in the albendazole arm (AM ERR = 92.2%), with a difference of 7.6%-points (95% CI: 0.9-14.5%-points, p=0.026). This is the first report of efficacy of triclabendazole against Fasciola spp. in naturally infected cattle in Côte d'Ivoire. Our results confirm that triclabendazole is the most effective treatment of fascioliasis and therefore, should be considered for the control of livestock fascioliasis; if resources allow in combination with intermediate host snail control and raising farmers awareness of pasture and livestock management to avoid reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules N Kouadio
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jennifer Giovanoli Evack
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louise Y Achi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire; Ecole de Spécialisation en Elevage et des Métiers de la Viande de Bingerville, BP 58, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire; Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole (LANADA), 04 BP 612, Abidjan 04, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Kelley JM, Stevenson MA, Rathinasamy V, Rawlin G, Beddoe T, Spithill TW. Analysis of daily variation in the release of faecal eggs and coproantigen of Fasciola hepatica in naturally infected dairy cattle and the impact on diagnostic test sensitivity. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109504. [PMID: 34271316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) is a widespread parasite infection in dairy cattle in Victoria, South-eastern Australia. Robust diagnosis of fluke infection is needed in dairy cattle to identify sub-clinical infections which often go unnoticed, causing significant production losses. We tested the coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) and the FlukeFinder faecal egg count kit® on naturally infected cows in a fluke endemic region of Victoria. The aim of the study was to investigate the variation in the release of coproantigens and eggs into faeces over a 5-day period, at the morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) milkings, and to assess the impact of the timing of faecal sample collection on diagnostic test sensitivity. Ten cows were enrolled into the study based on positive F. hepatica faecal egg counts (LFEC) and faecal samples from the ten cows were collected twice daily, at the 7-9 AM and 4-6 PM milking, for five consecutive days. At the conclusion of the sampling period, the cows were euthanized and F. hepatica burden determined at necropsy. A moderate negative correlation between cow age and cELISA optical density (OD) was observed using data from all samples (R -0.63; 95 % CI -0.68 to -0.57). Over the 5-day sampling period, we observed within-animal variation between days for both the cELISA OD (2.6-8.9 fold) and LFEC (5-16 fold), with more variation in values observed in the PM samples for both tests. The correlation with total fluke burden was higher in the AM sampling using both the cELISA and LFEC (R 0.64 and 0.78, respectively). The sensitivity was 100 % for the cELISA using various cut offs from the literature (0.014 OD, 0.030 OD, and 1.3 % or 1.6 % of the positive control). The sensitivity of the FlukeFinder kit® (based on 588 faecal samples and not accounting for lack of independence in the data) was 88 % (95 % CI 85 %-90 %). Seventy one false negatives were recorded from the 588 LFEC tests all of which were observed in the cows with fluke burdens <14 flukes; 42 of the 71 false negative LFECs occurred in one individual cow which had the lowest burden of nine flukes. In dairy cows, the cut-off for production losses due to fasciolosis is estimated at> 10 fluke. Both the cELISA and the LFEC identified all cows that had burdens equal to or greater than this cut-off. Five of the ten cows also exhibited relatively high paramphistome egg counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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Kelley JM, Rawlin G, Beddoe T, Stevenson M, Spithill TW. Fasciola hepatica Control Practices on a Sample of Dairy Farms in Victoria, Australia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:669117. [PMID: 34150890 PMCID: PMC8213206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.669117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, little is known about the strategies used by farmers to control Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) infection in dairy cattle. Triclabendazole-resistant F. hepatica have recently been found on several dairy and beef properties in Australia. It is difficult to draw conclusions about how widespread resistance is in Australian dairy cattle because we have little information about flukicide usage, drug resistance testing, and alternative flukicide usage on-farm. The study objectives were to determine how dairy farmers are currently controlling F. hepatica and to identify knowledge gaps where F. hepatica control strategies need to be communicated to farmers to improve management. The survey was distributed online or by hard copy and 36 dairy farmers completed the survey. There were 34 questions including closed, open-ended, multicheck box, demographic, and text questions. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify each response. The survey results showed high use of clorsulon, limited rotation of flukicides, and limited use of diagnostic tests to inform treatment options and timing. There was poor adherence to best management practice in determining the dose of flukicides administered to cattle, with farmers often relying on estimating body weights or average body weights, suggesting that underdosing of animals is likely to be prevalent. Most respondents in this study did not isolate and quarantine treated and newly returned or purchased animals before joining them with the main herd. The research identified four knowledge gaps where communication needs to be enhanced to improve control of F. hepatica: diagnostic testing to inform flukicide use, rotation of flukicide actives, flukicide administration, and increased testing of replacement animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Jobs Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Alba A, Vazquez AA, Hurtrez-Boussès S. Towards the comprehension of fasciolosis (re-)emergence: an integrative overview. Parasitology 2021; 148:385-407. [PMID: 33261674 PMCID: PMC11010171 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing distribution and prevalence of fasciolosis in both human and livestock are concerning. Here, we examine the various types of factors influencing fasciolosis transmission and burden and the interrelations that may exist between them. We present the arsenal of molecules, 'adjusting' capabilities and parasitic strategies of Fasciola to infect. Such features define the high adaptability of Fasciola species for parasitism that facilitate their transmission. We discuss current environmental perturbations (increase of livestock and land use, climate change, introduction of alien species and biodiversity loss) in relation to fasciolosis dynamics. As Fasciola infection is directly and ultimately linked to livestock management, living conditions and cultural habits, which are also changing under the pressure of globalization and climate change, the social component of transmission is also discussed. Lastly, we examine the implication of increasing scientific and political awareness in highlighting the current circulation of fasciolosis and boosting epidemiological surveys and novel diagnostic techniques. From a joint perspective, it becomes clear that factors weight differently at each place and moment, depending on the biological, environmental, social and political interrelating contexts. Therefore, the analyses of a disease as complex as fasciolosis should be as integrative as possible to dissect the realities featuring each epidemiological scenario. Such a comprehensive appraisal is presented in this review and constitutes its main asset to serve as a fresh integrative understanding of fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Alba
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Pedro Kourí’, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio A. Vazquez
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Pedro Kourí’, Havana, Cuba
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Zafra R, Buffoni L, Pérez-Caballero R, Molina-Hernández V, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Pérez J, Martínez-Moreno Á, Martínez Moreno FJ. Efficacy of a multivalent vaccine against Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep. Vet Res 2021; 52:13. [PMID: 33509286 PMCID: PMC7841919 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the protection found in a vaccination trial performed in sheep with two different vaccines composed each one by a cocktail of antigens (rCL1, rPrx, rHDM and rLAP) formulated in two different adjuvants (Montanide ISA 61 VG (G1) and Alhydrogel®(G2)). The parameters of protection tested were fluke burden, faecal egg count and evaluation of hepatic lesions. In vaccinated group 1 we found a significant decrease in fluke burden in comparison to both unimmunised and infected control group (37.2%; p = 0.002) and to vaccinated group 2 (Alhydrogel®) (27.08%; p = 0.016). The lower fluke burden found in G1 was accompanied by a decrease in egg output of 28.71% in comparison with the infected control group. Additionally, gross hepatic lesions found in vaccine 1 group showed a significant decrease (p = 0.03) in comparison with unimmunised-infected group. The serological study showed the highest level for both IgG1 and IgG2 in animals from group 1. All these data support the hypothesis of protection found in vaccine 1 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zafra
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl Pérez-Caballero
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María T Ruiz-Campillo
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Martínez Moreno
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
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Castro-Hermida JA, González-Warleta M, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM, Mezo M. Current Challenges for Fasciolicide Treatment in Ruminant Livestock. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:430-444. [PMID: 33461901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment remains essential to control fasciolosis in areas where infection is endemic. However, there are major constraints to treating food-producing animals. Of particular concern is the lack of flukicides for treating early Fasciola infections in ruminant livestock in some countries. In addition, the information provided in package leaflets, particularly regarding withdrawal periods, is often incomplete, confusing, and/or contradictory. International regulatory bodies should harmonize the use of flukicides in livestock in favor of fairer, safer international trade. In addition, monitoring the efficacy of fasciolicides on farms is also essential to minimize the spread of drug-resistant populations of Fasciola. The current situation regarding flukicide formulations in the European Union and other, non-European countries is analyzed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Florencio M Ubeira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain.
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Siles-Lucas M, Becerro-Recio D, Serrat J, González-Miguel J. Fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis: Current knowledge and future trends. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:27-35. [PMID: 33278757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne zoonotic trematodiases are classified as neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. Among them, fascioliasis is caused worldwide by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, and represent a huge problem in livestock production and human health in endemic areas. Fasciolopsis buski, restricted to specific regions of Asia, causes fasciolopsiasis. The incidence of these trematodiases is underestimated due to under-reporting and to the lack of sensitive and widely accepted tool for their diagnosis. This, together with a rising trend in reporting of drug resistance and the need for an effective vaccine against these parasites, pose a challenge in the effective control of these diseases. Here, the latest reports on fascioliasis outbreaks between 2000 and 2020 and the most recent advances in their epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control are revised. Finally, future needs in the field of fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis are presented, which could be addressed based on current knowledge and by means of new emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Siles-Lucas
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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