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Seguel M, Budischak SA, Jolles AE, Ezenwa VO. Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection. Funct Ecol 2023; 37:860-872. [PMID: 37214767 PMCID: PMC10195069 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Within-host parasite interactions can be mediated by the host and changes in host phenotypes often serve as indicators of the presence or intensity of parasite interactions. 2. Parasites like helminths induce a range of physiological, morphological, and immunological changes in hosts that can drive bottom-up (resource-mediated) or top-down (immune-mediated) interactions with co-infecting parasites. Although top-down and bottom-up interactions are typically studied in isolation, the diverse phenotypic changes induced by parasite infection may serve as a useful tool for understanding if, and when, these processes act in concert. 3. Using an anthelmintic treatment study of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), we tracked changes in host immunological and morphological phenotypes during helminth-coccidia co-infection to investigate their role in driving independent and combinatorial bottom-up and top-down parasite interactions. We also examined repercussions for host fitness. 4. Clearance of a blood-sucking helminth, Haemonchus, from the host gastrointestinal tract induced a systemic Th2 immune phenotype, while clearance of a tissue-feeding helminth, Cooperia, induced a systemic Th1 phenotype. Furthermore, the Haemonchus-associated systemic Th2 immune phenotype drove simultaneous top-down and bottom-up effects that increased coccidia shedding by changing the immunological and morphological landscapes of the intestine. 5. Higher coccidia shedding was associated with lower host body condition, a lower chance of pregnancy, and older age at first pregnancy, suggesting that coccidia infection imposed significant condition and reproductive costs on the host. 6. Our findings suggest that top-down and bottom-up interactions may commonly co-occur and that tracking key host phenotypes that change in response to infection can help uncover complex pathways by which parasites interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Budischak
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, USA
| | - Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Camas-Pereyra R, Bautista-García GA, Avila G, Alcala-Canto Y, Maza-Lopez J, Reyes-Guerrero DE, Higuera-Piedrahita RI, López-Arellano ME. In silico analysis of two Haemonchus spp. serine protease peptides (S28) and their immunomodulatory activity in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111545. [PMID: 36681328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro immune modulation of two de novo peptides with hypothetical identity to the serine protease family (S28) from Haemonchus spp. Expression of mRNAs encoding these peptides was confirmed by RTqPCR in L3 and adult stage parasites. Antibodies from serum samples collected from an H. contortus-infected lamb at 60 days post infection detected both peptides, as assessed by indirect ELISA. Lamb peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to each peptide, as well as to the peptide mixture, and cell proliferation assays were performed at 24, 48 and 72 h. The relative expression of the IL4, IL5, IL6, IL13, CXCL8 and FCεR1A genes was quantified by RTqPCR from lamb PBMCs exposed to the peptide mixture at 24 and 48 h. With respect to immune gene expression, 15- and 3-fold upregulation at 24 h was observed with IL5 and CXCL8, respectively, and 2-fold upregulation of CXCL8 at 48 h. In contrast, downregulation of IL5 was stimulated at 48 h. These data suggest that these peptides (pep-hsp and pep-pcx), which show high identity with intestinal and excretion/secretion serine proteases, can trigger immunogenic activity, and suggest that they may be useful as potential parasite vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Camas-Pereyra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México; Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla Num. 8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62574, México.
| | - Génesis A Bautista-García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México; Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla Num. 8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62574, México.
| | - Guillermina Avila
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México.
| | - Yazmin Alcala-Canto
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México.
| | - Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México; Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla Num. 8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62574, México.
| | - David E Reyes-Guerrero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México; Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla Num. 8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62574, México.
| | - Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, FESC-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carr. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km. 2.5, Edo. de México 54714, México.
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla Num. 8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62574, México.
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Maza-Lopez J, Contreras-Ochoa CO, Reyes-Guerrero DE, Encarnación-Guevara S, Hernández-Ortíz M, Olmedo-Juárez A, López-Arellano ME. Analysis of the immunomodulatory activity of excreted and secreted products from Haemonchus placei transition infective larvae (xL 3). Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109512. [PMID: 34271321 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The excretory/secretory (E/S) products released by infective transitory larvae (xL3) of Haemonchus placei have an important biological function in stimulating immune mechanisms during the invasive process. Our objective was to analyse the modulatory activity of 15 and 70 kDa E/S products from H. placei xL3. Both E/S products were collected from xL3in vitro cultures at 24 and 72 h. Proteins were confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and the corresponding spots were elicited by gel isoelectrofocusing (IEF) and characterised by mass spectrometry. Additionally, flow cytometry of CD4+/γδ+ T cells and immune gene expression were performed by proliferation assays using each E/S product to stimulate lymphocyte and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-infected calves. The IEF results displayed two spots of 7.0 and 5.7 pI for the 15 and 70 kDa products, respectively. Additionally, 29 and 17 peptides from the 15 and 70 kDa E/S products, respectively, were identified with the hypothetical neurotransmitter and enzymatic functions necessary for larval development. The relative expression displayed upregulation of IL4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, IFNγ, and FCεR1A genes (from 2.0- to 17.6-fold, p < 0.05) stimulated by the 15 and 70 kDa proteins, indicating specific genes against haemonchosis. Although the percentage of median florescence intensity (MFI%) of CD4+/γδ+ T cells did not change for both E/S products compared to the negative control and concanavalin-A stimulated cells as the positive control (p > 0.05), the 15-kDa protein reduced the levels of both T cells, and the 70-kDa proteins increased the γδ+ cells slightly. Additionally, there was increased PBMCs proliferation by the 70 kDa proteins (p < 0.05), denoting the biological role of other immune cells. The 15 and 70 kDa protein E/S products from H. placei xL3 showed modulation of the immune response, and although more studies are required, they indicate important functions in the host/parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad#1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., C.P. 62209, Mexico
| | - Carla O Contreras-Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad#655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., C.P. 62100, Mexico
| | - David E Reyes-Guerrero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla#8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62550, Mexico
| | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelos, Av. Universidad s/n Co. Chamilpa 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., C.P. 62100, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Hernández-Ortíz
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelos, Av. Universidad s/n Co. Chamilpa 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., C.P. 62100, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla#8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62550, Mexico
| | - Ma Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla#8534, Jiutepec, Mor., C.P. 62550, Mexico.
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