1
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Shulman LM, Weil M, Somech R, Stauber T, Indenbaum V, Rahav G, Mendelson E, Sofer D. Underperformed and Underreported Testing for Persistent Oropharyngeal Poliovirus Infections in Primary Immune Deficient Patients-Risk for Reemergence of Polioviruses. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:326-333. [PMID: 32538431 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) may excrete poliovirus for extended periods and remain a major reservoir for polio after eradication. Poliovirus can spread by fecal-oral or oral-oral transmission. In middle- and high-income countries, oral-oral transmission may be more prevalent than fecal-oral transmission of polioviruses where PIDs patients survive longer. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of prolonged or persistent oropharyngeal poliovirus infections in PIDs. METHODS We performed a literature search for reports of prolonged (excreting poliovirus for ≥6 months and ≤5 years) or persistent (excreting poliovirus for >5 years) poliovirus infections in PIDs. RESULTS There were 140 PID cases with prolonged or persistent poliovirus infections. All had poliovirus-positive stools. Testing of oropharyngeal mucosa was only reported for 6 cases, 4 of which were positive. Molecular analyses demonstrated independent evolution of poliovirus in the gut and oropharyngeal mucosa in 2 cases. Seven PIDs had multiple lineages of the same poliovirus serotype in stools without information about polioviruses in oropharyngeal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Testing for persistence of poliovirus in oropharyngeal mucosa of PID patients is rare, with virus recovered in 4 of 5 cases in whom stools were positive. Multiple lineages or serotypes in 7 additional PID cases may indicate separate foci of infection, some of which might be in oropharyngeal mucosa. We recommend screening throat swabs in addition to stools for poliovirus in PID patients. Containment protocols for reducing both oral-oral and fecal-oral transmission from PID patients must be formulated for hospitals and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester M Shulman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Weil
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tali Stauber
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Victoria Indenbaum
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Galia Rahav
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Infectious Disease Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Danit Sofer
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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2
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Yao F, Chen Y, Shi J, Ming K, Liu J, Xiong W, Song M, Du H, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wu Y, Wang D, Hu Y. Replication cycle of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 in duck embryonic hepatocytes. Virology 2016; 491:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Gómez J, Ariza-Mateos A, Cacho I. Virus is a Signal for the Host Cell. BIOSEMIOTICS 2015; 8:483-491. [PMID: 26640606 PMCID: PMC4661187 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-015-9245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the concept of the cell as a society or an ecosystem of molecular elements is gaining increasing acceptance. The basic idea arose in the 19th century, from the surmise that there is not just a single unit underlying an individual's appearance, but a plurality of entities with both collaborative and conflicting relationships. The following hypothesis is based around this model. The incompatible activities taking place between different original elements, which were subsumed into the first cell and could not be eliminated, had to be controlled very closely. Similarly, a strong level of control had to be developed over many cellular elements after the cell changed its genome to DNA. We assume that at least some of those original RNA agents and other biomolecules which carry incompatibilities and risks, are retained within current cells, although they are now under strict control. A virus functions as a signal informing these repressed cellular RNAs and other elements of ancient origin how to restore suppressed degrees of molecular freedom, favoring pre-existing molecular affinities and activities, re-establishing ancient molecular webs of interactions, and giving fragments of ancient coded information (mostly in the form of RNA structural motifs) the opportunity to be re-expressed. Collectively, these newly activated mechanisms lead to different possibilities for pathological cell states. All these processes are opposed by cell-control mechanisms. Thus, in this new scenario, the battle is considered intracellular rather than between the virus and the cell. And so the virus is treated as the signal that precipitates the cell's change from a latent to an active pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gómez
- Laboratory of RNA Archeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Ivestigaciones Científicas, Armilla 18100 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedicina En Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ascensión Ariza-Mateos
- Laboratory of RNA Archeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Ivestigaciones Científicas, Armilla 18100 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedicina En Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Cacho
- Laboratory of RNA Archeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Ivestigaciones Científicas, Armilla 18100 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedicina En Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Baj A, Colombo M, Headley JL, McFarlane JR, Liethof MA, Toniolo A. Post-poliomyelitis syndrome as a possible viral disease. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 35:107-16. [PMID: 25939306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current concepts on post-polio syndrome (PPS), a condition that may arise in polio survivors after partial or complete functional recovery followed by a prolonged interval of stable neurological function. PPS affects 15-20 million people worldwide. Epidemiological data are reported, together with the pathogenic pathways that possibly lead to the progressive degeneration and loss of neuromuscular motor units. As a consequence of PPS, polio survivors experience new weakness, generalized fatigue, atrophy of previously unaffected muscles, and a physical decline that may culminate in the loss of independent life. Emphasis is given to the possible pathogenic role of persistent poliovirus infection and chronic inflammation. These factors could contribute to the neurological and physical decline in polio survivors. A perspective is then given on novel anti-poliovirus compounds and monoclonal antibodies that have been developed to contribute to the final phases of polio eradication. These agents could also be useful for the treatment or prevention of PPS. Some of these compounds/antibodies are in early clinical development. Finally, current clinical trials for PPS are reported. In this area, the intravenous infusion of normal human immunoglobulins appears both feasible and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Baj
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Martina Colombo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Joan L Headley
- Post-Polio Health International, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Mary-Ann Liethof
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy; Polio Australia Incorporated, Kew, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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5
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Abstract
The attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has many properties favoring its use in polio eradication: ease of administration, efficient induction of intestinal immunity, induction of durable humoral immunity, and low cost. Despite these advantages, OPV has the disadvantage of genetic instability, resulting in rare and sporadic cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and the emergence of genetically divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Whereas VAPP is an adverse event following exposure to OPV, VDPVs are polioviruses whose genetic properties indicate prolonged replication or transmission. Three categories of VDPVs are recognized: (1) circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) from outbreaks in settings of low OPV coverage, (2) immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) from individuals with primary immunodeficiencies, and (3) ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPVs), which cannot be definitively assigned to either of the first 2 categories. Because most VDPVs are type 2, the World Health Organization's plans call for coordinated worldwide replacement of trivalent OPV with bivalent OPV containing poliovirus types 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Olen M Kew
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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Harris KG, Coyne CB. Death waits for no man--does it wait for a virus? How enteroviruses induce and control cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:587-96. [PMID: 25172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common human viral pathogens. They cause a variety of pathologies, including myocarditis and meningoencephalopathies, and have been linked to the onset of type I diabetes. These pathologies result from the death of cells in the myocardium, central nervous system, and pancreas, respectively. Understanding the role of EVs in inducing cell death is crucial to understanding the etiologies of these diverse pathologies. EVs both induce and delay host cell death, and their exquisite control of this balance is crucial for their success as human viral pathogens. Thus, EVs are tightly involved with cell death signaling pathways and interact with host cell signaling at multiple points. Here, we review the literature detailing the mechanisms of EV-induced cell death. We discuss the mechanisms by which EVs induce cell death, the signaling pathways involved in these pathways, and the strategies by which EVs antagonize cell death pathways. We also discuss the role of cell death in both the resulting pathology in the host and in the facilitation of viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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7
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Kanduc D, Fasano C, Bavaro SL, Novello G, Lucchese G, Capone G. Peptide profiling of the route from Mahoney to Sabin, and return. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:369-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Candida Fasano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novello
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lucchese
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Giovanni Capone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Bari; Bari Italy
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8
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Sutter RW, Kew OM, Cochi SL, Aylward RB. Poliovirus vaccine—live. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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9
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van de Ven AAJM, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Wensing AMJ, van Montfrans JM. The role of prolonged viral gastrointestinal infections in the development of immunodeficiency-related enteropathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:79-91. [PMID: 22116710 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary immunodeficiencies are prone to develop enteropathy of unknown pathogenesis. We hypothesize that ineffective clearance of gastrointestinal pathogens, particularly viruses, in combination with defective immune regulation may cause inflammatory enteropathy in certain immunodeficient hosts. We reviewed publications related to prolonged enteric viral infection, immunodeficiency, and the subsequent development of inflammatory enteropathy. Prolonged infection with especially enteroviral infections was reported more often in immunocompromised hosts than in healthy individuals. Protracted enteric viral shedding was not always associated with the presence or duration of gastrointestinal symptoms. The development of immunodeficiency-associated enteropathy after prolonged viral infections was described in sporadic cases. Clinical consequences of viral gut infections in immunocompromised hosts comprise isolation issues and supportive care. Prospective studies in cohorts of immunodeficient patients are required to study the impact of prolonged enteric viral replication with respect to the pathogenesis of non-infectious enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick A J M van de Ven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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10
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Hanson PJ, Zhang HM, Hemida MG, Ye X, Qiu Y, Yang D. IRES-Dependent Translational Control during Virus-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:92. [PMID: 22461781 PMCID: PMC3307021 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many virus infections and stresses can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, a host self-defense mechanism against viral invasion and stress. During this event, viral and cellular gene expression is actively regulated and often encounters a switching of the translation initiation from cap-dependent to internal ribosome-entry sites (IRES)-dependent. This switching is largely dependent on the mRNA structure of the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) and on the particular stress stimuli. Picornaviruses and some other viruses contain IRESs within their 5′ UTR of viral genome and employ an IRES-driven mechanism for translation initiation. Recently, a growing number of cellular genes involved in growth control, cell cycle progression and apoptosis were also found to contain one or more IRES within their long highly structured 5′ UTRs. These genes initiate translation usually by a cap-dependent mechanism under normal physiological conditions; however, in certain environments, such as infection, starvation, and heat shock they shift translation initiation to an IRES-dependent modality. Although the molecular mechanism is not entirely understood, a number of studies have revealed that several cellular biochemical processes are responsible for the switching of translation initiation to IRES-dependent. These include the cleavage of translation initiation factors by viral and/or host proteases, phosphorylation (inactivation) of host factors for translation initiation, overproduction of homologous proteins of cap-binding protein eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF)4E, suppression of cap-binding protein eIF4E expression by specific microRNA, activation of enzymes for mRNA decapping, as well as others. Here, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the switching of translation initiation, particularly for the proteins involved in cell survival and apoptosis in the ER stress pathways during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Institute for Heart and Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Riabi S, Gaaloul I, Harrath R, Aouni M. Persistent infection of human intestinal Caco-2 cell line by Coxsackieviruses B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 60:347-51. [PMID: 22178701 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B, Picornaviridae family, genus Enterovirus) are characterized by their ability to cause cytopathic effects in tissue culture. These viruses are considered highly cytolytic, but can establish persistence/latency in susceptible cells, indicating that a regulatory mechanism may exist to shut off viral protein synthesis and replication under certain situations. The persistence of coxsackieviral B RNA is of great interest because of its implication in the pathogenesis of several chronic human diseases. However, a few studies have dealt with the persistence of these viruses at the intestinal level. The aim of this study is to test the capacity of the six CV-B serotypes to establish persistent infection in human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Ten CV-B isolates, including CV-B3 prototype strain (Nancy) and a recombinant isolate (B3-B4), were tested. Six CV-B isolates were found to establish persistent infections in Caco-2 cell line. Persistent replication was proved by the detection of viral RNA from cell cultures, VP1 capsid protein detection by immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and the release of infectious particles up to two months and a half after infection without any obvious cytolysis. In addition, our results suggest that the establishment of a persistent infection is serotype-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riabi
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia.
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12
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Muñoz JAM, Chenoll E, Casinos B, Bataller E, Ramón D, Genovés S, Montava R, Ribes JM, Buesa J, Fàbrega J, Rivero M. Novel probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 strain active against rotavirus infections. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8775-83. [PMID: 22003027 PMCID: PMC3233071 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05548-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children worldwide. It is well known that breast-feeding and vaccination afford infants protection. Since breast-feeding has drastically decreased in developed countries, efforts have been focused on the potential use of probiotics as preventive agents. In this study, a novel Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strain was isolated from infant feces and selected, based on its capacity to inhibit in vitro rotavirus Wa replication (up to 36.05% infectious foci reduction) and also to protect cells from virus infection (up to 48.50% infectious foci reduction) in both MA-104 and HT-29 cell lines. Furthermore, studies using a BALB/c mouse model have proved that this strain provides preliminary in vivo protection against rotavirus infection. The strain has been deposited in the Spanish Type Culture Collection under the accession number CECT 7210. This novel strain has the main properties required of a probiotic, such as resistance to gastrointestinal juices, biliary salts, NaCl, and low pH, as well as adhesion to intestinal mucus and sensitivity to antibiotics. The food safety status has been confirmed by the absence of undesirable metabolite production and in acute ingestion studies of mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 can be considered a probiotic able to inhibit rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Moreno Muñoz
- Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Parc Cientific de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Enhanced gene silencing in cells cured of persistent virus infection by RNA interference. J Virol 2010; 84:6880-5. [PMID: 20392843 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02060-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared HEp-2-derived cells cured of persistent poliovirus infection by RNA interference (RNAi) with parental cells, to investigate possible changes in the efficiency of RNAi. Lower levels of poliovirus replication were observed in cured cells, possibly facilitating virus silencing by antiviral small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). However, green fluorescent protein (GFP) produced from a measles virus vector and also GFP and luciferase produced from plasmids that do not replicate in human cells were more effectively silenced by specific siRNAs in cured than in control cells. Thus, cells displaying enhanced silencing were selected during curing by RNAi. Our results strongly suggest that the RNAi machinery of cured cells is more efficient than that of parental cells.
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14
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Abstract
Over the past half-century, global use of highly effective vaccines against poliomyelitis brought this disease to the brink of elimination. Mounting evidence supports the argument that a high level of population immunity must be maintained after wild poliovirus circulation is stopped to preserve a polio-free status worldwide. Shifting factors in the risk-benefit-cost equation favor the creation of new poliovirus vaccines for use in the foreseeable future. Genetically stable attenuated virus strains could be developed for an improved oral poliovirus vaccine, but proving their safety and efficacy would be impractical owing to the enormous size of the clinical trials required. Novel versions of inactivated poliovirus vaccine that could be used globally should be developed. An improved inactivated poliovirus vaccine must be efficacious, inexpensive, safe to manufacture and easy to administer. Combination products containing inactivated poliovirus vaccine and other protective antigens should become part of routine childhood immunizations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Ehrenfeld
- National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chumakov K, Ehrenfeld E. New generation of inactivated poliovirus vaccines for universal immunization after eradication of poliomyelitis. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1587-92. [PMID: 18990066 PMCID: PMC2596976 DOI: 10.1086/593310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years of global polio eradication efforts may soon eliminate the transmission of wild-type poliovirus. However, new information that has been learned about poliovirus, as well as the political realities of a modern world, demand that universal immunity against poliomyelitis be maintained, even after wild-type poliovirus is eradicated. Although 2 excellent vaccines have proven to be highly effective in the past, neither the live-attenuated vaccine nor the currently used inactivated vaccine are optimal for use in the posteradication era. Therefore, concerted efforts are urgently needed to develop a new generation of vaccine that is risk-free and affordable and can be produced on a global scale. Here, we discuss the desired properties of a vaccine and methods to create a new polio vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellie Ehrenfeld
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Colbère-Garapin F, Martin-Latil S, Blondel B, Mousson L, Pelletier I, Autret A, François A, Niborski V, Grompone G, Catonnet G, van de Moer A. Prevention and treatment of enteric viral infections: possible benefits of probiotic bacteria. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1623-31. [PMID: 18023231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of the intestinal epithelium is briefly described, with the principal mechanisms involved in diarrhea. Human enteric viruses and probiotics are presented. We then review how probiotic bacteria could interfere with virus-induced pathology, we present our own view and describe specific interactions that would be valuable targets for future studies.
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18
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Baj A, Monaco S, Zanusso G, Dall’ora E, Bertolasi L, Toniolo A. Virology of the post-polio syndrome. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The three poliovirus serotypes (PVs) cause acute paralytic poliomyelitis. Decades after being hit by polio, survivors may develop a condition known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). PPS is characterized by extreme fatigue, progressing muscular weakness and chronic pain. The pathogenesis is unclear and, thus, empirical therapies are employed. PVs are known to be able to persist in infected host cells both in vitro and in vivo. The understanding of PV genomes has made it possible to set up sensitive and specific molecular tests capable of detecting minute amounts of virus in samples from PPS patients. Current data indicate that complete PV genomes (or genomic fragments) remain present, decades after acute paralysis, in the CNS of these patients. Virus persistence is hypothesized to bring about chronic inflammation, immune-mediated injury and decreased expression of neurotrophic factors. Establishing a pathogenetic link between PV persistence and PPS would be extremely relevant to the development of an etiologic therapy aimed at virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Baj
- University of Insubria Medical School, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Dall’ora
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bertolasi
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- University of Insubria Medical School, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Labadie K, Saulnier A, Martin-Latil S, Colbère-Garapin F. Reduced apoptosis in human intestinal cells cured of persistent poliovirus infection. J Virol 2006; 81:3033-6. [PMID: 17192301 PMCID: PMC1866005 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01960-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells cured of persistent virus infection can be used to investigate cellular pathways of resistance to viral cytopathic effects. Persistent poliovirus (PV) infections were established in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, and spontaneously cured cell cultures were obtained. Two cell clones, cl6 and b13, cured of type 3 PV mutant infection and their parental Caco-2 cells were compared for susceptibility to PV infection, PV receptor CD155 expression, capacity to differentiate into polarized enterocytes, and PV-, staurosporine-, and actinomycin D-induced apoptosis. Our results strongly suggest that cells that are partially resistant to apoptosis can be selected during persistent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Labadie
- Virus Entérotropes et Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Tebbens RJD, Pallansch MA, Kew OM, Cáceres VM, Jafari H, Cochi SL, Sutter RW, Aylward RB, Thompson KM. Risks of paralytic disease due to wild or vaccine-derived poliovirus after eradication. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2006; 26:1471-505. [PMID: 17184393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
After the global eradication of wild polioviruses, the risk of paralytic poliomyelitis from polioviruses will still exist and require active management. Possible reintroductions of poliovirus that can spread rapidly in unprotected populations present challenges to policymakers. For example, at least one outbreak will likely occur due to circulation of a neurovirulent vaccine-derived poliovirus after discontinuation of oral poliovirus vaccine and also could possibly result from the escape of poliovirus from a laboratory or vaccine production facility or from an intentional act. In addition, continued vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccines would result in the continued occurrence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. The likelihood and impacts of reintroductions in the form of poliomyelitis outbreaks depend on the policy decisions and on the size and characteristics of the vulnerable population, which change over time. A plan for managing these risks must begin with an attempt to characterize and quantify them as a function of time. This article attempts to comprehensively characterize the risks, synthesize the existing data available for modeling them, and present quantitative risk estimates that can provide a starting point for informing policy decisions.
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Abstract
Replication of poliovirus RNA is accomplished by the error-prone viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and hence is accompanied by numerous mutations. In addition, genetic errors may be introduced by nonreplicative mechanisms. Resulting variability is manifested by point mutations and genomic rearrangements (e.g., deletions, insertions and recombination). After description of basic mechanisms underlying this variability, the review focuses on regularities of poliovirus evolution (mutation fixation) in tissue cultures, human organisms and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Agol
- M.P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 142782, Russia.
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Saulnier A, Pelletier I, Labadie K, Colbère-Garapin F. Complete cure of persistent virus infections by antiviral siRNAs. Mol Ther 2005; 13:142-50. [PMID: 16157509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.07.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been developed as antiviral agents for mammalian cells. The capacity of specific siRNAs to prevent virus infections has been demonstrated, and there is evidence that these new antiviral agents could have a partial therapeutic effect a few days after infection. We investigated the possibility of curing a persistent infection, several months after becoming established, using an in vitro model of persistent poliovirus (PV) infection in HEp-2 cells. Despite high virus titers and the presence of PV mutants, repeated treatment with a mixture of two siRNAs targeting both noncoding and coding regions, one of them in a highly conserved region, resulted in the complete cure of the majority of persistently infected cultures. No escape mutants emerged in treated cultures. The antiviral effect of specific siRNAs, consistent with a mechanism of RNA interference, correlated with a decrease in the amount of viral RNA, until its complete disappearance, resulting in cultures cured of virions and viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aure Saulnier
- Laboratoire des Virus Entérotropes et Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Ivanov A, Dragunsky E, Ivanova O, Rezapkin G, Potapova S, Chumakov K. Determination of poliovirus-specific IgA in saliva by ELISA tests. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:45-52. [PMID: 15847918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes three ELISA methods for detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) specific to three types of Sabin strains of poliovirus in saliva taken from 70 children aged 6-7 years vaccinated with a full course of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Of the three ELISA methods (conventional IgA ELISA and two new methods described in this communication, the alpha-capture ELISA and Inhibition ELISA), alpha-capture ELISA demonstrated the highest sensitivity, with all saliva samples testing positive for Sabin poliovirus strains specific IgA antibodies of 1-3 types. Of 62 available alpha-capture ELISA positive saliva samples, all were also positive by the inhibition ELISA, and a significant correlation was found between the results. Fifty-two available saliva samples were screened by the three ELISA tests with positive results, and a significant correlation was found between the alpha-capture ELISA and the IgA ELISA; the correlation between the IgA ELISA and inhibition ELISA was not significant. The results of this study suggest that determination of Sabin poliovirus-specific IgA in human saliva by the ELISA techniques (especially by the novel alpha-capture ELISA) can be used reliably for evaluation of mucosal immunity in large groups of people immunized with poliovirus vaccines and for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ivanov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, HFM-470, NLRC/B-121, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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