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Javorsky A, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M. Viral manipulation of cell polarity signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119536. [PMID: 37437846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of biomacromolecules that enable the correct orientation of a cell in a particular direction. It is thus an essential component for appropriate tissue development and function. Viral infections can lead to dysregulation of polarity. This is associated with a poor prognosis due to viral interference with core cell polarity regulatory scaffolding proteins that often feature PDZ (PSD-95, DLG, and ZO-1) domains including Scrib, Dlg, Pals1, PatJ, Par3 and Par6. PDZ domains are also promiscuous, binding to several different partners through their C-terminal region which contain PDZ-binding motifs (PBM). Numerous viruses encode viral effector proteins that target cell polarity regulators for their benefit and include papillomaviruses, flaviviruses and coronaviruses. A better understanding of the mechanisms of action utilised by viral effector proteins to subvert host cell polarity sigalling will provide avenues for future therapeutic intervention, while at the same time enhance our understanding of cell polarity regulation and its role tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Viral subversion of the cell polarity regulator Scribble. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:415-426. [PMID: 36606695 PMCID: PMC9987997 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Scribble is a scaffolding protein that regulates key events such as cell polarity, tumorigenesis and neuronal signalling. Scribble belongs to the LAP family which comprise of 16 Leucine Rich Repeats (LRR) at the N-terminus, two LAP Specific Domains (LAPSD) and four PSD-95/Discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domains at the C-terminus. The four PDZ domains have been shown to be key for a range of protein-protein interactions and have been identified to be crucial mediators for the vast majority of Scribble interactions, particularly via PDZ Binding Motifs (PBMs) often found at the C-terminus of interacting proteins. Dysregulation of Scribble is associated with poor prognosis in viral infections due to subversion of multiple cell signalling pathways by viral effector proteins. Here, we review the molecular details of the interplay between Scribble and viral effector proteins that provide insight into the potential modes of regulation of Scribble mediated polarity signalling.
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Javorsky A, Maddumage JC, Mackie ERR, Soares da Costa TP, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M. Structural insight into the Scribble PDZ domains interaction with the oncogenic Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 PBM. FEBS J 2023; 290:974-987. [PMID: 36029163 PMCID: PMC10952772 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scribble (Scrib) is a highly conserved cell polarity regulator that harbours potent tumour suppressor activity and plays an important role in cell migration. Dysregulation of polarity is associated with poor prognosis during viral infections. Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) encodes for the oncogenic Tax1 protein, a modulator of the transcription of viral and human proteins that can cause cell cycle dysregulation as well as a loss of genomic integrity. Previous studies established that Scribble interacts with Tax1 via its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM), leading to aggregation of polarity regulators and subsequent perturbation of host cell adhesion, proliferation, and signalling. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we now show that all four PDZ domains of Scribble bind to Tax1 PBM. We then determined crystal structures of Scribble PDZ1, PDZ2 and PDZ3 domains bound to Tax1 PBM. Our findings establish a structural basis for Tax1-mediated subversion of Scribble-mediated cell polarity signalling and provide the platform for mechanistic studies to examine Tax1 induced mislocalization of Scribble and the associated changes in cellular architecture and subsequent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Janesha C. Maddumage
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Emily R. R. Mackie
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Tatiana P. Soares da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer PreventionLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & PharmacologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer PreventionLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
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Viral PDZ Binding Motifs Influence Cell Behavior Through the Interaction with Cellular Proteins Containing PDZ Domains. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2256:217-236. [PMID: 34014525 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1166-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved to interact with their hosts. Some viruses such as human papilloma virus, dengue virus, SARS-CoV, or influenza virus encode proteins including a PBM that interact with cellular proteins containing PDZ domains. There are more than 400 cellular protein isoforms with these domains in the human genome, indicating that viral PBMs have a high potential to influence the behavior of the cell. In this review we analyze the most relevant cellular processes known to be affected by viral PBM-cellular PDZ interactions including the establishment of cell-cell interactions and cell polarity, the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis and the activation of the immune system. Special attention has been provided to coronavirus PBM conservation throughout evolution and to the role of the PBMs of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in pathogenesis.
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Al-Saleem J, Dirksen WP, Martinez MP, Shkriabai N, Kvaratskhelia M, Ratner L, Green PL. HTLV-1 Tax-1 interacts with SNX27 to regulate cellular localization of the HTLV-1 receptor molecule, GLUT1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214059. [PMID: 30897179 PMCID: PMC6428263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 10-20 million people worldwide are infected with human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), with endemic areas of infection in Japan, Australia, the Caribbean, and Africa. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myopathy/tropic spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 expresses several regulatory and accessory genes that function at different stages of the virus life cycle. The regulatory gene Tax-1 is required for efficient virus replication, as it drives transcription of viral gene products, and has also been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the virus. Several studies have identified a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at the carboxyl terminus of Tax-1 and demonstrated the importance of this domain for HTLV-1 induced cellular transformation. Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach we identified sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) as a novel interacting partner of Tax-1. Further, we demonstrated that their interaction is mediated by the Tax-1 PBM and SNX27 PDZ domains. SNX27 has been shown to promote the plasma membrane localization of glucose transport 1 (GLUT1), one of the receptor molecules of the HTLV-1 virus, and the receptor molecule required for HTLV-1 fusion and entry. We postulated that Tax-1 alters GLUT1 localization via its interaction with SNX27. We demonstrate that over expression of Tax-1 in cells causes a reduction of GLUT1 on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of SNX27 results in increased virion release and decreased HTLV-1 infectivity. Collectively, we demonstrate the first known mechanism by which HTLV-1 regulates a receptor molecule post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Al-Saleem
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wessel P. Dirksen
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Martinez
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nikoloz Shkriabai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fatima I, Kanwal S, Mahmood T. Natural Products Mediated Targeting of Virally Infected Cancer. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325818813227. [PMID: 30670935 PMCID: PMC6328957 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818813227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of viral infection in developing cancer was determined in the start of 20th century. Until now, 8 different virus-associated cancers have been discovered and most of them progressed in immunosuppressed individuals. The aim of the present study is to look into the benefits of natural products in treating virally infected cancers. The study focuses on bioactive compounds derived from natural sources. Numerous pharmaceutical agents have been identified from plants (vincristine, vinblastine, stilbenes, combretastatin, and silymarin), marine organisms (bryostatins, cephalostatin, ecteinascidins, didemnin, and dolastatin), insects (cantharidin, mastoparan, parectadial, and cecropins), and microorganisms (vancomycin, rhizoxin, ansamitocins, mitomycin, and rapamycin). Beside these, various compounds have been observed from fruits and vegetables which can be utilized in anticancer therapy. These include curcumin in turmeric, resveratrol in red grapes, S-allyl cysteine in allium, allicin in garlic, catechins in green tea, and β-carotene in carrots. The present study addresses various types of virally infected cancers, their mechanism of action, and the role of different cell surface molecules elicited during viral binding and entry into the target cell along with the anticancer drugs derived from natural products by targeting screening of bioactive compounds from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Fatima
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Kanwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat Sub-campus Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Upsetting the Balance: When Viruses Manipulate Cell Polarity Control. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3481-3503. [PMID: 29680664 PMCID: PMC7094317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central importance of cell polarity control is emphasized by the frequency with which it is targeted by many diverse viruses. It is clear that in targeting key polarity control proteins, viruses affect not only host cell polarity, but also influence many cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and innate and acquired immunity. Examination of the interactions of different virus proteins with the cell and its polarity controls during the virus life cycles, and in virally‐induced cell transformation shows ever more clearly how intimately all cellular processes are linked to the control of cell polarity. Multiple viruses target cell polarity. Viral targeting of polarity frequently occurs through PDZ recognition. Biological effects include immune-avoidance, cell proliferation and apoptosis inhibition.
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8
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Marziali F, Bugnon Valdano M, Brunet Avalos C, Moriena L, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Interference of HTLV-1 Tax Protein with Cell Polarity Regulators: Defining the Subcellular Localization of the Tax-DLG1 Interaction. Viruses 2017; 9:E355. [PMID: 29168728 PMCID: PMC5744130 DOI: 10.3390/v9120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 Tax (Tax) protein is very important in viral replication and cell transformation. Tax localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in association with organelles. Some activities of Tax depend on interactions with PDZ (PSD-95/Discs Large/Z0-1) domain-containing proteins such as Discs large protein 1 (DLG1) which is involved in cell polarity and proliferation. The DLG1 interaction results in a cytoplasmic co-localization pattern resembling vesicular aggregates, the nature of which is still unknown. To further explore the role of PDZ proteins in HTLV-1 cell transformation, we deeply investigated the Tax-DLG1 association. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we detected, for the first time, the direct binding of Tax to DLG1 within the cell. We showed that the interaction specifically affects the cellular distribution of not only DLG1, but also Tax. After studying different cell structures, we demonstrated that the aggregates distribute into the Golgi apparatus in spatial association with the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). This study contributes to understand the biological significance of Tax-PDZ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Clarisse Brunet Avalos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Moriena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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9
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Involvement of Tight Junction Plaque Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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James CD, Roberts S. Viral Interactions with PDZ Domain-Containing Proteins-An Oncogenic Trait? Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010008. [PMID: 26797638 PMCID: PMC4810129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the human viruses with oncogenic capabilities, either in their natural host or in experimental systems (hepatitis B and C, human T cell leukaemia virus type 1, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, human immunodeficiency virus, high-risk human papillomaviruses and adenovirus type 9), encode in their limited genome the ability to target cellular proteins containing PSD95/ DLG/ZO-1 (PDZ) interaction modules. In many cases (but not always), the viruses have evolved to bind the PDZ domains using the same short linear peptide motifs found in host protein-PDZ interactions, and in some cases regulate the interactions in a similar fashion by phosphorylation. What is striking is that the diverse viruses target a common subset of PDZ proteins that are intimately involved in controlling cell polarity and the structure and function of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions. Cell polarity is fundamental to the control of cell proliferation and cell survival and disruption of polarity and the signal transduction pathways involved is a key event in tumourigenesis. This review focuses on the oncogenic viruses and the role of targeting PDZ proteins in the virus life cycle and the contribution of virus-PDZ protein interactions to virus-mediated oncogenesis. We highlight how many of the viral associations with PDZ proteins lead to deregulation of PI3K/AKT signalling, benefitting virus replication but as a consequence also contributing to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Present address; Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Dentistry, W. Baxter Perkinson Jr. Building, 521 North 11th Street, P.O. Box 980566, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USA.
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Motai Y, Takahashi M, Takachi T, Higuchi M, Hara T, Mizuguchi M, Aoyagi Y, Terai S, Tanaka Y, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 oncoprotein but not HTLV-2 Tax2 induces the expression of OX40 ligand by interacting with p52/p100 and RelB. Virus Genes 2016; 52:4-13. [PMID: 26739459 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative retrovirus of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Unlike HTLV-1, the same group of retrovirus HTLV-2 has not been found to be associated with these diseases. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode transforming proteins Tax1 and Tax2, and a few distinct activities of Tax1 from those of Tax2 have been proposed to contribute to the HTLV-1-specific pathogenesis of disease. One significant difference of Tax1 from Tax2 is the activation of transcription factor NF-κB2/p100/p52. We found that Tax1 but not Tax2 induces the expression of OX40 ligand (OX40L) in a human T-cell line. To induce the OX40L expression, Tax1 but not Tax2 was observed to interact with NF-κB2/p100/p52 and RelB and the distinct interaction activity was mediated by the Tax1 amino acid region of 225-232. In addition, Tax1 but not Tax2 or Tax1/225-232 interacted with p65, p50, and c-Rel; however, the interactions were much less than those noted with NF-κB2/p100/p52 and RelB. OX40L is a T-cell costimulatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor family, and its signal plays a critical role in establishing adaptive immunity by inducing the polarized differentiation of T-cells to cells such as T helper type 2 and T follicular helper cells. Therefore, the present findings suggest that Tax1 might alter the immune response to HTLV-1 and/or differentiation of HTLV-1-infected T-cells via OX40L induction, thereby acting as a factor mediating the distinct phenotypes and pathogenesis of HTLV-1 from that of HTLV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Motai
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahashi
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takachi
- Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hara
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Mizuguchi
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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12
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Claudin 1 in Breast Cancer: New Insights. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1960-76. [PMID: 26633531 PMCID: PMC4693152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin 1 is a small transmembrane protein responsible for maintaining the barrier function that exists between epithelial cells. A tight junction protein that regulates the paracellular transport of small ions across adjacent cells, claudin 1 maintains cellular polarity and plays a major role in cell-cell communication and epithelial cell homeostasis. Long considered to be a putative tumor suppressor in human breast cancer, new studies suggest a role much more complex. While most invasive breast cancers exhibit a down regulation or absence of claudin 1, some aggressive subtypes that exhibit high claudin 1 levels have now been described. Furthermore, a causal role for claudin 1 in breast cancer progression has recently been demonstrated in some breast cancer cell lines. In this review we highlight new insights into the role of claudin 1 in breast cancer, including its involvement in collective migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Cherian MA, Baydoun HH, Al-Saleem J, Shkriabai N, Kvaratskhelia M, Green P, Ratner L. Akt Pathway Activation by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26270-81. [PMID: 26324707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1, the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, expresses the viral oncoprotein Tax1. In contrast, HTLV-2, which expresses Tax2, is non-leukemogenic. One difference between these homologous proteins is the presence of a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) in Tax1, previously reported to be important for non-canonical NFκB activation. In contrast, this study finds no defect in non-canonical NFκB activity by deletion of the Tax1 PBM. Instead, Tax1 PBM was found to be important for Akt activation. Tax1 attenuates the effects of negative regulators of the PI3K-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), and PHLPP. Tax1 competes with PTEN for binding to DLG-1, unlike a PBM deletion mutant of Tax1. Forced membrane expression of PTEN or PHLPP overcame the effects of Tax1, as measured by levels of Akt phosphorylation, and rates of Akt dephosphorylation. The current findings suggest that Akt activation may explain the differences in transforming activity of HTLV-1 and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Cherian
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Hicham H Baydoun
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Jacob Al-Saleem
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Nikoloz Shkriabai
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and
| | - Patrick Green
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lee Ratner
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
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Abstract
The first human tumor virus was discovered in the middle of the last century by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in African pediatric patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. To date, seven viruses -EBV, KSHV, high-risk HPV, MCPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV1- have been consistently linked to different types of human cancer, and infections are estimated to account for up to 20% of all cancer cases worldwide. Viral oncogenic mechanisms generally include: generation of genomic instability, increase in the rate of cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, alterations in DNA repair mechanisms and cell polarity changes, which often coexist with evasion mechanisms of the antiviral immune response. Viral agents also indirectly contribute to the development of cancer mainly through immunosuppression or chronic inflammation, but also through chronic antigenic stimulation. There is also evidence that viruses can modulate the malignant properties of an established tumor. In the present work, causation criteria for viruses and cancer will be described, as well as the viral agents that comply with these criteria in human tumors, their epidemiological and biological characteristics, the molecular mechanisms by which they induce cellular transformation and their associated cancers.
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Makokha GN, Takahashi M, Higuchi M, Saito S, Tanaka Y, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein interacts with and mislocalizes the PDZ domain protein MAGI-1. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:313-20. [PMID: 23279616 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1 encodes the oncoprotein Tax1, which is essential for immortalization of human T-cells and persistent HTLV-1 infection in vivo. Tax1 has a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at its C-terminus. This motif is crucial for the transforming activity of Tax1 to a T-cell line and persistent HTLV-1 infection. Tax1 through the PBM interacts with PDZ domain proteins such as Dlg1 and Scribble, but it has not been determined yet, which cellular PDZ proteins mediate the functions of Tax1 PBM. Here we demonstrate that Tax1 interacts with the PDZ domain protein MAGI-1 in a PBM-dependent manner, and the interaction mislocalizes MAGI-1 from the detergent-soluble to the detergent-insoluble cellular fraction in 293T cells and in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. In addition, Tax1-transformation of a T-cell line from interleukin (IL)-2-dependent to IL-2-independent growth selects cells with irreversibly reduced expression of MAGI-1 at mRNA level. These findings imply that Tax1, like other viral oncoproteins, targets MAGI-1 as a mechanism to suppress its anti-tumor functions in HTLV-1-infected cells to contribute to the transforming activity of T-cells and persistent HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Naswa Makokha
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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16
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Abstract
The role of cell polarity regulators in the development of cancer has long been an enigma. Despite displaying characteristics of tumour suppressors, the core regulators of polarity are rarely mutated in tumours and there are few data from animal models to suggest that they directly contribute to cancer susceptibility, thus questioning their relevance to human carcinogenesis. However, a body of data from human tumour viruses is now providing compelling evidence of a central role for the perturbation of cell polarity in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Banks
- The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Currer R, Van Duyne R, Jaworski E, Guendel I, Sampey G, Das R, Narayanan A, Kashanchi F. HTLV tax: a fascinating multifunctional co-regulator of viral and cellular pathways. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:406. [PMID: 23226145 PMCID: PMC3510432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been identified as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus infects between 15 and 20 million people worldwide of which approximately 2-5% develop ATL. The past 35 years of research have yielded significant insight into the pathogenesis of HTLV-1, including the molecular characterization of Tax, the viral transactivator, and oncoprotein. In spite of these efforts, the mechanisms of oncogenesis of this pleiotropic protein remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we illustrate the multiple oncogenic roles of Tax by summarizing a recent body of literature that refines our understanding of cellular transformation. A focused range of topics are discussed in this review including Tax-mediated regulation of the viral promoter and other cellular pathways, particularly the connection of the NF-κB pathway to both post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Tax and subcellular localization. Specifically, recent research on polyubiquitination of Tax as it relates to the activation of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex is highlighted. Regulation of the cell cycle and DNA damage responses due to Tax are also discussed, including Tax interaction with minichromosome maintenance proteins and the role of Tax in chromatin remodeling. The recent identification of HTLV-3 has amplified the importance of the characterization of emerging viral pathogens. The challenge of the molecular determination of pathogenicity and malignant disease of this virus lies in the comparison of the viral transactivators of HTLV-1, -2, and -3 in terms of transformation and immortalization. Consequently, differences between the three proteins are currently being studied to determine what factors are required for the differences in tumorogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Currer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
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18
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Abstract
More than a decade ago, three viral oncoproteins, adenovirus type 9 E4-ORF1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax, and high-risk human papillomavirus E6, were found to encode a related carboxyl-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) that mediates interactions with a select group of cellular PDZ proteins. Recent studies have shown that many other viruses also encode PBM-containing proteins that bind to cellular PDZ proteins. Interestingly, these recently recognized viruses include not only some with oncogenic potential (hepatitis B virus, rhesus papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) but also many without this potential (influenza virus, Dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, rabies virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus). Examination of the cellular PDZ proteins that are targets of viral PBMs reveals that the viral proteins often interact with the same or similar types of PDZ proteins, most notably Dlg1 and other members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family, as well as Scribble. In addition, cellular PDZ protein targets of viral PBMs commonly control tight junction formation, cell polarity establishment, and apoptosis. These findings reveal a new theme in virology wherein many different virus families encode proteins that bind and perturb the function of cellular PDZ proteins. The inhibition or perturbation of the function of cellular PDZ proteins appears to be a widely used strategy for viruses to enhance their replication, disseminate in the host, and transmit to new hosts.
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19
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Bertazzoni U, Turci M, Avesani F, Di Gennaro G, Bidoia C, Romanelli MG. Intracellular localization and cellular factors interaction of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax proteins: similarities and functional differences. Viruses 2011; 3:541-560. [PMID: 21994745 PMCID: PMC3185761 DOI: 10.3390/v3050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) present very similar genomic structures but HTLV-1 is more pathogenic than HTLV-2. Is this difference due to their transactivating Tax proteins, Tax-1 and Tax-2, which are responsible for viral and cellular gene activation? Do Tax-1 and Tax-2 differ in their cellular localization and in their interaction pattern with cellular factors? In this review, we summarize Tax-1 and Tax-2 structural and phenotypic properties, their interaction with factors involved in signal transduction and their localization-related behavior within the cell. Special attention will be given to the distinctions between Tax-1 and Tax-2 that likely play an important role in their transactivation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.G.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (U.B.); (M.G.R); Tel.: +39-0458027182; Fax: +390458027180
| | - Marco Turci
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.G.)
| | - Francesca Avesani
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.G.)
| | - Gianfranco Di Gennaro
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.G.)
| | - Carlo Bidoia
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; E-Mail: (C.B.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.G.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (U.B.); (M.G.R); Tel.: +39-0458027182; Fax: +390458027180
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20
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Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2037-2077. [PMID: 21994719 PMCID: PMC3185741 DOI: 10.3390/v2092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a proto-oncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. There are four known strains of HTLV including HTLV type 1 (HTLV-1), HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. HTLV-1 is primarily associated with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 is rarely pathogenic and is sporadically associated with neurological disorders. There have been no diseases associated with HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 to date. Due to the difference in the disease manifestation between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, a clear understanding of their individual pathobiologies and the role of various viral proteins in transformation should provide insights into better prognosis and prevention strategies. In this review, we aim to summarize the data accumulated so far in the transformation and pathogenesis of HTLV-1, focusing on the viral Tax and HBZ and citing appropriate comparisons to HTLV-2.
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21
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Tight junctions in the testis: new perspectives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1621-35. [PMID: 20403874 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the testis, tight junctions (TJs) are found between adjacent Sertoli cells at the level of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) where they coexist with basal ectoplasmic specializations and desmosome-gap junctions. The BTB physically divides the seminiferous epithelium into two distinct compartments: a basal compartment where spermatogonia and early spermatocytes are found, and an adluminal compartment where more developed germ cells are sequestered from the systemic circulation. In order for germ cells (i.e. preleptotene spermatocytes) to enter the adluminal compartment, they must cross the BTB, a cellular event requiring the participation of several molecules and signalling pathways. Still, it is not completely understood how preleptotene spermatocytes traverse the BTB at stage VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. In this review, we discuss largely how TJ proteins are exploited by viruses and cancer cells to cross endothelial and epithelial cells. We also discuss how this information may apply to future studies investigating the movement of preleptotene spermatocytes across the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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22
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Fournane S, Charbonnier S, Chapelle A, Kieffer B, Orfanoudakis G, Travé G, Masson M, Nominé Y. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the binding of high-risk mucosal HPV E6 oncoproteins to the PDZ1 domain of the tight junction protein MAGI-1. J Mol Recognit 2010; 24:511-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Bidoia C, Mazzorana M, Pagano MA, Arrigoni G, Meggio F, Pinna LA, Bertazzoni U. The pleiotropic protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates HTLV-1 Tax protein in vitro, targeting its PDZ-binding motif. Virus Genes 2010; 41:149-57. [PMID: 20526659 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The HTLV-1 transactivator Tax is an oncoprotein capable of deregulating the expression of many cellular genes and interfering with signalling pathways. Here we show that Tax-1 is phosphorylated in vitro by the pleiotropic human serine/threonine kinase CK2 at three residues, Ser-336, Ser-344 and Thr-351, close to and within its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. We also show that the mutation of Thr-351 to aspartate abolishes Tax-1 binding to the scaffold protein hDlg, a tumour suppressor factor, while having no effect on transactivation. These results suggest that CK2, whose constitutive activity is often hijacked by viruses to sustain their vital cycle, could modulate Tax-1 oncogenic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bidoia
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona, Italy.
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24
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Ohsugi T. Increased production of viral proteins by a 3'-LTR-deleted infectious clone of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Virol J 2009; 6:229. [PMID: 20034388 PMCID: PMC2804614 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a full-length provirus of HTLV-1 was directly constructed from the HTLV-1-transformed cell line MT-2 using overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into a plasmid vector (pFL-MT2). 293T cells transfected with pFL-MT2 alone did not produce virus particles because there was no expression of the viral transactivator protein Tax, whereas cells transfected with pFL-MT2 plus a Tax expression vector produced virus-like particles. In the process of constructing the HTLV-1 provirus by overlapping PCR, we also constructed an incomplete molecular clone, in which the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) was replaced with the endogenous human gene, which resulted in the expression of a tax gene shorter by 43 bp. This incomplete molecular clone alone expressed Tax and produced the viral protein in transfected cells. Various clones were then constructed with different lengths of the 3' LTR and lacking the reverse-direction TATA box. The clones contained over 113 bp of the 3' LTR, with no reverse-direction TATA box, which might express the full-length tax gene, and did not produce the viral antigen. These results suggest that Tax in which the C-terminal portion is deleted is more strongly expressed than the wild-type protein and has transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohsugi
- Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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25
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Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2009; 6:117. [PMID: 20017952 PMCID: PMC2806368 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), to date, its close relative HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL or other types of malignancies. Accumulating evidence shows that HTLV-1 Tax1 and HTLV-2 Tax2 have many shared activities, but the two proteins have a limited number of significantly distinct activities, and these distinctions appear to play key roles in HTLV-1 specific pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the functions of Tax1 associated with cell survival, cell proliferation, persistent infection as well as pathogenesis. We emphasize special attention to distinctions between Tax1 and Tax2.
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26
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Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Tapia R, Huerta M, Lopez-Bayghen E. The Tight Junction Protein ZO-2 Blocks Cell Cycle Progression and Inhibits Cyclin D1 Expression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1165:121-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Loss of polarity and disruption of cell junctions are common features of epithelial-derived cancer cells, and mounting evidence indicates that such defects have a direct function in the pathology of cancer. Supporting this idea, results with several different human tumor viruses indicate that their oncogenic potential depends in part on a common ability to inactivate key cell polarity proteins. For example, adenovirus (Ad) type 9 is unique among human Ads by causing exclusively estrogen-dependent mammary tumors in experimental animals and in having E4 region-encoded open reading frame 1 (E4-ORF1) as its primary oncogenic determinant. The 125-residue E4-ORF1 protein consists of two separate protein-interaction elements, one of which defines a PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) required for E4-ORF1 to induce both cellular transformation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Most notably, the E4-ORF1 PBM mediates interactions with a selected group of cellular PDZ proteins, three of which include the cell polarity proteins Dlg1, PATJ and ZO-2. Data further indicate that these interactions promote disruption of cell junctions and a loss of cell polarity. In addition, one or more of the E4-ORF1-interacting cell polarity proteins, as well as the cell polarity protein Scribble, are common targets for the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 or human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoproteins. Underscoring the significance of these observations, in humans, high-risk HPV and HTLV-1 are causative agents for cervical cancer and adult T-cell leukemia, respectively. Consequently, human tumor viruses should serve as powerful tools for deciphering mechanisms whereby disruption of cell junctions and loss of cell polarity contribute to the development of many human cancers. This review article discusses evidence supporting this hypothesis, with an emphasis on the human Ad E4-ORF1 oncoprotein.
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28
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Thomas M, Narayan N, Pim D, Tomaić V, Massimi P, Nagasaka K, Kranjec C, Gammoh N, Banks L. Human papillomaviruses, cervical cancer and cell polarity. Oncogene 2008; 27:7018-30. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Once engaged by soluble or matrix-anchored ligands, cell surface proteins are commonly sorted to lysosomal degradation through several endocytic pathways. Defective vesicular trafficking of growth factor receptors, as well as unbalanced recycling of integrin- and cadherin-based adhesion complexes, has emerged in the past 5 years as a multifaceted hallmark of malignant cells. In line with the cooperative nature of endocytic machineries, multiple oncogenic alterations underlie defective endocytosis, such as altered ubiquitylation (Cbl and Nedd4 ubiquitin ligases, for example), altered cytoskeletal interactions and alterations to Rab family members. Pharmaceutical interception of the propensity of tumour cells to derail their signalling and their adhesion receptors may constitute a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Mosesson
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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30
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Boxus M, Twizere JC, Legros S, Dewulf JF, Kettmann R, Willems L. The HTLV-1 Tax interactome. Retrovirology 2008; 5:76. [PMID: 18702816 PMCID: PMC2533353 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax1 oncoprotein encoded by Human T-lymphotropic virus type I is a major determinant of viral persistence and pathogenesis. Tax1 affects a wide variety of cellular signalling pathways leading to transcriptional activation, proliferation and ultimately transformation. To carry out these functions, Tax1 interacts with and modulates activity of a number of cellular proteins. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge of the Tax1 interactome and propose a rationale for the broad range of cellular proteins identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boxus
- University Academia Wallonie-Europe, Molecular and Cellular Biology at FUSAGx, Gembloux, Belgium.
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31
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Okajima M, Takahashi M, Higuchi M, Ohsawa T, Yoshida S, Yoshida Y, Oie M, Tanaka Y, Gejyo F, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax induces an aberrant clustering of the tumor suppressor Scribble through the PDZ domain-binding motif dependent and independent interaction. Virus Genes 2008; 37:231-40. [PMID: 18661220 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia. HTLV-1 Tax1 transforming protein interacts with several PDZ domain-containing proteins, and the interaction is associated with the transforming activities of Tax1 as well as persistent HTLV-1 infection. In this study, we show that Tax1 interacts with the tumor suppressor Scribble containing PDZ domains. Unlike other Tax1-interacting PDZ domain proteins, the PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) of Tax1 was not required for the interaction with transiently expressed Scribble in 293T cells, but it was essential for the interaction with endogenous Scribble. Endogenous Scribble in 293T cells was primarily localized at the plasma membrane and colocalized with Tax1 but not Tax1C lacking PBM, whereas transiently expressed Scribble was localized in the cytoplasm and colocalized with Tax1C as well as Tax1, thus suggesting that Tax1 is recruited to the site of endogenous Scribble, such as the plasma membrane, in a PBM-dependent manner, and thereafter it interacts with Scribble in a PBM-independent and PBM-dependent manner. Endogenous Scribble was diffusely localized at the plasma membrane of HTLV-1-uninfected T-cell lines, whereas it colocalized with Tax1 as small and large aggregate at the plasma membranes. These results suggest that Tax1 through two binding sites induce aberrant clustering of Scribble, thereby altering the functions in HTLV-1-infected cells, which may thus play a role in persistent HTLV-1 infection and the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Okajima
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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32
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Higuchi M, Tsubata C, Kondo R, Yoshida S, Takahashi M, Oie M, Tanaka Y, Mahieux R, Matsuoka M, Fujii M. Cooperation of NF-kappaB2/p100 activation and the PDZ domain binding motif signal in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 but not HTLV-2 Tax2 is crucial for interleukin-2-independent growth transformation of a T-cell line. J Virol 2007; 81:11900-7. [PMID: 17715223 PMCID: PMC2168800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00532-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) but not HTLV-2 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia, and the distinct pathogenicity of these two closely related viruses is thought to stem from the distinct biological functions of the respective transforming proteins, HTLV-1 Tax1 and HTLV-2 Tax2. In this study, we demonstrate that Tax1 but not Tax2 interacts with NF-kappaB2/p100 and activates it by inducing the cleavage of p100 into the active transcription factor p52. Using RNA interference methods, we further show that NF-kappaB2/p100 is required for the transformation induced by Tax1, as determined by the ability to convert a T-cell line (CTLL-2) from interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent to -independent growth. While Tax2 shows a reduced transforming activity relative to Tax1, Tax2 fused with a PDZ domain binding motif (PBM) present only in Tax1 shows transforming activity equivalent to that of Tax1 in CTLL-2 cells expressing an inducer of p52 processing. These results reveal that the activation of NF-kappaB2/p100 plays a crucial role in the Tax1-mediated transformation of T cells and that NF-kappaB2/p100 activation and PBM function are both responsible for the augmented transforming activity of Tax1 relative to Tax2, thus suggesting that these Tax1-specific functions play crucial roles in HTLV-1 leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Higuchi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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33
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González-Mariscal L, Lechuga S, Garay E. Role of tight junctions in cell proliferation and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 42:1-57. [PMID: 17502225 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of a cancerous phenotype by epithelial cells involves the disruption of intercellular adhesions. The reorganization of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex in adherens junctions during cell transformation is widely recognized. Instead the implication of tight junctions (TJs) in this process is starting to be unraveled. The aim of this article is to review the role of TJ proteins in cell proliferation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, México, DF 07360, México.
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34
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Abstract
The tight junction is an intracellular junctional structure that mediates adhesion between epithelial cells and is required for epithelial cell function. Tight junctions control paracellular permeability across epithelial cell sheets and also serve as a barrier to intramembrane diffusion of components between a cell's apical and basolateral membrane domains. Recent genetic and biochemical studies in invertebrates and vertebrates indicate that tight junction proteins play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity. Proteins involved in epithelial cell polarization form evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complexes at the tight junction, and these protein complexes regulate the architecture of epithelia throughout the polarization process. Accumulating information regarding the regulation of these polarity proteins will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby cell polarity is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyoo Shin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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35
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Ishioka K, Higuchi M, Takahashi M, Yoshida S, Oie M, Tanaka Y, Takahashi S, Xie L, Green PL, Fujii M. Inactivation of tumor suppressor Dlg1 augments transformation of a T-cell line induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein. Retrovirology 2006; 3:71. [PMID: 17042961 PMCID: PMC1622753 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 protein with the tumor suppressor Dlg1 is correlated with cellular transformation. Results Here, we show that Dlg1 knockdown by RNA interference increases the ability of Tax1 to transform a mouse T-cell line (CTLL-2), as measured interleukin (IL)-2-independent growth. A Tax1 mutant defective for the Dlg1 interaction showed reduced transformation of CTLL-2 compared to wild type Tax1, but the transformation was minimally affected by Dlg1 reduction. The few Tax1ΔC-transduced CTLL-2 cells that became transformed expressed less Dlg1 than parental cells, suggesting that Dlg1-low cells were selectively transformed by Tax1ΔC. Moreover, all human T-cell lines immortalized by HTLV-1, including the recombinant HTLV-1-containing Tax1ΔC, expressed less Dlg1 than control T-cell lines. Conclusion These results suggest that inactivation of Dlg1 augments Tax1-mediated transformation of CTLL-2, and PDZ protein(s) other than Dlg1 are critically involved in the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Ishioka
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sakiko Yoshida
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayasu Oie
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sugata Takahashi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, USA
| | - Patrick L Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, USA
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
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Xie L, Yamamoto B, Haoudi A, Semmes OJ, Green PL. PDZ binding motif of HTLV-1 Tax promotes virus-mediated T-cell proliferation in vitro and persistence in vivo. Blood 2006; 107:1980-8. [PMID: 16263794 PMCID: PMC1895710 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 cellular transformation and disease induction is dependent on expression of the viral Tax oncoprotein. PDZ is a modular protein interaction domain used in organizing signaling complexes in eukaryotic cells through recognition of a specific binding motif in partner proteins. Tax-1, but not Tax-2, contains a PDZ-binding domain motif (PBM) that promotes the interaction with several cellular PDZ proteins. Herein, we investigate the contribution of the Tax-1 PBM in HTLV-induced proliferation and immortalization of primary T cells in vitro and viral survival in an infectious rabbit animal model. We generated several HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax viral mutants, including HTLV-1deltaPBM, HTLV-2+C22(+PBM), and HTLV-2+ C18(deltaPBM). All Tax mutants maintained the ability to significantly activate the CREB/ATF or NFkappaB signaling pathways. Microtiter proliferation assays revealed that the Tax-1 PBM significantly increases both HTLV-1- and HTLV-2-induced primary T-cell proliferation. In addition, Tax-1 PBM was responsible for the micronuclei induction activity of Tax-1 relative to that of Tax-2. Viral infection and persistence were severely attenuated in rabbits inoculated with HTLV-1deltaPBM. Our results provide the first direct evidence suggesting that PBM-mediated associations between Tax-1 and cellular proteins play a key role in HTLV-induced cell proliferation and genetic instability in vitro and facilitate viral persistence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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37
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Abstract
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are highly related complex retroviruses that have been studied intensely for nearly three decades because of their association with neoplasia, neuropathology, and/or their capacity to transform primary human T lymphocytes. The study of HTLV also represents an attractive model that has allowed investigators to dissect the mechanism of various cellular processes, several of which may be critical steps in HTLV-mediated pathogenesis. Both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 can efficiently immortalize and transform T lymphocytes in cell culture and persist in infected individuals or experimental animals. However, the clinical manifestations of these two viruses differ significantly. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a variety of immune-mediated disorders including the chronic neurological disease termed HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). In contrast, HTLV-2 is much less pathogenic with reports of only a few cases of variant hairy cell leukemia and neurological disease associated with infection. The limited number of individuals shown to harbor HTLV-2 in association with specific diseases has, to date, precluded convincing epidemiological demonstration of a definitive etiologic role of HTLV-2 in human disease. Therefore, it has become clear that comparative studies designed to elucidate the mechanisms by which HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 determine distinct outcomes are likely to provide fundamental insights into the initiation of multistep leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Feuer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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38
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with the clonal expansion and transformation of mature T lymphocytes. While the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood the viral regulatory protein Tax plays a central role in these processes. Recent studies employing genomic and proteomic approaches have demonstrated the marked complexity of gene deregulation associated with Tax expression and confirmed the remarkable pleiotropism of this protein as evidenced by the numerous Tax-cellular protein interactions in infected cells. In this review, we summarize the role of Tax in the deregulation of selected cellular-signaling pathways. Specifically, this has focused on the influence and interaction of Tax with the AP-1 and NF-AT transcription factors, PDZ domain-containing proteins, Rho-GTPases, and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription and transforming growth factor-beta-signaling pathways. In addition to identifying the deregulation of events within these pathways, attempts have been made to highlight differences between HTLV-1 and -2, which may relate to differences in their pathogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Hall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Tsubata C, Higuchi M, Takahashi M, Oie M, Tanaka Y, Gejyo F, Fujii M. PDZ domain-binding motif of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax oncoprotein is essential for the interleukin 2 independent growth induction of a T-cell line. Retrovirology 2005; 2:46. [PMID: 16042787 PMCID: PMC1199618 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), whereas HTLV type 2 (HTLV-2), is not associated with ATL or any other leukemia. HTLV-1 encodes the transforming gene tax1, whose expression in an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent T-cell line (CTLL-2) induces IL-2-independent growth. Results In this study, we demonstrated that IL-2-independent growth induction by Tax1 was abrogated by mutations of the PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) at the Tax1 C-terminus. HTLV-2 Tax2, which shares 75% amino acid identity with Tax1 but does not have a PBM, was not able to induce IL-2-independent growth of CTLL-2. Conclusion Our results suggest that Tax1, through interaction with PDZ domain protein(s) induces IL-2-independent growth, which may be a factor in multi-step leukemogenesis caused by HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Tsubata
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayasu Oie
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Fumitake Gejyo
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Favre-Bonvin A, Reynaud C, Kretz-Remy C, Jalinot P. Human papillomavirus type 18 E6 protein binds the cellular PDZ protein TIP-2/GIPC, which is involved in transforming growth factor beta signaling and triggers its degradation by the proteasome. J Virol 2005; 79:4229-37. [PMID: 15767424 PMCID: PMC1061528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4229-4237.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral proteins expressed by DNA or RNA transforming viruses have the particular property of binding via their C-terminal end to various cellular proteins with PDZ domains. This study is focused on the PDZ protein TIP-2/GIPC, which was originally identified in two-hybrid screens performed with two different baits: the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax oncoprotein and the regulator of G signaling RGS-GAIP. Further studies have shown that TIP-2/GIPC is also able to associate with the cytoplasmic domains of various transmembrane proteins. In this report we show that TIP-2/GIPC interacts with the E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18). This event triggers polyubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of the cellular protein. In agreement with this observation, silencing of E6 by RNA interference in HeLa cells causes an increase in the intracellular TIP-2/GIPC level. This PDZ protein has been previously found to be involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling by favoring expression of the TGF-beta type III receptor at the cell membrane. In line with this activity of TIP-2/GIPC, we observed that depletion of this protein in HeLa cells hampers induction of the Id3 gene by TGF-beta treatment and also diminishes the antiproliferative effect of this cytokine. Conversely, silencing of E6 increases the expression of Id3 and blocks proliferation of HeLa cells. These results support the notion that HPV-18 E6 renders cells less sensitive to the cytostatic effect of TGF-beta by lowering the intracellular amount of TIP-2/GIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Favre-Bonvin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, CNRS UMR 5161, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Kotelevets L, van Hengel J, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, van Roy F, Chastre E. Implication of the MAGI‐1b/PTEN signalosome in stabilization of adherens junctions and suppression of invasiveness. FASEB J 2004; 19:115-7. [PMID: 15629897 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1942fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently established the critical role of the lipid phosphatase activity of the PTEN tumor suppressor in stabilizing cell-cell contacts and suppressing invasiveness. To delineate the effector systems involved, we investigated the interaction of PTEN with E-cadherin junctional complexes in kidney and colonic epithelial cell lines. PTEN and the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K) co-immunoprecipitated with E-cadherin and catenins. By using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we demonstrated that PTEN interacted indirectly with beta-catenin by binding the scaffolding protein MAGI-1b. This model was corroborated in various ways in mammalian cells. Ectopic expression of MAGI-1b potentiated the interaction of PTEN with junctional complexes, promoted E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell aggregation, and reverted the Src-induced invasiveness of kidney MDCKts-src cells. In this model, MAGI-1b slightly decreased the activity of AKT, a downstream effector of PI3K. By using dominant-negative and constitutively active AKT expression vectors, we demonstrated that this kinase was included in the pathways involved in Src-induced destabilization of junctional complexes and was necessary and sufficient to trigger invasiveness. We propose that the recruitment of PTEN at adherens junctions by MAGI-1b and the local down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate pools and downstream effector systems at the site of cell-cell contacts are focal points for restraining both disruption of junctional complexes and induction of tumor cell invasion.
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