1
|
Sidibé H, Khalfallah Y, Xiao S, Gómez NB, Fakim H, Tank EMH, Di Tomasso G, Bareke E, Aulas A, McKeever PM, Melamed Z, Destroimaisons L, Deshaies JE, Zinman L, Parker JA, Legault P, Tétreault M, Barmada SJ, Robertson J, Vande Velde C. TDP-43 stabilizes G3BP1 mRNA: relevance to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2021; 144:3461-3476. [PMID: 34115105 PMCID: PMC8677511 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 nuclear depletion and concurrent cytoplasmic accumulation in vulnerable neurons is a hallmark feature of progressive neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Cellular stress signalling and stress granule dynamics are now recognized to play a role in ALS/FTD pathogenesis. Defective stress granule assembly is associated with increased cellular vulnerability and death. Ras-GAP SH3-domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a critical stress granule assembly factor. Here, we define that TDP-43 stabilizes G3BP1 transcripts via direct binding of a highly conserved cis regulatory element within the 3' untranslated region. Moreover, we show in vitro and in vivo that nuclear TDP-43 depletion is sufficient to reduce G3BP1 protein levels. Finally, we establish that G3BP1 transcripts are reduced in ALS/FTD patient neurons bearing TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions/nuclear depletion. Thus, our data indicate that, in ALS/FTD, there is a compromised stress granule response in disease-affected neurons due to impaired G3BP1 mRNA stability caused by TDP-43 nuclear depletion. These data implicate TDP-43 and G3BP1 loss of function as contributors to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadjara Sidibé
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yousra Khalfallah
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Shangxi Xiao
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Nicolás B Gómez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hana Fakim
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M H Tank
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Geneviève Di Tomasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Eric Bareke
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Anaïs Aulas
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Paul M McKeever
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Ze’ev Melamed
- University of California, San Diego/Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - J Alex Parker
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Pascale Legault
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Martine Tétreault
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao Y, Lidsky PV, Shirogane Y, Aviner R, Wu CT, Li W, Zheng W, Talbot D, Catching A, Doitsh G, Su W, Gekko CE, Nayak A, Ernst JD, Brodsky L, Brodsky E, Rousseau E, Capponi S, Bianco S, Nakamura R, Jackson PK, Frydman J, Andino R. A defective viral genome strategy elicits broad protective immunity against respiratory viruses. Cell 2021; 184:6037-6051.e14. [PMID: 34852237 PMCID: PMC8598942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) that can interfere with replication of the parental wild-type virus. To examine their therapeutic potential, we created a DVG by deleting the capsid-coding region of poliovirus. Strikingly, intraperitoneal or intranasal administration of this genome, which we termed eTIP1, elicits an antiviral response, inhibits replication, and protects mice from several RNA viruses, including enteroviruses, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. While eTIP1 replication following intranasal administration is limited to the nasal cavity, its antiviral action extends non-cell-autonomously to the lungs. eTIP1 broad-spectrum antiviral effects are mediated by both local and distal type I interferon responses. Importantly, while a single eTIP1 dose protects animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection, it also stimulates production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that afford long-lasting protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Thus, eTIP1 is a safe and effective broad-spectrum antiviral generating short- and long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuta Shirogane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ranen Aviner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chien-Ting Wu
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Dale Talbot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Aleph Therapeutics, Inc., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gilad Doitsh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Weiheng Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Colby E Gekko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Leonid Brodsky
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center and Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | - Elsa Rousseau
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | | | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ushioda W, Kotani O, Kawachi K, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Shimizu H, Takahashi K, Nagata N. Neuropathology in Neonatal Mice After Experimental Coxsackievirus B2 Infection Using a Prototype Strain, Ohio-1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:209-225. [PMID: 31845989 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) causes severe morbidity and mortality in neonates and is sometimes associated with severe brain damage resulting from acute severe viral encephalomyelitis. However, the neuropathology of CVB infection remains unclear. A prototype strain of coxsackievirus B2 (Ohio-1) induces brain lesions in neonatal mice, resulting in dome-shaped heads, ventriculomegaly, and loss of the cerebral cortex. Here, we characterized the glial pathology in this mouse model. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an absence of the cerebral cortex within 2 weeks after inoculation. Histopathology showed that virus replication triggered activation of microglia and astrocytes, and induced apoptosis in the cortex, with severe necrosis and lateral ventricular dilation. In contrast, the brainstem and cerebellum remained morphologically intact. Immunohistochemistry revealed high expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (a primary receptor for CVB) in mature neurons of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and midbrain, demonstrating CVB2 infection of mature neurons in these areas. However, apoptosis and neuroinflammation from activated microglia and astrocytes differed in thalamic and cortical areas. Viral antigens were retained in the brains of animals in the convalescence phase with seroconversion. This animal model will contribute to a better understanding of the neuropathology of CVB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waka Ushioda
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kotani
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Kawachi
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Research of Infectious Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimimasa Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen BS, Lee HC, Lee KM, Gong YN, Shih SR. Enterovirus and Encephalitis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32153545 PMCID: PMC7044131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-induced infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in acute inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and constitutes a significant global burden to human health. These viruses are thought to be highly cytolytic, therefore normal brain function could be greatly compromised following enteroviral infection of the CNS. A further layer of complexity is added by evidence showing that some enteroviruses may establish a persistent infection within the CNS and eventually lead to pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, enterovirus encephalitis is particularly common among young children, suggesting a potential causal link between the development of the neuroimmune system and enteroviral neuroinvasion. Although the CNS involvement in enterovirus infections is a relatively rare complication, it represents a serious underlying cause of mortality. Here we review a selection of enteroviruses that infect the CNS and discuss recent advances in the characterization of these enteroviruses with regard to their routes of CNS infection, tropism, virulence, and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Shiun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Hou-Chen Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muslin C, Mac Kain A, Bessaud M, Blondel B, Delpeyroux F. Recombination in Enteroviruses, a Multi-Step Modular Evolutionary Process. Viruses 2019; 11:E859. [PMID: 31540135 PMCID: PMC6784155 DOI: 10.3390/v11090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA recombination is a major driving force in the evolution and genetic architecture shaping of enteroviruses. In particular, intertypic recombination is implicated in the emergence of most pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, which have caused numerous outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis worldwide. Recent experimental studies that relied on recombination cellular systems mimicking natural genetic exchanges between enteroviruses provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of enterovirus recombination and enabled to define a new model of genetic plasticity for enteroviruses. Homologous intertypic recombinant enteroviruses that were observed in nature would be the final products of a multi-step process, during which precursor nonhomologous recombinant genomes are generated through an initial inter-genomic RNA recombination event and can then evolve into a diversity of fitter homologous recombinant genomes over subsequent intra-genomic rearrangements. Moreover, these experimental studies demonstrated that the enterovirus genome could be defined as a combination of genomic modules that can be preferentially exchanged through recombination, and enabled defining the boundaries of these recombination modules. These results provided the first experimental evidence supporting the theoretical model of enterovirus modular evolution previously elaborated from phylogenetic studies of circulating enterovirus strains. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of recombination in enteroviruses and presents a new evolutionary process that may apply to other RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Muslin
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito EC170125, Pichincha, Ecuador.
| | - Alice Mac Kain
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Blondel
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Enteric Viruses Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
- INSERM U994, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Enteric Viruses Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
- INSERM U994, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muslin C, Joffret ML, Pelletier I, Blondel B, Delpeyroux F. Evolution and Emergence of Enteroviruses through Intra- and Inter-species Recombination: Plasticity and Phenotypic Impact of Modular Genetic Exchanges in the 5' Untranslated Region. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005266. [PMID: 26562151 PMCID: PMC4643034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination shapes the diversity of RNA viruses, including enteroviruses (EVs), which frequently have mosaic genomes. Pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) genomes consist of mutated vaccine poliovirus (PV) sequences encoding capsid proteins, and sequences encoding nonstructural proteins derived from other species’ C EVs, including certain coxsackieviruses A (CV-A) in particular. Many cVDPV genomes also have an exogenous 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR). This region is involved in virulence and includes the cloverleaf (CL) and the internal ribosomal entry site, which play major roles in replication and the initiation of translation, respectively. We investigated the plasticity of the PV genome in terms of recombination in the 5’ UTR, by developing an experimental model involving the rescue of a bipartite PV/CV-A cVDPV genome rendered defective by mutations in the CL, following the co-transfection of cells with 5’ UTR RNAs from each of the four human EV species (EV-A to -D). The defective cVDPV was rescued by recombination with 5’ UTR sequences from the four EV species. Homologous and nonhomologous recombinants with large deletions or insertions in three hotspots were isolated, revealing a striking plasticity of the 5’ UTR. By contrast to the recombination of the cVDPV with the 5’ UTR of group II (EV-A and -B), which can decrease viral replication and virulence, recombination with the 5’ UTRs of group I (EV-C and -D) appeared to be evolutionarily neutral or associated with a gain in fitness. This study illustrates how the genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses can evolve into mosaic recombinant genomes through intra- or inter-species modular genetic exchanges, favoring the emergence of new recombinant lineages. Recombination shapes viral genomes, including those of the pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), responsible for poliomyelitis outbreaks. The genomes of cVDPVs consist of sequences from vaccine poliovirus (PV) and other enteroviruses (EVs). We investigated the plasticity of cVDPV genomes and the effects of recombination in the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR), which is involved in replication, translation and virulence. We rescued a 5’ UTR-defective recombinant cVDPV genome by cotransfecting cells with 5’ UTR RNAs from human EV species EV-A to -D. Hundreds of recombinants were isolated, revealing striking plasticity in this region, with homologous and nonhomologous recombination sites mostly clustered in three hotspots. Recombination with EV-A and -B affected replication and virulence, whereas recombination with EV-C and -D was either neutral or improved viral fitness. This study illustrates how RNA viruses can acquire mosaic genomes through intra- or inter-species recombination, favoring the emergence of new recombinant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Muslin
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Pelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Blondel
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Joffret ML, Jégouic S, Bessaud M, Balanant J, Tran C, Caro V, Holmblat B, Razafindratsimandresy R, Reynes JM, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Delpeyroux F. Common and diverse features of cocirculating type 2 and 3 recombinant vaccine-derived polioviruses isolated from patients with poliomyelitis and healthy children. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1363-73. [PMID: 22457288 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five cases of poliomyelitis due to type 2 or 3 recombinant vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) were reported in the Toliara province of Madagascar in 2005. METHODS We sequenced the genome of the VDPVs isolated from the patients and from 12 healthy children and characterized phenotypic aspects, including pathogenicity, in mice transgenic for the poliovirus receptor. RESULTS We identified 6 highly complex mosaic recombinant lineages composed of sequences derived from different vaccine polioviruses and other species C human enteroviruses (HEV-Cs). Most had some recombinant genome features in common and contained nucleotide sequences closely related to certain cocirculating coxsackie A virus isolates. However, they differed in terms of their recombinant characteristics or nucleotide substitutions and phenotypic features. All VDPVs were neurovirulent in mice. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the genetic relationship between type 2 and 3 VDPVs, indicating that both types can be involved in a single outbreak of disease. Our results highlight the various ways in which a vaccine-derived poliovirus may become pathogenic in complex viral ecosystems, through frequent recombination events and mutations. Intertypic recombination between cocirculating HEV-Cs (including polioviruses) appears to be a common mechanism of genetic plasticity underlying transverse genetic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Line Joffret
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jegouic S, Joffret ML, Blanchard C, Riquet FB, Perret C, Pelletier I, Colbere-Garapin F, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Delpeyroux F. Recombination between polioviruses and co-circulating Coxsackie A viruses: role in the emergence of pathogenic vaccine-derived polioviruses. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000412. [PMID: 19412342 PMCID: PMC2669712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten outbreaks of poliomyelitis caused by pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have recently been reported in different regions of the world. Two of these outbreaks occurred in Madagascar. Most cVDPVs were recombinants of mutated poliovaccine strains and other unidentified enteroviruses of species C. We previously reported that a type 2 cVDPV isolated during an outbreak in Madagascar was co-circulating with coxsackieviruses A17 (CA17) and that sequences in the 3′ half of the cVDPV and CA17 genomes were related. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these CA17 isolates can act as recombination partners of poliovirus and subsequently to evaluate the major effects of recombination events on the phenotype of the recombinants. We first cloned the infectious cDNA of a Madagascar CA17 isolate. We then generated recombinant constructs combining the genetic material of this CA17 isolate with that of the type 2 vaccine strain and that of the type 2 cVDPV. Our results showed that poliovirus/CA17 recombinants are viable. The recombinant in which the 3′ half of the vaccine strain genome had been replaced by that of the CA17 genome yielded larger plaques and was less temperature sensitive than its parental strains. The virus in which the 3′ portion of the cVDPV genome was replaced by the 3′ half of the CA17 genome was almost as neurovirulent as the cVDPV in transgenic mice expressing the poliovirus cellular receptor gene. The co-circulation in children and genetic recombination of viruses, differing in their pathogenicity for humans and in certain other biological properties such as receptor usage, can lead to the generation of pathogenic recombinants, thus constituting an interesting model of viral evolution and emergence. Following intense vaccination campaigns with Sabin's trivalent live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, poliomyelitis caused by wild polioviruses has disappeared from large parts of the world. However, poliomyelitis outbreaks due to pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have recently been reported in countries with low vaccine coverage. Most of these cVDPVs seem to be recombinants of mutated vaccine strains and undetermined coxsackieviruses. We have previously shown a cVDPV isolated during an outbreak in Madagascar to be co-circulating with coxsackievirus A17 (CA17) strains with 3′ genomic sequences related to those of the cVDPV. In this study, we determined whether these CA17 isolates can act as recombination partners of poliovirus. Using genetic engineering techniques, we constructed a variety of recombinant viruses derived from a CA17 isolate, the cVDPV and the corresponding original vaccine strain. Our results showed that poliovirus/CA17 recombinants are viable. Moreover, the recombinant virus resulting from the replacement of the 3′ half of the cVDPV genome by that of the CA17 genome was almost as pathogenic as the cVDPV. This supports the notion that co-circulation and co-evolution through the recombination of polioviruses and coxsackieviruses contribute to the emergence of epidemic cVDPVs. This constitutes an interesting model of viral evolution and emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jegouic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moisyadi S, Kaminski JM, Yanagimachi R. Use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to generate transgenic animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 32:47-60. [PMID: 18691759 PMCID: PMC3428221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Even though intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely used for the production of offspring in human infertility clinics and in reproductive research laboratories using mice, many researchers engaged in animal transgenesis still consider it somewhat cumbersome. The greatest advantage of ICSI-mediated transgenesis is that it allows introduction of very large DNA transgenes (e.g., yeast artificial chromosomes), with relatively high efficiency into the genomes of hosts, as compared to pronuclear injection. Recently, we have developed an active form of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated transgenesis (ICSI-Tr) with fresh sperm utilizing transposons. The transgenic efficiencies rival all transgenic techniques except that of lentiviral methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Moisyadi
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Joseph M. Kaminski
- Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Molecular Chaperone/Radiobiology and Cancer Virology, Augusta, GA, 30912
| | - Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Poliomyelitis has long served as a model for studies of viral pathogenesis, but there remain many important gaps in our understanding of this disease. It is the intent of this review to highlight these residual but important questions, in light of a possible future moratorium on research with polioviruses. Salient questions include: (1) What cells in the gastrointestinal tract are initially infected and act as the source of excreted virus? (2) What is the receptor used by mouse-adapted strains of poliovirus and how can some polioviruses use both mouse and primate receptors? (3) What determines species differences in susceptibility of the gastrointestinal tract to polioviruses? Why cannot PVR transgenic mice be infected by the natural enteric route? (4) Why are neuroadapted polioviruses unable to infect nonneural cells? (5) What is the role of postentry blocks in replication as determinants of neurovirulence? (6) What route(s) does poliovirus take to enter the central nervous system and how does it cross the blood-brain barrier? (7) Why does poliovirus preferentially attack lower motor neurons in contrast to many other neuronal types within the central nervous system? (8) Does cellular immunity play any role in recovery from acute infection or in vaccine-induced protection? (9) In which cells does poliovirus persist in patients with gamma-globulin deficiencies? (10) Is there any evidence that poliovirus genomes can persist in immunocompetent hosts? (11) Why has type 2 poliovirus been eradicated while types 1 and 3 have not? (12) Can transmission of vaccine-derived polioviruses be prevented with inactivated poliovirus vaccine? (13) What is the best strategy to control and eliminate vaccine-derived polioviruses?
Collapse
|
11
|
Ohka S, Igarashi H, Nagata N, Sakai M, Koike S, Nochi T, Kiyono H, Nomoto A. Establishment of a poliovirus oral infection system in human poliovirus receptor-expressing transgenic mice that are deficient in alpha/beta interferon receptor. J Virol 2007; 81:7902-12. [PMID: 17507470 PMCID: PMC1951287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02675-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is easily transferred to humans orally; however, no rodent model for oral infections has been developed because of the alimentary tract's low sensitivity to the virus. Here we showed that PV is inactivated by the low pH of the gastric contents in mice. The addition of 3% NaHCO3 to the viral inoculum increased the titer of virus reaching the small intestine through the stomach after intragastric inoculation of PV. Transgenic mice (Tg) carrying the human PV receptor (hPVR/CD155) gene and lacking the alpha/beta interferon receptor (IFNAR) gene (hPVR-Tg/IfnarKO) were sensitive to the oral administration of PV with 3% NaHCO3, whereas hPVR-Tg expressing IFNAR were much less sensitive. The virus was detected in the epithelia of the small intestine and proliferated in the alimentary tract of hPVR-Tg/IfnarKO. By the ninth day after the administration of a virulent PV, the mice had died. These results suggest that IFNAR plays an important role in determining permissivity in the alimentary tract as well as the generation of virus-specific immune responses to PV via the oral route. Thus, hPVR-Tg/IfnarKO are considered to be the first oral infection model for PV, although levels of anti-PV antibodies were not elevated dramatically in serum and intestinal secretions of surviving mice when hPVR-Tg/IfnarKO were administered an attenuated PV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seii Ohka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baj A, Monaco S, Zanusso G, Dall’ora E, Bertolasi L, Toniolo A. Virology of the post-polio syndrome. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The three poliovirus serotypes (PVs) cause acute paralytic poliomyelitis. Decades after being hit by polio, survivors may develop a condition known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). PPS is characterized by extreme fatigue, progressing muscular weakness and chronic pain. The pathogenesis is unclear and, thus, empirical therapies are employed. PVs are known to be able to persist in infected host cells both in vitro and in vivo. The understanding of PV genomes has made it possible to set up sensitive and specific molecular tests capable of detecting minute amounts of virus in samples from PPS patients. Current data indicate that complete PV genomes (or genomic fragments) remain present, decades after acute paralysis, in the CNS of these patients. Virus persistence is hypothesized to bring about chronic inflammation, immune-mediated injury and decreased expression of neurotrophic factors. Establishing a pathogenetic link between PV persistence and PPS would be extremely relevant to the development of an etiologic therapy aimed at virus eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Baj
- University of Insubria Medical School, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Dall’ora
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bertolasi
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- University of Insubria Medical School, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu Y, Jin H, Chen Z, Yu QL, Ma YJ, Sun XL, Wang B. Children's vaccines do not induce cross reactivity against SARS-CoV. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:208-11. [PMID: 17264247 PMCID: PMC1860633 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.038893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In contrast with adults, children infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus (SARS-CoV) develop milder clinical symptoms. Because of this, it is speculated that children vaccinated with various childhood vaccines might develop cross immunity against SARS-CoV. Antisera and T cells from mice immunised with various vaccines were used to determine whether they developed cross reactivity against SARS-CoV. The results showed no marked cross reactivity against SARS-CoV, which implies that the reduced symptoms among children infected by SARS-CoV may be caused by other factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dowdle W, van der Avoort H, de Gourville E, Delpeyroux F, Desphande J, Hovi T, Martin J, Pallansch M, Kew O, Wolff C. Containment of polioviruses after eradication and OPV cessation: characterizing risks to improve management. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2006; 26:1449-69. [PMID: 17184392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the World Health Organization is to stop routine use of oral poliovirus vaccine shortly after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. A key component of this goal is to minimize the risk of reintroduction by destruction of polioviruses except in an absolute minimum number of facilities that serve essential functions and implement effective containment. Effective containment begins with a complete facility risk assessment. This article focuses on characterizing the risks of exposure to polioviruses from the essential vaccine production, quality control, and international reference and research facilities that remain. We consider the potential exposure pathways that might lead to a poliovirus reintroduction, including para-occupational exposures and releases to the environment, and review the literature to provide available estimates and a qualitative assessment of containment risks. Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from a poliovirus facility to increasingly susceptible communities is a crucial and ongoing effort requiring understanding and actively managing the potential exposure pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dowdle
- Polio Eradication Program, The Task Force for Child Survival and Development, 750 Commerce Dr., Suite 400, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Racaniello VR. One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis. Virology 2006; 344:9-16. [PMID: 16364730 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Poliovirus was first isolated nearly 100 years ago in a landmark experiment that established the viral etiology of poliomyelitis. This discovery stimulated investigation of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis in many laboratories. Nearly 50 years later, when two effective poliovirus vaccines were developed, the impetus to study poliovirus pathogenesis waned. The identification of the cell receptor for poliovirus, CD155, and its use in the development of transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus revived interest in understanding how the virus causes disease. Experiments in CD155 transgenic mice have provided new information on the initial sites of virus replication in the host, how the virus spreads to the central nervous system through the blood and by axonal transport, the determinants of viral tropism, and the basis for the attenuation phenotype of the Sabin vaccine strains. Despite these advances, our understanding of poliovirus pathogenesis is still incomplete. The dilemma is not how to answer the remaining questions, but whether there will be sufficient time to do so before global eradication of poliomyelitis leads to cessation of research on the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wentworth DE, Tresnan D, Turner B, Lerman I, Bullis B, Hemmila E, Levis R, Shapiro L, Holmes KV. Cells of human aminopeptidase N (CD13) transgenic mice are infected by human coronavirus-229E in vitro, but not in vivo. Virology 2005; 335:185-97. [PMID: 15840518 PMCID: PMC7111747 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N, or CD13, is a receptor for serologically related coronaviruses of humans, pigs, and cats. A mouse line transgenic for the receptor of human coronavirus-229E (HCoV-229E) was created using human APN (hAPN) cDNA driven by a hAPN promoter. hAPN-transgenic mice expressed hAPN mRNA in the kidney, small intestine, liver, and lung. hAPN protein was specifically expressed on epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted renal tubules, bronchi, alveolar sacs, and intestinal villi. The hAPN expression pattern within transgenic mouse tissues matched that of mouse APN and was similar in mice heterozygous or homozygous for the transgene. Primary embryonic cells and bone marrow dendritic cells derived from hAPN-transgenic mice also expressed hAPN protein. Although hAPN-transgenic mice were resistant to HCoV-229E in vivo, primary embryonic cells and bone marrow dendritic cells were infected in vitro. hAPN-transgenic mice are valuable as a source of primary mouse cells expressing hAPN. This hAPN-transgenic line will also be used for crossbreeding experiments with other knockout, immune deficient, or transgenic mice to identify factors, in addition to hAPN, that are required for HCoV-229E infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Wentworth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - D.B. Tresnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - B.C. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - I.R. Lerman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - B. Bullis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - E.M. Hemmila
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - R. Levis
- Department of Microbiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L.H. Shapiro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Corresponding author. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, Department of Microbiology, Mail Stop 8333, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Fax: +1 303 724 4226.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Takeuchi K, Takeda M, Miyajima N, Ami Y, Nagata N, Suzaki Y, Shahnewaz J, Kadota SI, Nagata K. Stringent requirement for the C protein of wild-type measles virus for growth both in vitro and in macaques. J Virol 2005; 79:7838-44. [PMID: 15919937 PMCID: PMC1143652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7838-7844.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P gene of measles virus (MV) encodes the P protein and three accessory proteins (C, V, and R). However, the role of these accessory proteins in the natural course of MV infection remains unclear. For this study, we generated a recombinant wild-type MV lacking the C protein, called wtMV(C-), by using a reverse genetics system (M. Takeda, K. Takeuchi, N. Miyajima, F. Kobune, Y. Ami, N. Nagata, Y. Suzaki, Y. Nagai, and M. Tashiro, J. Virol. 74:6643-6647). When 293 cells expressing the MV receptor SLAM (293/hSLAM) were infected with wtMV(C-) or parental wild-type MV (wtMV), the growth of wtMV(C-) was restricted, particularly during late stages. Enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing wtMV(C-) consistently induced late-stage cell rounding and cell death in the presence of a fusion-inhibiting peptide, suggesting that the C protein can prevent cell death and is required for long-term MV infection. Neutralizing antibodies against alpha/beta interferon did not restore the growth restriction of wtMV(C-) in 293/hSLAM cells. When cynomolgus monkeys were infected with wtMV(C-) or wtMV, the number of MV-infected cells in the thymus was >1,000-fold smaller for wtMV(C-) than for wtMV. Immunohistochemical analyses showed strong expression of an MV antigen in the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and larynx of a cynomolgus monkey infected with wtMV but dramatically reduced expression in the same tissues in a cynomolgus monkey infected with wtMV(C-). These data indicate that the MV C protein is necessary for efficient MV replication both in vitro and in cynomolgus monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Takeuchi
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Blondel B, Colbère-Garapin F, Couderc T, Wirotius A, Guivel-Benhassine F. Poliovirus, pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, and apoptosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 289:25-56. [PMID: 15791950 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27320-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is the causal agent of paralytic poliomyelitis, an acute disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in flaccid paralysis. The development of new animal and cell models has allowed the key steps of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis to be investigated at the molecular level. In particular, it has been shown that PV-induced apoptosis is an important component of the tissue injury in the CNS of infected mice, which leads to paralysis. In this review the molecular biology of PV and the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis are briefly described, and then several models of PV-induced apoptosis are considered; the role of the cellular receptor of PV, CD155, in the modulation of apoptosis is also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Blondel
- Laboratoire des Virus Entérotropes et Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The genetic basis for the attenuation of polio vaccines has been known since the 1980s. Changes in the internal ribosome entry site, within the 5' noncoding region of genomic RNAs, were presumed to reduce translation in certain target organs, leading to the conclusion that attenuation is mediated at the level of translation. A report in this issue of the JCI reveals that poliovirus tropism is, in part, determined after internal ribosome entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|