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Ren Z, Zhao Y, Liu J, Ji X, Meng L, Wang T, Sun W, Zhang K, Sang X, Yu Z, Li Y, Feng N, Wang H, Yang S, Yang Z, Ma Y, Gao Y, Xia X. Intramuscular and intranasal immunization with an H7N9 influenza virus-like particle vaccine protects mice against lethal influenza virus challenge. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:109-116. [PMID: 29571081 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus epidemic has been associated with a high mortality rate in China. Therefore, to prevent the H7N9 virus from causing further damage, developing a safe and effective vaccine is necessary. In this study, a vaccine candidate consisting of virus-like particles (VLPs) based on H7N9 A/Shanghai/2/2013 and containing hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix protein (M1) was successfully produced using a baculovirus (BV) expression system. Immunization experiments showed that strong humoral and cellular immune responses could be induced by the developed VLPs when administered via either the intramuscular (IM) or intranasal (IN) immunization routes. Notably, VLPs administered via both immunization routes provided 100% protection against lethal infection caused by the H7N9 virus. The IN immunization with 40μg of H7N9 VLPs induced strong lung IgA and lung tissue resident memory (TRM) cell-mediated local immune responses. These results provide evidence for the development of an effective preventive vaccine against the H7N9 virus based on VLPs administered through both the IM and IN immunization routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Ren
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, China; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; Key Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Henan University, School of Basic Medicine, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xianliang Ji
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lingnan Meng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Henan University, School of Basic Medicine, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Henan University, School of Basic Medicine, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
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Abstract
Vaccination is essential in livestock farming and in companion animal ownership. Nucleic acid vaccines based on DNA or RNA provide an elegant alternative to those classical veterinary vaccines that have performed suboptimally. Recent advances in terms of rational design, safety, and efficacy have strengthened the position of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary vaccinology. The present review focuses on replicon vaccines designed for veterinary use. Replicon vaccines are self-amplifying viral RNA sequences that, in addition to the sequence encoding the antigen of interest, contain all elements necessary for RNA replication. Vaccination results in high levels of in situ antigen expression and induction of potent immune responses. Both positive- and negative-stranded viruses have been used to construct replicons, and they can be delivered as RNA, DNA, or viral replicon particles. An introduction to the biology and the construction of different viral replicon vectors is given, and examples of veterinary replicon vaccine applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia C Hikke
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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3
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Ji X, Ren Z, Xu N, Meng L, Yu Z, Feng N, Sang X, Li S, Li Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zheng X, Jin H, Li N, Yang S, Cao J, Liu W, Gao Y, Xia X. Intranasal Immunization with Influenza Virus-Like Particles Containing Membrane-Anchored Cholera Toxin B or Ricin Toxin B Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses and Protection against an Antigenically Distinct Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:115. [PMID: 27110810 PMCID: PMC4848608 DOI: 10.3390/v8040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means to prevent influenza virus infection, although current approaches are associated with suboptimal efficacy. Here, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M1) of A/Changchun/01/2009 (H1N1) with or without either membrane-anchored cholera toxin B (CTB) or ricin toxin B (RTB) as molecular adjuvants. The intranasal immunization of mice with VLPs containing membrane-anchored CTB or RTB elicited stronger humoral and cellular immune responses when compared to mice immunized with VLPs alone. Administration of VLPs containing CTB or RTB significantly enhanced virus-specific systemic and mucosal antibody responses, hemagglutination inhibiting antibody titers, virus neutralizing antibody titers, and the frequency of virus-specific IFN-γ and IL-4 secreting splenocytes. VLPs with and without CTB or RTB conferred complete protection against lethal challenge with a mouse-adapted homologous virus. When challenged with an antigenically distinct H1N1 virus, all mice immunized with VLPs containing CTB or RTB survived whereas mice immunized with VLPs alone showed only partial protection (80% survival). Our results suggest that membrane-anchored CTB and RTB possess strong adjuvant properties when incorporated into an intranasally-delivered influenza VLP vaccine. Chimeric influenza VLPs containing CTB or RTB may represent promising vaccine candidates for improved immunological protection against homologous and antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China.
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Zhiguang Ren
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
- Key Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng 475001, China.
| | - Na Xu
- Jilin Medical University, Changchun 132013, China.
| | - Lingnan Meng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250110, China.
| | - Hongli Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jinshan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China.
| | - Wensen Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Ren Z, Ji X, Meng L, Wei Y, Wang T, Feng N, Zheng X, Wang H, Li N, Gao X, Jin H, Zhao Y, Yang S, Qin C, Gao Y, Xia X. H5N1 influenza virus-like particle vaccine protects mice from heterologous virus challenge better than whole inactivated virus. Virus Res 2015; 200:9-18. [PMID: 25599603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has become highly enzootic since 2003 and has dynamically evolved to undergo substantial evolution. Clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4 have become the most dominant lineage in recent years, and H5N8 avian influenza outbreaks have been reported Asia. The current approach to generate influenza virus vaccines uses embryonated chicken eggs for large-scale production, although such vaccines have been poorly immunogenic to heterologous virus challenge. In the current study, virus-like particles (VLP) based on A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012 (clade 2.3.2.1) and comprising hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M1) were produced using a baculovirus expression system to develop effective protection for different H5 HPAI clade challenges. Mice immunized with VLP demonstrated stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than mice immunized with whole influenza virus (WIV), with 20-fold higher IgG antibody titers against A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012 after boost. Notably, the WIV vaccine group showed partial protection (80% survival) to homologous challenge, little protection (40% survival) to heterologous challenge, and 20% survival to H5N8 challenge, whereas all mice in the VLP+CFA group survived. These results provide insight for the development of effective prophylactic vaccines based on VLPs with cross-clade protection for the control of current H5 HPAI outbreaks in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chick Embryo
- Cross Protection
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Ren
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xianliang Ji
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot, China
| | - Lingnan Meng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yurong Wei
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Changchun SR Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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5
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Musa HH, Zhang WJ, Lv J, Duan XL, Yang Y, Zhu CH, Li HF, Chen KW, Meng X, Zhu GQ. The molecular adjuvant mC3d enhances the immunogenicity of FimA from type I fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 47:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bridge SH, Sharpe SA, Dennis MJ, Dowall SD, Getty B, Anson DS, Skinner MA, Stewart JP, Blanchard TJ. Heterologous prime-boost-boost immunisation of Chinese cynomolgus macaques using DNA and recombinant poxvirus vectors expressing HIV-1 virus-like particles. Virol J 2011; 8:429. [PMID: 21899739 PMCID: PMC3177910 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is renewed interest in the development of poxvirus vector-based HIV vaccines due to the protective effect observed with repeated recombinant canarypox priming with gp120 boosting in the recent Thai placebo-controlled trial. This study sought to investigate whether a heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccine regimen in Chinese cynomolgus macaques with a DNA vaccine and recombinant poxviral vectors expressing HIV virus-like particles bearing envelopes derived from the most prevalent clades circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, focused the antibody response to shared neutralising epitopes. Methods Three Chinese cynomolgus macaques were immunised via intramuscular injections using a regimen composed of a prime with two DNA vaccines expressing clade A Env/clade B Gag followed by boosting with recombinant fowlpox virus expressing HIV-1 clade D Gag, Env and cholera toxin B subunit followed by the final boost with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing HIV-1 clade C Env, Gag and human complement protein C3d. We measured the macaque serum antibody responses by ELISA, enumerated T cell responses by IFN-γ ELISpot and assessed seroneutralisation of HIV-1 using the TZM-bl β-galactosidase assay with primary isolates of HIV-1. Results This study shows that large and complex synthetic DNA sequences can be successfully cloned in a single step into two poxvirus vectors: MVA and FPV and the recombinant poxviruses could be grown to high titres. The vaccine candidates showed appropriate expression of recombinant proteins with the formation of authentic HIV virus-like particles seen on transmission electron microscopy. In addition the b12 epitope was shown to be held in common by the vaccine candidates using confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. The vaccine candidates were safely administered to Chinese cynomolgus macaques which elicited modest T cell responses at the end of the study but only one out of the three macaques elicited an HIV-specific antibody response. However, the antibodies did not neutralise primary isolates of HIV-1 or the V3-sensitive isolate SF162 using the TZM-bl β-galactosidase assay. Conclusions MVA and FP9 are ideal replication-deficient viral vectors for HIV-1 vaccines due to their excellent safety profile for use in humans. This study shows this novel prime-boost-boost regimen was poorly immunogenic in Chinese cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Bridge
- Clinical Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Dunn MD, Rossi SL, Carter DM, Vogt MR, Mehlhop E, Diamond MS, Ross TM. Enhancement of anti-DIII antibodies by the C3d derivative P28 results in lower viral titers and augments protection in mice. Virol J 2010; 7:95. [PMID: 20462412 PMCID: PMC2885341 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies generated against West Nile virus (WNV) during infection are essential for controlling dissemination. Recent studies have demonstrated that epitopes in all three domains of the flavivirus envelope protein (E) are targets for neutralizing antibodies, with determinants in domain III (DIII) eliciting antibodies with strong inhibitory properties. In order to increase the magnitude and quality of the antibody response against the WNV E protein, DNA vaccines with derivatives of the WNV E gene (full length E, truncated E, or DIII region, some in the context of the pre-membrane [prM] gene) were conjugated to the molecular adjuvant P28. The P28 region of the complement protein C3d is the minimum CR2-binding domain necessary for the adjuvant activity of C3d. Delivery of DNA-based vaccines by gene gun and intramuscular routes stimulated production of IgG antibodies against the WNV DIII region of the E protein. With the exception of the vaccine expressing prM/E given intramuscularly, only mice that received DNA vaccines by gene gun produced protective neutralizing antibody titers (FRNT80 titer >1/40). Correspondingly, mice vaccinated by the gene gun route were protected to a greater level from lethal WNV challenge. In general, mice vaccinated with P28-adjuvated vaccines produced higher IgG titers than mice vaccinated with non-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 9047 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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8
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C3d adjuvant activity is reduced by altering residues involved in the electronegative binding of C3d to CR2. Immunol Lett 2010; 129:32-8. [PMID: 20064559 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The final degradation product of the complement protein C3, C3d, has been used as a molecular adjuvant to various antigens. Chimera proteins of the antigen and multiple copies of C3d were developed to test the adjuvant effect of this molecule. The main mechanism by which C3d enhances the immune response is interaction with CR2. In vitro studies showed that the avidity of C3d for CR2 is affected by residues located at the interacting surface (e.g. 170N) as well as by residues located in other areas. The role of the latter residues has been proposed to depend on the electrostatic nature of the C3d-CR2 interaction, where the charges of the whole molecules are responsible for their binding. C3d is primarily a negatively charged molecule, while CR2 is a positive one. Previous experiments demonstrated that elimination of a positive charge (K162A) in C3d enhanced its avidity for CR2, while elimination of negative charges or addition positives ones (D163A, N170R, respectively), impaired the avidity for CR2. Despite the extensive in vitro research, the role of these residues in the adjuvant effect of C3d is unclear. To study the role of residues at the interacting and non-interacting surface of C3d on the adjuvanticity, single as well as a double residue substitutions were engineered in the murine C3d (R162A, D163A, N170R and D163A-N170R) gene. Two copies of these mutant molecules were fused to HIV-1 Env(gp120) and the proteins were tested for their avidity to bind CR2 (sCR2). Later, these DNA constructs were tested in mice to determine their adjuvant capability. Mutation at residue 162 (R162A) neither enhanced nor impaired the avidity of Env(gp120)-C3d(2) for sCR2 in vitro. Mutations at residues D163A and N170R, on the other hand, reduced the binding affinity of Env(gp120)-C3d(2) for sCR2. Furthermore, these mutations synergized and abolished the interaction of C3d for CR2. The data correlated with the adjuvant capability of these molecules in the mouse model. In summary, residues that alter the electronegative status of C3d (D163A and N170R) impair the binding of chimera proteins to CR2, reducing the adjuvant activity of this molecule.
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Ross TM, Mahmood K, Crevar CJ, Schneider-Ohrum K, Heaton PM, Bright RA. A trivalent virus-like particle vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal influenza strains in mice and ferrets. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6032. [PMID: 19554101 PMCID: PMC2698286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need for improved human influenza vaccines, particularly for older adults who are at greatest risk for severe disease, as well as to address the continuous antigenic drift within circulating human subtypes of influenza virus. We have engineered an influenza virus-like particle (VLP) as a new generation vaccine candidate purified from the supernatants of Sf9 insect cells following infection by recombinant baculoviruses to express three influenza virus proteins, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix 1 (M1). In this study, a seasonal trivalent VLP vaccine (TVV) formulation, composed of influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 and influenza B VLPs, was evaluated in mice and ferrets for the ability to elicit antigen-specific immune responses. Animals vaccinated with the TVV formulation had hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibody titers against all three homologous influenza virus strains, as well as HAI antibodies against a panel of heterologous influenza viruses. HAI titers elicited by the TVV were statistically similar to HAI titers elicited in animals vaccinated with the corresponding monovalent VLP. Mice vaccinated with the TVV had higher level of influenza specific CD8+ T cell responses than a commercial trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV). Ferrets vaccinated with the highest dose of the VLP vaccine and then challenged with the homologous H3N2 virus had the lowest titers of replicating virus in nasal washes and showed no signs of disease. Overall, a trivalent VLP vaccine elicits a broad array of immunity and can protect against influenza virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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10
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Immune evasion in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:423-36. [PMID: 18948197 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of herpesviruses is a lifelong persistent infection, which often leads to diseases upon immune suppression of infected host. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is etiologically linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and Multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). In order to establish a persistent infection, KSHV dedicates a large portion of its genomic information to sabotage almost every aspect of host immune system. Thus, understanding the interplay between KSHV and the host immune system is important in not only unraveling the complexities of viral persistence and pathogenesis, but also discovering novel therapeutic targets. This review summarizes current knowledge of host immune evasion strategies of KSHV and their contributions to KSHV-associated diseases.
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11
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Cross-clade protective immune responses to influenza viruses with H5N1 HA and NA elicited by an influenza virus-like particle. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1501. [PMID: 18231588 PMCID: PMC2200794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination is a cost-effective counter-measure to the threat of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza. To address the need for improved influenza vaccines and alternatives to egg-based manufacturing, we have engineered an influenza virus-like particle (VLP) as a new generation of non-egg or non-mammalian cell culture-based candidate vaccine. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated from a baculovirus expression system using insect cells, a non-infectious recombinant VLP vaccine from both influenza A H5N1 clade 1 and clade 2 isolates with pandemic potential. VLPs were administered to mice in either a one-dose or two-dose regimen and the immune responses were compared to those induced by recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA). Both humoral and cellular responses were analyzed. Mice vaccinated with VLPs were protected against challenge with lethal reassortant viruses expressing the H5N1 HA and NA, regardless if the H5N1 clade was homologous or heterologous to the vaccine. However, rHA-vaccinated mice showed considerable weight loss and death following challenge with the heterovariant clade virus. Protection against death induced by VLPs was independent of the pre-challenge HAI titer or cell-mediated responses to HA or M1 since vaccinated mice, with low to undetectable cross-clade HAI antibodies or cellular responses to influenza antigens, were still protected from a lethal viral challenge. However, an apparent association rate of antibody binding to HA correlated with protection and was enhanced using VLPs, particularly when delivered intranasally, compared to rHA vaccines. Conclusion/Significance This is the first report describing the use of an H5N1 VLP vaccine created from a clade 2 isolate. The results show that a non-replicating virus-like particle is effective at eliciting a broadened, cross-clade protective immune response to proteins from emerging H5N1 influenza isolates giving rise to a potential pandemic influenza vaccine candidate for humans that can be stockpiled for use in the event of an outbreak of H5N1 influenza.
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12
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Mark L, Proctor DG, Blackbourn DJ, Blom AM, Spiller OB. Separation of decay-accelerating and cofactor functional activities of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein using monoclonal antibodies. Immunology 2007; 123:228-38. [PMID: 17764451 PMCID: PMC2433302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an essential part of the innate immune system, which clears pathogens without requirement for previous exposure, although it also greatly enhances the efficacy and response of the cellular and humoral immune systems. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently identified human herpesvirus and the likely aetiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. We previously reported that the KSHV complement control protein (KCP) was expressed on infected cells and virions, and could inhibit complement through decay-accelerating activity (DAA) of the classical C3 convertase and cofactor activity (CFA) for factor I (FI)-mediated degradation of C4b and C3b, as well as acting as an attachment factor for binding to heparan sulphate on permissive cells. Here, we determined the ability of a panel of monoclonal anti-KCP antibodies to block KCP functions relative to their recognized epitopes, as determined through binding to recombinant KCP containing large (entire domain) or small (2-3 amino acid residue) alterations. One antibody recognizing complement control protein (CCP) domain 1 blocked heparin binding, DAA and C4b CFA, but was poor at blocking C3b CFA, while a second antibody recognizing CCP4 blocked C3b CFA and 80% DAA, but not C4b CFA or heparan sulphate binding. Two antibodies recognizing CCP2 and CCP3 were capable of blocking C3b and C4b CFA and heparan sulphate binding, but only one could inhibit DAA. These results show that, while KCP is a multifunctional protein, these activities do not completely overlap and can be isolated through incubation with monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mark
- Medical Protein Chemistry Group, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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Jégou JF, Chan P, Schouft MT, Griffiths MR, Neal JW, Gasque P, Vaudry H, Fontaine M. C3d binding to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein results in an exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3323-31. [PMID: 17312184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is known to contribute to demyelination in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, there are few data concerning the natural adjuvant effect of C3d on the humoral response when it binds to myelin Ags. This study addresses the effect of C3d binding to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6J mice. Immunization with human MOG coupled to C3d was found to accelerate the appearance of clinical signs of the disease and to enhance its severity compared with MOG-immunized mice. This finding was correlated with an increased infiltration of leukocytes into the central nervous system accompanied by increased complement activation and associated with areas of demyelination and axonal loss. Furthermore, B cell participation in the pathogenesis of the disease was determined by their increased capacity to act as APCs and to form germinal centers. Consistent with this, the production of MOG-specific Abs was found to be enhanced following MOG/C3d immunization. These results suggest that binding of C3d to self-Ags could increase the severity of an autoimmune disease by enhancing the adaptive autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Jégou
- INSERM U413, Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides 23, University of Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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Bower JF, Ross TM. A minimum CR2 binding domain of C3d enhances immunity following vaccination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 586:249-64. [PMID: 16893077 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34134-x_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The degradation product of the third (C3) complement component, C3d, links innate and adaptive immunity, and the covalent attachment of C3d to an antigen enhances antigen-specific immune responses. C3d has been hypothesized to enhance immunity by direct interaction with complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) on immune cells. However, the domains on C3d important for CR2 binding have been controversial, with various studies reaching contradictory conclusions. In addition, the concept of B-cell activation via CR2 by C3d has been questioned, since mice lacking CR2 still elicit C3d-enhanced immunity following vaccination. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if a peptide representing one of the proposed CR2 binding domains of C3d could substitute for the entire protein and enhance antigen-specific immunity. Mice (BALB/c) were vaccinated with the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Env(gp120)) alone or fused to multiple copies of the murine C3d or a twenty-eight amino-acid peptide (P28) containing a minimum CR2 binding domain. Each immunogen was expressed from DNA plasmid in vivo or injected as purified recombinant protein. The fusion of the P28 peptide to Env(gp120) enhanced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with similar efficiency as Env(gp120) conjugated to C3d. The fusion of C3d or P28 to Env(gp120) elicited higher-titer anti-Env specific antibody, enhanced avidity maturation of the elicited antibody, and elicited higher numbers of IFN-gamma and IL-4 secreting cells compared to Env(gp120) immunizations. This CR2-binding domain specific 28 amino acid peptide can substitute for the entire C3d molecule and enhance immunity. These results indicate that the adjuvant properties of C3d are associated with CR2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Bower
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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Prabakaran P, Dimitrov AS, Fouts TR, Dimitrov DS. Structure and function of the HIV envelope glycoprotein as entry mediator, vaccine immunogen, and target for inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2007; 55:33-97. [PMID: 17586312 PMCID: PMC7111665 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)55002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advances of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) structure as related to the interactions of conserved Env structures with receptor molecules and antibodies with implications for the design of vaccine immunogens and inhibitors. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env binds to cell surface–associated receptor (CD4) and coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) by one of its two non-covalently associated subunits, gp120. The induced conformational changes activate the other subunit (gp41), which causes the fusion of the viral with the plasma cell membranes resulting in the delivery of the viral genome into the cell and the initiation of the infection cycle. As the only HIV protein exposed to the environment, the Env is also a major immunogen to which neutralizing antibodies are directed and a target that is relatively easy to access by inhibitors. A fundamental problem in the development of effective vaccines and inhibitors against HIV is the rapid generation of alterations at high levels of expression during long chronic infection and the resulting significant heterogeneity of the Env. The preservation of the Env function as an entry mediator and limitations on size and expression impose restrictions on its variability and lead to the existence of conserved structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponraj Prabakaran
- Protein Interactions Group, CCRNP, CCR, NCI-Frederick, NIH Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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16
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Rezaee SAR, Cunningham C, Davison AJ, Blackbourn DJ. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immune modulation: an overview. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1781-1804. [PMID: 16760382 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human herpesvirus. It is the aetiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a tumour frequently affecting AIDS patients not receiving treatment. KSHV is also a likely cause of two lymphoproliferative diseases: multicentric Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma. The study of KSHV offers exciting challenges for understanding the mechanisms of virus pathogenesis, including those involved in establishing infection and dissemination in the host. To facilitate these processes, approximately one-quarter of KSHV genes encode cellular homologues or unique proteins that have immunomodulatory roles in cytokine production, apoptosis, cell signalling and the immunological synapse. The activities of these molecules are considered in the present review and the positions of their genes are mapped from a complete KSHV genome sequence derived from a KS biopsy. The understanding gained enables the significance of different components of the immune response in protection against KSHV infection to be evaluated. It also helps to unravel the complexities of cellular and immunological pathways and offers the potential for exploiting viral immunomodulators and derivatives in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rahim Rezaee
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - David J Blackbourn
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Spiller OB, Mark L, Blue CE, Proctor DG, Aitken JA, Blom AM, Blackbourn DJ. Dissecting the regions of virion-associated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein required for complement regulation and cell binding. J Virol 2006; 80:4068-78. [PMID: 16571823 PMCID: PMC1440425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.8.4068-4078.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, which bridges innate and adaptive immune responses as well as humoral and cell-mediated immunity, is antiviral. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a lytic cycle protein called KSHV complement control protein (KCP) that inhibits activation of the complement cascade. It does so by regulating C3 convertases, accelerating their decay, and acting as a cofactor for factor I degradation of C4b and C3b, two components of the C3 and C5 convertases. These complement regulatory activities require the short consensus repeat (SCR) motifs, of which KCP has four (SCRs 1 to 4). We found that in addition to KCP being expressed on the surfaces of experimentally infected endothelial cells, it is associated with the envelope of purified KSHV virions, potentially protecting them from complement-mediated immunity. Furthermore, recombinant KCP binds heparin, an analogue of the known KSHV cell attachment receptor heparan sulfate, facilitating infection. Treating virus with an anti-KCP monoclonal antibody (MAb), BSF8, inhibited KSHV infection of cells by 35%. Epitope mapping of MAb BSF8 revealed that it binds within SCR domains 1 and 2, also the region of the protein involved in heparin binding. This MAb strongly inhibited classical C3 convertase decay acceleration by KCP and cofactor activity for C4b cleavage but not C3b cleavage. Our data suggest similar topological requirements for cell binding by KSHV, heparin binding, and regulation of C4b-containing C3 convertases but not for factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b. Importantly, they suggest KCP confers at least two functions on the virion: cell binding with concomitant infection and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. B. Spiller
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - L. Mark
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - C. E. Blue
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - D. G. Proctor
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Aitken
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. Blom
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - D. J. Blackbourn
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö S-20502, Sweden, Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 121 415-8804. Fax: 44 121 414-4486. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Koch M, Frazier J, Sodroski J, Wyatt R. Characterization of antibody responses to purified HIV-1 gp120 glycoproteins fused with the molecular adjuvant C3d. Virology 2005; 340:277-84. [PMID: 16051303 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 exterior envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds receptor (CD4) and co-receptors (CCR5/CXCR4) and is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. The two functionally conserved regions of gp120 involved in receptor binding are conformational in nature. It is likely that the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies to these targets will benefit by presentation of these sites to the humoral immune system under physiologic conditions. Initially, we investigated the ability of the molecular adjuvant C3d to enhance antibody responses to variant gp120 glycoproteins in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). We utilized a gp120 variant glycoprotein deleted of N- and C-terminal sequences (gp120DeltaC1/C5) originally designed to eliminate immunodominant, non-neutralizing epitopes and characterized this protein when fused to two C3d elements (gp120DeltaC1/C5(C3d)(2)). In PBS, the gp120DeltaC1/C5(C3d)(2) proteins are able to elicit gp120 binding antibodies more efficiently than gp120 lacking C3d moieties. We then asked if we could observe C3d-enhanced immunogenicity of gp120 in the presence of the classical oil-in-water adjuvant, Ribi. In the presence of the Ribi, which contains the TLR-4 agonist monophospholipid A (MPL), antibodies elicited by the gp120DeltaC1/C5(C3d)(2) were of higher titer than those elicited by the identical protein in PBS. To determine if the elicited secondary response was due to a synergy between the C3d repeats and the Ribi, we then inoculated gp120DeltaC1/C5 protein in Ribi and observed that similar titers of anti-gp120 antibodies were elicited in comparison to the gp120DeltaC1/C5(C3d)(2) protein also inoculated in Ribi adjuvant. In Ribi, there was a small but consistent increase in gp120-specific antibody titer of a gp120DeltaC1/C5(C3d)(2) prime followed by two gp120DeltaC1/C5 boosts compared to three inoculations of either the gp120DeltaC1/C5 proteins or the gp120DeltaC1/C5(C3d)(2) proteins alone. We conclude that the molecular adjuvant C3d demonstrates utility in conditions where physiologic presentation of native protein structures is desired, but may have less benefit in the context of a relatively potent protein adjuvant such as Ribi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Koch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
In the years following the publication of the initial in vivo demonstration of the ability of plasmid DNA to generate protective immune responses, DNA vaccines have entered into a variety of human clinical trials for vaccines against various infectious diseases and for therapies against cancer, and are in development for therapies against autoimmune diseases and allergy. They also have become a widely used laboratory tool for a variety of applications ranging from proteomics to understanding Ag presentation and cross-priming. Despite their rapid and widespread development and the commonplace usage of the term "DNA vaccines," however, the disappointing potency of the DNA vaccines in humans underscores the challenges encountered in the efforts to translate efficacy in preclinical models into clinical realities. This review will provide a brief background of DNA vaccines including the insights gained about the varied immunological mechanisms that play a role in their ability to generate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Donnelly
- Chiron Vaccines, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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Abstract
The complement system has important protective functions in both the innate and the adaptive immune systems but can also, when inappropriately activated, cause tissue damage. Complement deficiency predisposes to infection and also to development of autoimmune disease, especially SLE, and complement is at the same time involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this review, various aspects of this dualism are discussed. An overview of activation pathways and activation products is given, together with a description of autoimmunity against complement and the potential of complement regulation in future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sturfelt
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Lund, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
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