1
|
Shi X, Feng L, Li Y, Qin M, Li T, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Zhou C, Cheng S, Zhang C, Gao Y. Efficacy and safety of Panax notoginseng saponins (Xuesaitong) for patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1280559. [PMID: 37908976 PMCID: PMC10614024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1280559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is the major cause of mortality and permanent disability and is associated with an astonishing economic burden worldwide. In the past few decades, accumulated evidence has indicated that Xuesaitong (XST) has therapeutic benefits in cases of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Our study aimed to provide the best current body of evidence of the efficacy and safety of XST for patients with AIS. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched eight electronic databases from inception to 17 July 2023 for relevant RCTs. The investigators independently screened trials, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 and STATA 16.0 software. Results: In total, 46 RCTs involving 7,957 patients were included. The results showed that XST improved the long-term functional outcomes with lower modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores (MD = -0.67; 95% CI [-0.92 to -0.42]; p < 0.00001) and a higher proportion of functional independence (mRS ≤2) (RR = 1.08; 95% CI [1.05 to 1.12]; p < 0.00001). Low-quality evidence indicated that XST improved the activities of daily living (MD = 10.17; 95% CI [7.28 to 13.06]; p < 0.00001), improved the neurological impairment (MD = -3.39; 95% CI [-3.94 to -2.84]; p < 0.00001), and enhanced the total efficiency rate (RR = 1.19; 95% CI [1.15 to 1.23]; p < 0.00001). No significant difference was found in the all-cause mortality or incidence of adverse events between the XST and control groups. The certainty of evidence was estimated as moderate to very low. Conclusion: Presently, the administration of XST within 14 days of AIS is associated with favorable long-term functional outcomes. In addition, XST can improve activities of daily living, alleviate neurological deficits, and has shown good tolerability. However, the current evidence is too weak, and the confidence of evidence synthesis was restricted by the high risk of bias. Given the insufficient evidence, appropriately sized and powered RCTs investigating the efficacy and safety of XST for patients with AIS are warranted. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=446208, CRD42023446208.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shi
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luda Feng
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Qin
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Zixin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congren Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sisong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asrani P, Seebohm G, Stoll R. Potassium viroporins as model systems for understanding eukaryotic ion channel behaviour. Virus Res 2022; 320:198903. [PMID: 36037849 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are membrane proteins essential for a plethora of cellular functions including maintaining cell shape, ion homeostasis, cardiac rhythm and action potential in neurons. The complexity and often extensive structure of eukaryotic membrane proteins makes it difficult to understand their basic biological regulation. Therefore, this article suggests, viroporins - the miniature versions of eukaryotic protein homologs from viruses - might serve as model systems to provide insights into behaviour of eukaryotic ion channels in general. The structural requirements for correct assembly of the channel along with the basic functional properties of a K+ channel exist in the minimal design of the viral K+ channels from two viruses, Chlorella virus (Kcv) and Ectocarpus siliculosus virus (Kesv). These small viral proteins readily assemble into tetramers and they sort in cells to distinct target membranes. When these viruses-encoded channels are expressed into the mammalian cells, they utilise their protein machinery and hence can serve as excellent tools to study the cells protein sorting machinery. This combination of small size and robust function makes viral K+ channels a valuable model system for detection of basic structure-function correlations. It is believed that molecular and physiochemical analyses of these viroporins may serve as basis for the development of inhibitors or modulators to ion channel activity for targeting ion channel diseases - so called channelopathies. Therefore, it may provide a potential different scope for molecular pharmacology studies aiming at novel and innovative therapeutics associated with channel related diseases. This article reviews the structural and functional properties of Kcv and Kesv upon expression in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. The mechanisms behind differential protein sorting in Kcv and Kesv are also thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospec|NMR, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospec|NMR, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum D-44780, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thangamani L, Balasubramanian B, Easwaran M, Natarajan J, Pushparaj K, Meyyazhagan A, Piramanayagam S. GalNAc-siRNA conjugates: Prospective tools on the frontier of anti-viral therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105864. [PMID: 34474100 PMCID: PMC8405237 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The growing use of short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics for viral diseases reflects the most recent innovations in anti-viral vaccines and drugs. These drugs play crucial roles in the fight against many hitherto incurable diseases, the causes, pathophysiologies, and molecular processes of which remain unknown. Targeted liver drug delivery systems are in clinical trials. The receptor-mediated endocytosis approach involving the abundant asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) on the surfaces of liver cells show great promise. We here review N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-siRNA conjugates that treat viral diseases such as hepatitis B infection, but we also mention that novel, native conjugate-based, targeted siRNA anti-viral drugs may also cure several life-threatening diseases such as hemorrhagic cystitis, multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronaviruses and human herpes virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Thangamani
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Murugesh Easwaran
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shanmughavel Piramanayagam
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu W, Zheng H, Li Q, Wang Y, Liu X, Hu X, Liu W, Liu S, Chen Z, Feng W, Cai X, Li N. shRNA transgenic swine display resistance to infection with the foot-and-mouth disease virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16377. [PMID: 34385528 PMCID: PMC8361160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most important animal pathogens in the world. FMDV naturally infects swine, cattle, and other cloven-hoofed animals. FMD is not adequately controlled by vaccination. An alternative strategy is to develop swine that are genetically resistant to infection. Here, we generated FMDV-specific shRNA transgenic cells targeting either nonstructural protein 2B or polymerase 3D of FMDV. The shRNA-positive transgenic cells displayed significantly lower viral production than that of the control cells after infection with FMDV (P < 0.05). Twenty-three transgenic cloned swine (TGCS) and nine non-transgenic cloned swine (Non-TGCS) were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In the FMDV challenge study, one TGCS was completely protected, no clinical signs, no viremia and no viral RNA in the tissues, no non-structural antibody response, another one TGCS swine recovered after showing clinical signs for two days, whereas all of the normal control swine (NS) and Non-TGCS developed typical clinical signs, viremia and viral RNA was determined in the tissues, the non-structural antibody was determined, and one Non-TGCS swine died. The viral RNA load in the blood and tissues of the TGCS was reduced in both challenge doses. These results indicated that the TGCS displayed resistance to the FMDV infection. Immune cells, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD21+, and CD172+ cells, and the production of IFN-γ were analyzed, there were no significant differences observed between the TGCS and NS or Non-TGCS, suggesting that the FMDV resistance may be mainly derived from the RNAi-based antiviral pathway. Our work provides a foundation for a breeding approach to preventing infectious disease in swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinarian Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Genprotein Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinarian Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinarian Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Zou Z, Jiang Z, Huang X, Liu Q. Biological Function and Application of Picornaviral 2B Protein: A New Target for Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060510. [PMID: 31167361 PMCID: PMC6630369 DOI: 10.3390/v11060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are associated with acute and chronic diseases. The clinical manifestations of infections are often mild, but infections may also lead to respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, myocarditis, meningitis, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis, with serious impacts on human health and economic losses in animal husbandry. Thus far, research on picornaviruses has mainly focused on structural proteins such as VP1, whereas the non-structural protein 2B, which plays vital roles in the life cycle of the viruses and exhibits a viroporin or viroporin-like activity, has been overlooked. Viroporins are viral proteins containing at least one amphipathic α-helical structure, which oligomerizes to form transmembrane hydrophilic pores. In this review, we mainly summarize recent research data on the viroporin or viroporin-like activity of 2B proteins, which affects the biological function of the membrane, regulates cell death, and affects the host immune response. Considering these mechanisms, the potential application of the 2B protein as a candidate target for antiviral drug development is discussed, along with research challenges and prospects toward realizing a novel treatment strategy for picornavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Li
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Zixiao Zou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Zeju Jiang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan X, Lv J, Lin X, Zhang C, Deng J, Wang C, Fan X, Wang Y, Xu H, Wu S. Multiplex detection of six swine viruses on an integrated centrifugal disk using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:415-425. [PMID: 30947641 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719841096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular testing and microfluidic technologies have opened new avenues for rapid detection of animal viruses. We used a centrifugal microfluidic disk (CMFD) to detect 6 important swine viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory swine virus-North American genotype, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus, and porcine parvovirus. Through integrating the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and microfluidic chip technology, the CMFD could be successfully performed at 62℃ in 60 min. The detection limit of the CMFD was 3.2 × 102 copies per reaction, close to the sensitivity of tube-type LAMP turbidity methods (1 × 102 copies per reaction). In addition, the CMFD was highly specific in detecting the targeted viruses with no cross-reaction with other viruses, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine rotavirus. The coincidence rate of CMFD and conventional PCR was ~94%; the CMFD was more sensitive than conventional PCR for detecting mixed viral infections. The positive detection rate of 6 viruses in clinical samples by CMFD was 44.0% (102 of 232), whereas PCR was 40.1% (93 of 232). Thirty-six clinical samples were determined to be coinfected with 2 or more viruses. CMFD can be used for rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection of 6 swine viruses, offering a reliable assay for monitoring these pathogens, especially for detecting viruses in widespread mixed-infection clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfen Yuan
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Jizhou Lv
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Junhua Deng
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Caixia Wang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Xiaopan Fan
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Yonggui Wang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China (Yuan, Deng, C Wang, Lv, Lin, Wu).,CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China (Zhang, Fan, Y Wang, Xu)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In-vitro inhibition of spring viremia of carp virus replication by RNA interference targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:14-19. [PMID: 30336160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp, a fatal viral disease, is caused by the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) and can result in up to 70% mortalities in common carps and significant economic losses in several other cyprinid aquaculture. The present study aimed to investigate the possible control of SVCV replication in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells using the RNA interference technology targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) gene of the SVCV that is essential for its replication. Three stealth small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences were designed to target three different regions on the SVCV-L gene. The specific siRNAs designed were investigated individually or in combinations to inhibit the SVCV-L gene expression and the virus replication. Results showed that the most effective siRNA sequence was the siRNA-602 that specifically reduced the SVCV replication by two logs as indicated by the virus titration and quantitative real-time PCR. Results, also, showed that the minimum effective concentration of siRNA-602 was 20 nM when used to transfect the EPC cells before the virus inoculation. Results of this study clearly indicate that targeting the SVCV-L gene by RNAi can reduce the SVCV replication in vitro, that may lead to the control of SVCV in fish.
Collapse
|
8
|
Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, Smoliga G, LaRocco M, Gutkoska J, Lawrence P. Proof-of-concept study: profile of circulating microRNAs in Bovine serum harvested during acute and persistent FMDV infection. Virol J 2017; 14:71. [PMID: 28388926 PMCID: PMC5384155 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in the levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in the serum of humans and animals have been detected as a result of infection with a variety of viruses. However, to date, such a miRNA profiling study has not been conducted for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Methods The relative abundance of 169 miRNAs was measured in bovine serum collected at three different phases of FMDV infection in a proof-of-concept study using miRNA PCR array plates. Results Alterations in specific miRNA levels were detected in serum during acute, persistent, and convalescent phases of FMDV infection. Subclinical FMDV persistence produced a circulating miRNA profile distinct from cattle that had cleared infection. bta-miR-17-5p was highest expressed during acute infection, whereas bta-miR-31 was the highest during FMDV persistence. Interestingly, miR-1281was significantly down-regulated during both acute and persistent infection. Cattle that cleared infection resembled the baseline profile, adding support to applying serum miRNA profiling for identification of sub-clinically infected FMDV carriers. Significantly regulated miRNAs during acute or persistent infection were associated with cellular proliferation, apoptosis, modulation of the immune response, and lipid metabolism. Conclusions These findings suggest a role for non-coding regulatory RNAs in FMDV infection of cattle. Future studies will delineate the individual contributions of the reported miRNAs to FMDV replication, determine if this miRNA signature is applicable across all FMDV serotypes, and may facilitate development of novel diagnostic applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0743-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
| | - George Smoliga
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
| | - Michael LaRocco
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
| | - Joseph Gutkoska
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
| | - Paul Lawrence
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Samir M, Pessler F. Small Non-coding RNAs Associated with Viral Infectious Diseases of Veterinary Importance: Potential Clinical Applications. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:22. [PMID: 27092305 PMCID: PMC4819147 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) molecules that can regulate mRNAs by inducing their degradation or by blocking translation. Considering that miRNAs are ubiquitous, stable, and conserved across animal species, it seems feasible to exploit them for clinical applications. Unlike in human viral diseases, where some miRNA-based molecules have progressed to clinical application, in veterinary medicine, this concept is just starting to come into view. Clinically, miRNAs could represent powerful diagnostic tools to pinpoint animal viral diseases and/or prognostic tools to follow up disease progression or remission. Additionally, the possible consequences of miRNA dysregulation make them potential therapeutic targets and open the possibilities to use them as tools to generate viral disease-resistant livestock. This review presents an update of preclinical studies on using sncRNAs to combat viral diseases that affect pet and farm animals. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and challenges of bringing these bench-based discoveries to the veterinary clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samir
- TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Frank Pessler
- TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
ZHANG XIAOXI, ZHENG HAIXUE, XU MINJUN, ZHOU YU, LI XIANGPING, YANG FAN, LIU QINGYOU, SHI DESHUN. Evaluation of a combinatorial RNAi lentivirus vector targeting foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6672-8. [PMID: 26323462 PMCID: PMC4626173 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven‑hoofed animals, which leads to serious economical losses. FMDV is not adequately controlled by vaccination or biosecurity measures. To generate genetically modified FMDV‑resistant animals, a combinatorial expression cassette producing three short hairpin (sh)RNAs was constructed using the lentivirus (LV) vector, LV‑3shRNA. The three shRNAs were expressed under the regulation of DNA polymerase III promoters from a buffalo and a bovine source, with one targeted to the non‑structural protein 3B, and the other two targeted to the viral polymerase protein 3D of FMDV, respectively. The role of LV‑3shRNA in the inhibition of the replication of FMDV was determined in BHK‑21 cells and in suckling mice. The results revealed that LV‑3shRNA reduced viral growth 3‑fold (24 h post‑infection) when the cells were challenged with 107‑times the tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/ml of O serotype FMDV. The suckling mice pretreated with LV‑3shRNA were completely protected on administration of 5‑times the dose of FMDV otherwise sufficient to kill 50% of the experimental animals (LD50). These results demonstrated that the LV‑mediated dual expression of three FMDV‑specific shRNAs provided a novel strategy towards combating FMDV, which facilitates the permanent introduction of novel disease-resistance traits into the buffalo and bovine genomes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XIAOXI ZHANG
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, P.R. China
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - HAIXUE ZHENG
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - MINJUN XU
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - YU ZHOU
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, P.R. China
| | - XIANGPING LI
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, P.R. China
| | - FAN YANG
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, P.R. China
| | - QINGYOU LIU
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, P.R. China
| | - DESHUN SHI
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sahare AA, Bedekar MK, Jain SK, Singh A, Singh S, Sarkhel BC. Inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus by vector delivered SiRNA in cell culture. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 26:58-64. [PMID: 25153457 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2014.886584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is major threat to poultry industry. It causes severe immunosuppression and mortality in chicken generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. RNA intereference (RNAi) emerges as a potent gene regulatory tool in last few years. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of RNAi to inhibit the IBD virus (IDBV) replication in-vitro. VP2 gene of virus encodes protein involved in capsid formation, cell entry and induction of protective immune responses against it. Thus, VP2 gene of IBDV is the candidate target for the molecular techniques applied for IBDV detection and inhibition assay. In this study, IBDV was isolated from field cases and confirmed by RT-PCR. The virus was then adapted on chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEF) in which it showed severe cytopathic effects (CPE). The short hairpin RNA (shRNAs) constructs homologous to the VP2 gene were designed and one, having maximum score and fulfilling maximum Reynolds criteria, was selected for evaluation of effective inhibition. Selected shRNA construct (i.e., VP2-shRNA) was observed to be the most effective for inhibiting VP2 gene expression. Real time PCR analysis was performed to measure the relative expression of VP2 gene in different experimental groups. The VP2 gene was less expressed in virus infected cells co-transfected with VP2-shRNA as compared to mock transfected cells and IBDV+ cells (control) at dose 1.6 µ g. The result showed ∼95% efficient down regulation of VP2 gene mRNA in VP2-shRNA treated cells. These findings suggested that designed shRNA construct achieved high level of inhibition of VP2 gene expression in-vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Ashok Sahare
- a Animal Biotechnology Center, JNKVV Campus, Adhartal , Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Identification and characterization of buffalo 7SK and U6 pol III promoters and application for expression of short hairpin RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2596-607. [PMID: 24534805 PMCID: PMC3958870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (pol III) type 3 promoters, such as 7SK and U6, are routinely used to induce short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to knockdown gene expression by RNA interference (RNAi). To extend the application of RNAi to studies of buffalo, an shRNAs expressing system using the buffalo pol III promoters was developed. Buffalo 7SK promoter (bu7SK) and U6 promoter (buU6) sequences upstream of the full-length 7SK and U6 small nuclear RNA sequence in the buffalo genome were identified and characterized, respectively. To determine the functionality of these promoters in constructs driving shRNA expression, anti-EGFP shRNAs (shEGFP) cassettes under the direction of bu7SK and buU6 were constructed. We further compared the EGFP knockdown efficiency of constructs using bu7SK and buU6 with that of promoters of human and bovine origins in BFF cells and mouse PT67 cells by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR assays. We found that the bu7SK and buU6 promoters induced the greatest level of suppression in homologous and heterologous cells relative to promoters derived from other species. Taken together, functional bu7SK and buU6 promoters were identified and characterized, thus laying the groundwork for future development of RNAi therapeutics and gene modification in buffalo species.
Collapse
|
13
|
Parida S. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:347-65. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Gismondi MI, Ortiz XP, Currá AP, Asurmendi S, Taboga O. Artificial microRNAs as antiviral strategy to FMDV: structural implications of target selection. J Virol Methods 2014; 199:1-10. [PMID: 24406623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) appears as a promising strategy to control virus replication. While the antiviral power of short-hairpin RNAs or small-interfering RNAs against FMDV has been demonstrated widely, safer RNAi effectors such as artificial microRNAs (amiRs) have not been evaluated extensively. In this work, transgenic monoclonal cell lines constitutively expressing different amiRs targeting FMDV 3D-coding region or 3'UTR were established. Certain cell lines showed an effective, sequence-specific amiR-mediated silencing activity that was accomplished by degradation of the target mRNA, as demonstrated in co-transfection experiments of reporter genes fused to FMDV target sequences. However, FMDV replication in these amiR-expressing cells was affected barely. Experiments aimed at elucidating the cause of RNAi failure demonstrated limited accessibility of the targeted region in the molecular environment of the viral RNA. Since RNAi is mediated by large-dimension silencing complexes containing the siRNA and not simply by a linear oligonucleotide, we propose that target selection should consider not only the local RNA structure but also the global conformation of target RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Gismondi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Xoana P Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Anabella P Currá
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Oscar Taboga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiao Y, Gong X, Du J, Liu M, Guo X, Chen L, Miao W, Jin T, Chang H, Zeng Y, Zheng Z. Transgenically mediated shRNAs targeting conserved regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus provide heritable resistance in porcine cell lines and suckling mice. Vet Res 2013; 44:47. [PMID: 23822604 PMCID: PMC3716715 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock breeding each year, and the development of new strategies is needed to overcome the limitations of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of transgenic porcine cells and suckling mice that simultaneously expressed two short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the conserved regions of the viral polymerase protein 3D and the non-structural protein 2B. First, two recombinant shRNA-expressing plasmids, PB-EN3D2B and PB-N3D2B, were constructed and the efficiency of the constructs for suppressing an artificial target was demonstrated in BHK-21 cells. We then integrated PB-EN3D2B into the genome of the porcine cell line IBRS-2 using the piggyBac transposon system, and stable monoclonal transgenic cell lines (MTCL) were selected. Of the 6 MTCL that were used in the antiviral assay, 3 exhibited significant resistance with suppressing ratios of more than 94% at 48 hours post-challenge (hpc) to both serotype O and serotype Asia 1 FMDV. MTCL IB-3D2B-6 displayed the strongest antiviral activity, which resulted in 100% inhibition of FMDV replication until 72 hpc. Moreover, the shRNA-expressing fragment of PB-N3D2B was integrated into the mouse genome by DNA microinjection to produce transgenic mice. When challenged with serotype O FMDV, the offspring of the transgenic mouse lines N3D2B-18 and N3D2B-81 exhibited higher survival rates of 19% to 27% relative to their non-transgenic littermates. The results suggest that these heritable shRNAs were able to suppress FMDV replication in the transgenic cell lines and suckling mice.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang H, Liu X, Wu J, Wu G, Yu L, He C, Yang H, Xie W, Xia X, He H. Bovine fetal epithelium cells expressing shRNA targeting viral VP1 gene resisted against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology 2013; 439:115-21. [PMID: 23481248 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RNAi could protect experimental animals from Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), but pivotal issue is delivery of RNAi. In this study, shRNA recombinant lentiviral plasmid RNAi-LT6 targeting VP1 of FMDV, which strongly suppressed the transient expression of a FLAG-tagged VP1 protein in 293T cells and significantly inhibited viral replication in BHK-21 cells, was screened and transfected into bovine fetal fibroblast cells. With subsequent somatic cell cloning, three 4-month-old transgenic fetuses were obtained, and integration into chromosome and expression of shRNA in primary transgenic tongue epithelium cells were confirmed by Southern hybridization and Northern assay, respectively. shRNA significantly suppressed viral RNA synthesis and viral replication in primary transgenic tongue epithelium cells after inoculation of 200 TCID50 of FMDV. The results suggested that transgenic cloning may be a useful tool for RNAi delivery and RNAi anti-viral strategy, and RNAi-LT6 could be a candidate shRNA used for preparation of transgenic cattle against FMDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bian Z, Xiao A, Cao M, Liu M, Liu S, Jiao Y, Yan W, Qi Z, Zheng Z. Anti-HBV efficacy of combined siRNAs targeting viral gene and heat shock cognate 70. Virol J 2012; 9:275. [PMID: 23158906 PMCID: PMC3534549 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern with more than two billion individuals currently infected worldwide. Because of the limited effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, development of novel antiviral strategies is urgently needed. Heat stress cognate 70 (Hsc70) is an ATP-binding protein of the heat stress protein 70 family. Hsc70 has been found to be required for HBV DNA replication. Here we report, for the first time, that combined siRNAs targeting viral gene and siHsc70 are highly effective in suppressing ongoing HBV expression and replication. METHODS We constructed two plasmids (S1 and S2) expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting surface open reading frame of HBV(HBVS) and one plasmid expressing shRNA targeting Hsc70 (siHsc70), and we used the EGFP-specific siRNA plasmid (siEGFP) as we had previously described. First, we evaluated the gene-silencing efficacy of both shRNAs using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter system and flow cytometry in HEK293 and T98G cells. Then, the antiviral potencies of HBV-specific siRNA (siHBV) in combination with siHsc70 in HepG2.2.15 cells were investigated. Moreover, type I IFN and TNF-α induction were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Cotransfection of either S1 or S2 with an EGFP plasmid produced an 80%-90% reduction in EGFP signal relative to the control. This combinational RNAi effectively and specifically inhibited HBV protein, mRNA and HBV DNA, resulting in up to a 3.36 log10 reduction in HBV load in the HepG2.2.15 cell culture supernatants. The combined siRNAs were more potent than siHBV or siHsc70 used separately, and this approach can enhance potency in suppressing ongoing viral gene expression and replication in HepG2.2.15 cells while forestalling escape by mutant HBV. The antiviral synergy of siHBV used in combination with siHsc70 produced no cytotoxicity and induced no production of IFN-α, IFN-β and TNF-α in transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our combinational RNAi was sequence-specific, effective against wild-type and mutant drug-resistant HBV strains, without triggering interferon response or producing any side effects. These findings indicate that combinational RNAi has tremendous promise for developing innovative therapy against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Bian
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming General Hospital, PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming 650032, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang H, Wu J, Liu X, He H, Ding F, Yang H, Cheng L, Liu W, Zhong J, Dai Y, Li G, He C, Yu L, Li J. Identification of short hairpin RNA targeting foot-and-mouth disease virus with transgenic bovine fetal epithelium cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42356. [PMID: 22905125 PMCID: PMC3414509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although it is known that RNA interference (RNAi) targeting viral genes protects experimental animals, such as mice, from the challenge of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), it has not been previously investigated whether shRNAs targeting FMDV in transgenic dairy cattle or primary transgenic bovine epithelium cells will confer resistance against FMDV challenge. Principal Finding Here we constructed three recombinant lentiviral vectors containing shRNA against VP2 (RNAi-VP2), VP3 (RNAi-VP3), or VP4 (RNAi-VP4) of FMDV, and found that all of them strongly suppressed the transient expression of a FLAG-tagged viral gene fusion protein in 293T cells. In BHK-21 cells, RNAi-VP4 was found to be more potent in inhibition of viral replication than the others with over 98% inhibition of viral replication. Therefore, recombinant lentiviral vector RNAi-VP4 was transfected into bovine fetal fibroblast cells to generate transgenic nuclear donor cells. With subsequent somatic cell cloning, we generated forty transgenic blastocysts, and then transferred them to 20 synchronized recipient cows. Three transgenic bovine fetuses were obtained after pregnant period of 4 months, and integration into chromosome in cloned fetuses was confirmed by Southern hybridization. The primary tongue epithelium cells of transgenic fetuses were isolated and inoculated with 100 TCID50 of FMDV, and it was observed that shRNA significantly suppressed viral RNA synthesis and inhibited over 91% of viral replication after inoculation of FMDV for 48 h. Conclusion RNAi-VP4 targeting viral VP4 gene appears to prevent primary epithelium cells of transgenic bovine fetus from FMDV infection, and it could be a candidate shRNA used for cultivation of transgenic cattle against FMDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin He
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HH); (GL)
| | - Fangrong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cheng
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Huhehaote, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Zhong
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunping Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Huhehaote, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HH); (GL)
| | - Chengqiang He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meng QW, Zhang ZP, Wang W, Tian J, Xiao ZG. Enhanced inhibition of Avian leukosis virus subgroup J replication by multi-target miRNAs. Virol J 2011; 8:556. [PMID: 22188662 PMCID: PMC3296551 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a major infectious disease that impacts the poultry industry worldwide. Despite intensive efforts, no effective vaccine has been developed against ALV because of mutations that lead to resistant forms. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop antiviral agents for the treatment of ALV infections and RNA interference (RNAi) is considered an effective antiviral strategy. Results In this study, the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) proviral genome, including the gag genes, were treated as targets for RNAi. Four pairs of miRNA sequences were designed and synthesized that targeted different regions of the gag gene. The screened target (i.e., the gag genes) was shown to effectively suppress the replication of ALV-J by 19.0-77.3%. To avoid the generation of escape variants during virus infection, expression vectors of multi-target miRNAs were constructed using the multi-target serial strategy (against different regions of the gag, pol, and env genes). Multi-target miRNAs were shown to play a synergistic role in the inhibition of ALV-J replication, with an inhibition efficiency of viral replication ranging from 85.0-91.2%. Conclusion The strategy of multi-target miRNAs might be an effective method for inhibiting ALV replication and the acquisition of resistant mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luo J, Du J, Gao S, Zhang G, Sun J, Cong G, Shao J, Lin T, Chang H. Lentviral-mediated RNAi to inhibit target gene expression of the porcine integrin αv subunit, the FMDV receptor, and against FMDV infection in PK-15 cells. Virol J 2011; 8:428. [PMID: 21899738 PMCID: PMC3183033 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background shRNA targeting the integrin αv subunit, which is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) receptor, plays a key role in virus attachment to susceptible cells. We constructed a RNAi lentiviral vector, iαv pLenti6/BLOCK -iT™, which expressed siRNA targeting the FMDV receptor, the porcine integrin αv subunit, on PK-15 cells. We also produced a lentiviral stock, established an iαv-PK-15 cell line, evaluated the gene silencing efficiency of mRNA using real-time qRT-PCR, integrand αv expression by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) and cell enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (cell ELISA), and investigated the in vivo inhibitory effect of shRNA on FMDV replication in PK-15 cells. Results Our results indicated successful establishment of the iαv U6 RNAi entry vector and the iαv pLenti6/BLOCK -iT expression vector. The functional titer of obtained virus was 1.0 × 106 TU/mL. To compare with the control and mock group, the iαv-PK-15 group αv mRNA expression rate in group was reduced by 89.5%, whilst IIF and cell ELISA clearly indicated suppression in the experimental group. Thus, iαv-PK-15 cells could reduce virus growth by more than three-fold and there was a > 99% reduction in virus titer when cells were challenged with 102 TCID50 of FMDV. Conclusions Iαv-PK-15 cells were demonstrated as a cell model for anti-FMDV potency testing, and this study suggests that shRNA could be a viable therapeutic approach for controlling the severity of FMD infection and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihuai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pengyan W, Jianjun J, Ning L, Jinliang S, Yan R, Chuangfu C, Zhiru G. Transgenic mouse model integrating siRNA targeting the foot and mouth disease virus. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:265-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Construction of a multiple targeting RNAi plasmid that inhibits target gene expression and FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells and suckling mice. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:335-46. [PMID: 20446035 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that afflicts cloven-hoofed animals. The etiological agent of FMD is foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The VP1 gene of FMDV is essential during the life cycle of the virus and plays a key role in the attachment of the virus to susceptible cells. We constructed a plasmid, pCWN11, that expresses siRNAs multiple-targeting the VP1 genes of FMDV. We evaluated the gene silencing efficiency of the plasmid using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter system in BHK-21 cells. The antiviral potential of the plasmid in BHK-21 cells and suckling mice were investigated. The results indicate that cotransfection of pCWN11 with any one of three serotypes VP1-EGFP plasmids resulted in a reduction in the EGFP signal relative to the control. Moreover, the antiviral potential induced by pCWN11 was evident during challenge with one FMDV isolate of either serotype O (HKN/2002) or serotype Asia I (YNBS/58), and the inhibition extended to almost 40 h. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of pCWN11 in the neck made suckling mice significantly less susceptible to FMDV serotype O and Asia I.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cong W, Jin H, Jiang C, Yan W, Liu M, Chen J, Zuo X, Zheng Z. Attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis-mediated RNAi targeted to conserved regions against foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs and swine. Vet Res 2010; 41:30. [PMID: 20167192 PMCID: PMC2826090 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, specific sequences within three genes (3D, VP4 and 2B) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome were determined to be effective RNAi targets. These sequences are highly conserved among different serotype viruses based on sequence analysis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-expressing plasmids (p3D-NT19, p3D-NT56, pVP4-NT19, pVP4-NT65 and p2B-NT25) were constructed to express siRNA targeting 3D, VP4 and 2B, respectively. The antiviral potential of these siRNA for various FMDV isolates was investigated in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells and suckling mice. The results show that these siRNA inhibited virus yield 10- to 300-fold for different FMDV isolates of serotype O and serotype Asia I at 48 h post infection in BHK-21 cells compared to control cells. In suckling mice, p3D-NT56 and p2B-NT25 delayed the death of mice. Twenty percent to 40% of the animals that received a single siRNA dose survived 5 days post infection with serotype O or serotype Asia I. We used an attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis (C500) vaccine strain, to carry the plasmid that expresses siRNA directed against the polymerase gene 3D (p3D-NT56) of FMDV. We used guinea pigs to evaluate the inhibitory effects of recombinant S. cho (p3D-NT56/S. cho) on FMDV infection. The results show that 80% of guinea pigs inoculated with 109 CFU of p3D-NT56/S. cho and challenged 36 h later with 50 ID50 of homologous FMDV were protected. We also measured the antiviral activity of p3D-NT56/S. cho in swine. The results indicate that 100% of the animals treated with 5 × 109 CFU of p3D-NT56/S. cho were protected in 9 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd., Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Long CR, Tessanne KJ, Golding MC. Applications of RNA interference-based gene silencing in animal agriculture. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:47-58. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical genetic selection, recently aided by genomic selection tools, has been successful in achieving remarkable progress in livestock improvement. However, genetic selection has led to decreased genetic diversity and, in some cases, acquisition of undesirable traits. In order to meet the increased demands of our expanding population, new technologies and practices must be developed that contend with zoonotic and animal disease, environmental impacts of large farming operations and the increased food and fibre production needed to feed and clothe our society. Future increases in productivity may be dependent upon the acquisition of genetic traits not currently encoded by the genomes of animals used in standard agricultural practice, thus making classical genetic selection impossible. Genetic engineering of livestock is commonly used to produce pharmaceuticals or to impart enhanced production characteristics to animals, but has also demonstrated its usefulness in producing animals with disease resistance. However, significant challenges remain because it has been more difficult to produce animals in which specific genes have been removed. It is now possible to modify livestock genomes to block expression of endogenous and exogenous genes (such as those expressed following virus infection). In the present review, we discuss mechanisms of silencing gene expression via the biology of RNA interference (RNAi), the technology of activating the RNAi pathway and the application of this technology to enhance livestock production through increased production efficiency and prevention of disease. An increased demand for sustainable food production is at the forefront of scientific challenges and RNAi technology will undoubtedly play a key role.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee HS, Ahn J, Jun EJ, Yang S, Joo CH, Kim YK, Lee H. A novel program to design siRNAs simultaneously effective to highly variable virus genomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:431-5. [PMID: 19422797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major concern of antiviral therapy using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting RNA viral genome is high sequence diversity and mutation rate due to genetic instability. To overcome this problem, it is indispensable to design siRNAs targeting highly conserved regions. We thus designed CAPSID (Convenient Application Program for siRNA Design), a novel bioinformatics program to identify siRNAs targeting highly conserved regions within RNA viral genomes. From a set of input RNAs of diverse sequences, CAPSID rapidly searches conserved patterns and suggests highly potent siRNA candidates in a hierarchical manner. To validate the usefulness of this novel program, we investigated the antiviral potency of universal siRNA for various Human enterovirus B (HEB) serotypes. Assessment of antiviral efficacy using Hela cells, clearly demonstrates that HEB-specific siRNAs exhibit protective effects against all HEBs examined. These findings strongly indicate that CAPSID can be applied to select universal antiviral siRNAs against highly divergent viral genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lambeth LS, Zhao Y, Smith LP, Kgosana L, Nair V. Targeting Marek's disease virus by RNA interference delivered from a herpesvirus vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 27:298-306. [PMID: 18977264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated herpesvirus vaccines such as herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) have been used since 1970 for the control of Marek's disease (MD), a highly infectious lymphoproliferative disease of poultry. Despite the success of these vaccines in reducing losses from the disease, Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains have shown a continuing increase in virulence, presumably due to the inability of the current vaccines in preventing MDV replication. The highly specific and effective nature of RNA interference (RNAi) makes this technology particularly attractive for new antiviral strategies. In order to exploit the power of RNAi-mediated suppression of MDV replication in vivo delivered through existing vaccines, we engineered recombinant HVT expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against MDV genes gB and UL29. The levels of protection induced by the RNAi-expressing HVT against virulent virus challenge were similar to the parent pHVT3 virus. However, chickens vaccinated with recombinant HVT expressing shRNA showed moderate reduction of challenge virus replication in blood and feather samples. Delivery of RNAi-based gene silencing through live attenuated vaccines for reducing replication of pathogenic viruses is a novel approach for the control of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Lambeth
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, High Street, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
A novel bi-functional DNA vaccine expressing VP1 protein and producing antisense RNA targeted to 5′UTR of foot-and-mouth disease virus can induce both rapid inhibitory effect and specific immune response in mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:5477-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Joyappa DH, Sasi S, Ashok KC, Reddy GR, Suryanarayana VVS. The plasmid constructs producing shRNA corresponding to the conserved 3D polymerase of Foot and Mouth Disease virus protects guinea pigs against challenge virus. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:263-71. [PMID: 18810649 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been used as an effective antiviral strategy for its specific silencing of viral gene expression in mammalian cells. In this study, shRNA targeting two regions of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) i.e. 3D and 5'UTR which are very essential in virus replication were evaluated. The constructs were made using h7K RNA polymerase III promoter. We investigated in vivo inhibitory effect of shRNA on FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells and guinea pigs. The results showed that transfection of 3D shRNA could reduce virus growth by three folds when cells were challenged with 10(2) TCID(50) of FMDV. Pretreated guinea pigs with 3DshRNA were protected 80% with 10(3) GPID(50) of FMDV. As a first report in guinea pigs which are recognized animal model for FMD vaccine potency testing, the study suggests that shRNA could be a viable therapeutic approach to control severity of FMD infection and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dechamma Hosur Joyappa
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Molecular Virology Lab, Bangalore, campus, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jia H, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H, Yu K, Chen Z, Chen Y, Cha Z. Specific small interfering RNAs-mediated inhibition of replication of porcine encephalomyocarditis virus in BHK-21 cells. Antiviral Res 2008; 79:95-104. [PMID: 18243347 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is recognized as a pathogen inducing acute myocarditis and sudden death in preweaned piglets and severe reproductive failure in sows. In this study, eight specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes targeting different genomic regions of EMCV BJC3 were designed and their ability to inhibit virus replication in BHK-21 cells was investigated. The results showed that BHK-21 cells transfected with siRNA duplexes to 2C gene (JH-4,666, BJC-1,739), 2B gene (BJC-807), 3C gene (BJC-2,363) and 3D gene (BJC-3269) were specifically resistant to EMCV infection when exposed to 500 times the 50% cell culture infective dose (CCID(50)) of EMCV. The levels of the 3D gene in the transfected cells were obviously decreased. IFA and Western blotting analysis confirmed that the expression of VP1 protein in cell culture transfected with the siRNAs was apparently reduced. Of the five siRNAs, JH-4,666, BJC-2,363 and BJC-3,269 were the most effective. Combination of the siRNA duplexes enhanced the inhibition of EMCV replication. Our data indicated that specific siRNAs are able to inhibit the replication of porcine encephalomyocarditis virus in BHK-21 cells, suggesting that RNAi might provide a new approach to prevent EMCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gao Y, Liu W, Gao H, Qi X, Lin H, Wang X, Shen R. Effective inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus replication in vitro by DNA vector-based RNA interference. Antiviral Res 2007; 79:87-94. [PMID: 18378010 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) leads to considerable economic losses for the poultry industry by inducing severe immunosuppression and high mortality in chickens. The objective of this study was to determine if RNA interference (RNAi) could be utilized to inhibit IBDV replication in vitro. We selected 3 short interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences (siVP1(618), siVP1(1,115), and siVP1(2,571)) based on conserved regions in the vp1 gene of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). When the Vero cells were transfected with siRNA, synthesized via in vitro transcription, and then infected with IBDV, siVP1(2,571) was discovered to be the most effective site for inhibiting IBDV replication. For long-term expression of siRNA and due to its suitability for large-scale preparation, the mouse U6 promoter was amplified using primers designed according to the siVP1(2,571) sequence. The resulting products were then subcloned into pEGFP-C1 to construct the shRNA expression vector pEC2571-shRNA. The shRNA-transfected Vero cells were then infected with IBDV. As compared to the control, the inhibitory rate in the pEC2,571-shRNA-transfected group was 87.4%. Indirect immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed that VP1 expression decreased at both the protein and RNA levels as compared to that in the controls. The results presented here indicate that DNA vector-based RNAi could effectively inhibit IBDV replication in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vagnozzi A, Stein DA, Iversen PL, Rieder E. Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infections in cell cultures with antisense morpholino oligomers. J Virol 2007; 81:11669-80. [PMID: 17728223 PMCID: PMC2168802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00557-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed ungulates that can lead to severe losses in the livestock production and export industries. Although vaccines have been extensively used to control FMD, there is no antiviral therapy available to treat ongoing infections with FMD virus (FMDV). Six peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) with sequences complementary to various 21-nucleotide segments of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of the FMDV genome (strain A(24) Cruzeiro/Brazil/1955 [A(24)Cru]) were evaluated in cell cultures. Three of the PPMOs, targeting domain 5 of the internal ribosome entry site (5D PPMO), and the two translation start codon regions (AUG1 and AUG2 PPMOs), showed high levels of anti-FMDV activity. A dose-dependent and sequence-specific reduction in viral titers of greater than 5 log(10), with a concomitant reduction of viral protein and RNA expression, was achieved at low micromolar concentrations. Under identical conditions, three other PPMOs targeting the 5'-terminal region of the genome, the cis-acting replication element in the 5' UTR, and the 3' "ab" stem-loop showed less dramatic titer reductions of 1.5 log(10) to 2 log(10). Treatment with 5D PPMO reduced the titers of FMDV strains representing five different serotypes by 2 log(10) to 4 log(10) compared to those of the controls. A(24)Cru-infected BHK-21 cells treated repeatedly with 5D or AUG2 PPMO generated resistant viruses for which phenotypic and genotypic properties were defined. Notably, three passages with low concentrations of the AUG1 PPMO extinguished all traces of detectable virus. The results indicate that PPMOs have potential for treating FMDV infections and that they also represent useful tools for studying picornaviral translation and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Vagnozzi
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service/NAA, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kusov Y, Kanda T, Palmenberg A, Sgro JY, Gauss-Müller V. Silencing of hepatitis A virus infection by small interfering RNAs. J Virol 2007; 80:5599-610. [PMID: 16699041 PMCID: PMC1472172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01773-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) can cause acute hepatitis and, rarely, fulminant liver failure, in particular in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. Based on our previous observation that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can silence translation and replication of the firefly luciferase-encoding HAV replicon, we now exploited this technology to demonstrate the effect of siRNAs on viral infection in Huh-7 cells. Freshly and persistently infected cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting various sites in the HAV nonstructural genes. Compared to a single application, consecutive siRNA transfections targeting multiple sequences in the viral genome resulted in a more efficient and sustained silencing effect than a single transfection. In most instances, multiple applications of a single siRNA led to the emergence of viral escape mutants with mutated target sites that rendered these genomes resistant to RNA interference (RNAi). Efficient and sustained suppression of the viral infectivity was achieved after consecutive applications of an siRNA targeting a computer-predicted hairpin structure. This siRNA holds promise as a therapeutic tool for severe courses of HAV infection. In addition, the results provide new insight into the structural bases for sequence-specific RNAi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kusov
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lambeth LS, Moore RJ, Muralitharan MS, Doran TJ. Suppression of bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:132-43. [PMID: 17052865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a ubiquitous viral pathogen that affects cattle herds' worldwide causing significant economic loss. The current strategies to control BVDV infection include vaccination (modified-live or killed) and control of virus spread by enhanced biosecurity management, however, the disease remains prevalent. With the discovery of the sequence-specific method of gene silencing known as RNA interference (RNAi), a new era in antiviral therapies has begun. Here we report the efficient inhibition of BVDV replication by small interfering (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene silencing. siRNAs were generated to target the 5' non-translated (NTR) region and the regions encoding the C, NS4B and NS5A proteins of the BVDV genome. The siRNAs were first validated using an EGFP/BVDV reporter system and were then shown to suppress BVDV-induced cytopathic effects and viral titers in cell culture with surprisingly different activities compared to the reporter system. Efficient viral suppression was then achieved by bovine 7SK-expressed BVDV-specific shRNAs. Overall, our results demonstrated the use of siRNA and shRNA-mediated gene silencing to achieve efficient inhibition of the replication of this virus in cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Lambeth
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Silencing gene expression through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi) has been known in the plant world for many years. In recent years, knowledge of the prevalence of RNAi and the mechanism of gene silencing through RNAi has started to unfold. It is now believed that RNAi serves in part as an innate response against invading viral pathogens and, indeed, counter silencing mechanisms aimed at neutralizing RNAi have been found in various viral pathogens. During the past few years, it has been demonstrated that RNAi, induced by specifically designed double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, can silence gene expression of human viral pathogens both in acute and chronic viral infections. Furthermore, it is now apparent that in in vitro and in some in vivo models, the prospects for this technology in developing therapeutic applications are robust. However, many key questions and obstacles in the translation of RNAi into a potential therapeutic platform still remain, including the specificity and longevity of the silencing effect, and, most importantly, the delivery of the dsRNA that induces the system. It is expected that for the specific examples in which the delivery issue could be circumvented or resolved, RNAi may hold promise for the development of gene‐specific therapeutics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mali Ketzinel‐Gilad
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen W, Liu M, Jiao Y, Yan W, Wei X, Chen J, Fei L, Liu Y, Zuo X, Yang F, Lu Y, Zheng Z. Adenovirus-mediated RNA interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80:3559-66. [PMID: 16537624 PMCID: PMC1440392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.7.3559-3566.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is responsible for the heavy economic losses in stockbreeding each year. Because of the limited effectiveness of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs, the development of new strategies is needed. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective means of suppressing virus replication in vitro. Here we demonstrate that treatment with recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) directed against either structural protein 1D (Ad5-NT21) or polymerase 3D (Ad5-POL) of FMDV totally protects swine IBRS-2 cells from homologous FMDV infection, whereas only Ad5-POL inhibits heterologous FMDV replication. Moreover, delivery of these shRNAs significantly reduces the susceptibility of guinea pigs and swine to FMDV infection. Three of five guinea pigs inoculated with 10(6) PFU of Ad5-POL and challenged 24 h later with 50 50% infectious doses (ID50) of homologous virus were protected from the major clinical manifestation of disease: the appearance of vesicles on the feet. Two of three swine inoculated with an Ad5-NT21-Ad5-POL mixture containing 2 x 10(9) PFU each and challenged 24 h later with 100 ID50 of homologous virus were protected from the major clinical disease, but treatment with a higher dose of adenovirus mixture cannot promote protection of animals. The inhibition was rapid and specific because treatment with a control adenovirus construct (Ad5-LacZ) expressing Escherichia coli galactosidase-specific shRNA showed no marked antiviral activity. Our data highlight the in vivo potential of RNAi technology in the case of FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Golding MC, Long CR, Carmell MA, Hannon GJ, Westhusin ME. Suppression of prion protein in livestock by RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5285-90. [PMID: 16567624 PMCID: PMC1459347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600813103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the difficulty of applying gene knockout technology to species other than mice, we decided to explore the utility of RNA interference (RNAi) in silencing the expression of genes in livestock. Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were designed and screened for their ability to suppress the expression of caprine and bovine prion protein (PrP). Lentiviral vectors were used to deliver a transgene expressing GFP and an shRNA targeting PrP into goat fibroblasts. These cells were then used for nuclear transplantation to produce a cloned goat fetus, which was surgically recovered at 81 days of gestation and compared with an age-matched control derived by natural mating. All tissues examined in the cloned fetus expressed GFP, and PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene encoding the PrP shRNA. Most relevant, Western blot analysis performed on brain tissues comparing the transgenic fetus with control demonstrated a significant (>90%) decrease in PrP expression levels. To confirm that similar methodologies could be applied to the bovine, recombinant virus was injected into the perivitelline space of bovine ova. After in vitro fertilization and culture, 76% of the blastocysts exhibited GFP expression, indicative that they expressed shRNAs targeting PrP. Our results provide strong evidence that the approach described here will be useful in producing transgenic livestock conferring potential disease resistance and provide an effective strategy for suppressing gene expression in a variety of large-animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Golding
- *Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and
| | - Charles R. Long
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Michelle A. Carmell
- *Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and
| | - Gregory J. Hannon
- *Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Mark E. Westhusin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|