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Blaze a New Trail: Plant Virus Xylem Exploitation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158375. [PMID: 35955508 PMCID: PMC9368924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are trailblazers in hijacking host systems for their own needs. Plant viruses have been shown to exploit alternative avenues of translocation within a host, including a challenging route through the xylem, to expand their niche and establish systemic spread, despite apparent host-imposed obstacles. Recent findings indicate that plant viruses from many families could successfully hack xylem cells in a broad range of plant hosts, including herbaceous and perennial woody plants. Similar to virus-related structures present in the phloem, virus particles and membrane-containing viral replication complexes are often observed in the xylem. Except for a few single-stranded DNA viruses in the family Geminiviridae and a negative-sense single-stranded RNA rhabdovirus, Lettuce necrotic yellows virus, the majority of the viruses that were detected in the xylem belong to the group of positive-sense RNA viruses. The diversity of the genome organization and virion morphology of those viruses indicates that xylem exploitation appears to be a widely adapted strategy for plant viruses. This review outlines the examples of the xylem-associated viruses and discusses factors that regulate virus inhabitation of the xylem as well as possible strategies of virus introduction into the xylem. In some cases, plant disease symptoms have been shown to be closely related to virus colonization of the xylem. Inhibiting viral xylem invasion could raise potential attractive approaches to manage virus diseases. Therefore, the identification of the host genes mediating virus interaction with the plant xylem tissue and understanding the underlying mechanisms call for more attention.
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Unequal contribution of two paralogous CENH3 variants in cowpea centromere function. Commun Biol 2020; 3:775. [PMID: 33319863 PMCID: PMC7738545 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most diploids the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3), the assembly site of active centromeres, is encoded by a single copy gene. Persistance of two CENH3 paralogs in diploids species raises the possibility of subfunctionalization. Here we analysed both CENH3 genes of the diploid dryland crop cowpea. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that gene duplication of CENH3 occurred independently during the speciation of Vigna unguiculata. Both functional CENH3 variants are transcribed, and the corresponding proteins are intermingled in subdomains of different types of centromere sequences in a tissue-specific manner together with the kinetochore protein CENPC. CENH3.2 is removed from the generative cell of mature pollen, while CENH3.1 persists. CRISPR/Cas9-based inactivation of CENH3.1 resulted in delayed vegetative growth and sterility, indicating that this variant is needed for plant development and reproduction. By contrast, CENH3.2 knockout individuals did not show obvious defects during vegetative and reproductive development. Hence, CENH3.2 of cowpea is likely at an early stage of pseudogenization and less likely undergoing subfunctionalization.
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Kato M, Harding R, Dale J, Dugdale B. Localization of Tobacco Yellow Dwarf Virus Replication Using the In Plant Activation (INPACT) Expression Platform. Viruses 2020; 12:E688. [PMID: 32604765 PMCID: PMC7354463 DOI: 10.3390/v12060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses and their diseases are a considerable economic threat to a vast number of crops worldwide. Investigating how and where these viruses replicate and accumulate in their hosts may lead to novel molecular resistance strategies. In this study, we used the Rep-inducible In Plant Activation (INPACT) expression platform, based on the genome of tobacco yellow dwarf virus (TYDV), to determine where this model mastrevirus replicates in its host tobacco. By developing an infectious clone of TYDV and optimizing its delivery by agroinfiltration, we first established an efficient artificial infection process. When delivered into transgenic tobacco plants containing a TYDV-based INPACT cassette encoding the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter, we showed the virus activates GUS expression. Histology revealed that reporter gene expression was limited to phloem-associated cell types suggesting TYDV replication has a restricted tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benjamin Dugdale
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; (M.K.); (R.H.); (J.D.)
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Lentz EM, Kuon JE, Alder A, Mangel N, Zainuddin IM, McCallum EJ, Anjanappa RB, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Cassava geminivirus agroclones for virus-induced gene silencing in cassava leaves and roots. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:73. [PMID: 30154909 PMCID: PMC6109987 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We report the construction of a Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) vector and an agroinoculation protocol for gene silencing in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves and roots. The African cassava mosaic virus isolate from Nigeria (ACMV-[NOg]), which was initially cloned in a binary vector for agroinoculation assays, was modified for application as VIGS vector. The functionality of the VIGS vector was validated in Nicotiana benthamiana and subsequently applied in wild-type and transgenic cassava plants expressing the uidA gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in order to facilitate the visualization of gene silencing in root tissues. VIGS vectors were targeted to the Mg2+-chelatase gene in wild type plants and both the coding and promoter sequences of the 35S::uidA transgene in transgenic plants to induce silencing. We established an efficient agro-inoculation method with the hyper-virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1, which allows high virus infection rates. The method can be used as a low-cost and rapid high-throughput evaluation of gene function in cassava leaves, fibrous roots and storage roots. BACKGROUND VIGS is a powerful tool to trigger transient sequence-specific gene silencing in planta. Gene silencing in different organs of cassava plants, including leaves, fibrous and storage roots, is useful for the analysis of gene function. RESULTS We developed an African cassava mosaic virus-based VIGS vector as well as a rapid and efficient agro-inoculation protocol to inoculate cassava plants. The VIGS vector was validated by targeting endogenous genes from Nicotiana benthamiana and cassava as well as the uidA marker gene in transgenic cassava for visualization of gene silencing in cassava leaves and roots. CONCLUSIONS The African cassava mosaic virus-based VIGS vector allows efficient and cost-effective inoculation of cassava for high-throughput analysis of gene function in cassava leaves and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Matias Lentz
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel-Elias Kuon
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Alder
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Mangel
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ima M. Zainuddin
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emily Jane McCallum
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ravi Bodampalli Anjanappa
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW, E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Plant Genetics Lab, TERRA Research and Teaching Centre, Gembloux Agro BioTech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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Singh AK, Kushwaha N, Chakraborty S. Synergistic interaction among begomoviruses leads to the suppression of host defense-related gene expression and breakdown of resistance in chilli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4035-49. [PMID: 26780359 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chilli (Capsicum sp.) is one of the economically important spice and vegetable crops grown in India and suffers great losses due to the infection of begomoviruses. Conventional breeding approaches have resulted in development of a few cultivars of chilli resistant to begomoviruses. A severe leaf curl disease was observed on one such resistant chilli cultivar (Capsicum annuum cv. Kalyanpur Chanchal) grown in the experimental field of the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Four different viral genomic components namely, Chilli leaf curl virus (DNA A), Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (DNA β), Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (DNA A), and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (DNA B) were associated with the severe leaf curl disease. Further, frequent association of these four genomic components was also observed in symptomatic plants of other chilli cultivars (Capsicum annuum cv. Kashi Anmol and Capsicum chinense cv. Bhut Jolokia) grown in the experimental field. Interaction studies among the isolated viral components revealed that Nicotiana benthamiana and chilli plants inoculated with four genomic components of begomoviruses exhibited severe leaf curl disease symptoms. In addition, this synergistic interaction resulted in increased viral DNA accumulation in infected plants. Resistant chilli plants co-inoculated with four genomic components of begomoviruses showed drastic reduction of host basal (ascorbate peroxidase, thionin, polyphenol oxidase) and specific defense-related gene (NBS-LRR) expression. Our results suggested that synergistic interaction among begomoviruses created permissive cellular environment in the resistant chilli plants which leads to breakdown of natural resistance, a phenomenon observed for the first time in chilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Nirbhay Kushwaha
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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Matevz R, Florence F, Michel T, Ion GA, Agnès D, Laurent G, Maja K, David D, Kristina G, Emmanuel J, Maja R. Fluorescently Tagged Potato virus Y: A Versatile Tool for Functional Analysis of Plant-Virus Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:739-50. [PMID: 25761209 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-14-0218-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is an economically important plant virus that infects Solanaceous crops such as tobacco and potato. To date, studies into the localization and movement of PVY in plants have been limited to detection of viral RNA or proteins ex vivo. Here, a PVY N605 isolate was tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP), characterized and used for in vivo tracking. In Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi, PVY N605-GFP was biologically comparable to nontagged PVY N605, stable through three plant-to-plant passages and persisted for four months in infected plants. GFP was detected before symptoms and fluorescence intensity correlated with PVY RNA concentrations. PVY N605-GFP provided in vivo tracking of long-distance movement, allowing estimation of the cell-to-cell movement rate of PVY in N. tabacum cv. Xanthi (7.1 ± 1.5 cells per hour). PVY N605-GFP was adequately stable in Solanum tuberosum cvs. Désirée and NahG-Désirée and able to infect S. tuberosum cvs. Bintje and Bea, Nicotiana benthamiana, and wild potato relatives. PVY N605-GFP is therefore a powerful tool for future studies of PVY-host interactions, such as functional analysis of viral and plant genes involved in viral movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupar Matevz
- 1 National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Faurez Florence
- 2 INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte F-35653, Le Rheu, France
- 3 FN3PT/RD3PT, 43-45 rue de Naples, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Tribodet Michel
- 2 INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte F-35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Delaunay Agnès
- 4 INRA-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, UMR-BGPI TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Glais Laurent
- 2 INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte F-35653, Le Rheu, France
- 3 FN3PT/RD3PT, 43-45 rue de Naples, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Kriznik Maja
- 1 National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dobnik David
- 1 National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gruden Kristina
- 1 National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jacquot Emmanuel
- 4 INRA-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, UMR-BGPI TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ravnikar Maja
- 1 National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cohu CM, Muller O, Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW. Minor loading vein acclimation for three Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes in response to growth under different temperature and light regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:240. [PMID: 23847643 PMCID: PMC3701806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In light of the important role of foliar phloem as the nexus between energy acquisition through photosynthesis and distribution of the products of photosynthesis to the rest of the plant, as well as communication between the whole plant and its leaves, we examined whether foliar minor loading veins in three Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes undergo acclimation to the growth environment. As a winter annual exhibiting higher rates of photosynthesis in response to cooler vs. warmer temperatures, this species might be expected to adjust the structure of its phloem to accommodate greater fluxes of sugars in response to growth at low temperature. Minor (fourth- and third-order) veins had 14 or fewer sieve elements and phloem tissue comprised 50% or more of the cross-sectional area. The number of phloem cells per minor loading vein was greater in leaves grown under cool temperature and high light vs. warm temperature and moderate light. This effect was greatest in an ecotype from Sweden, in which growth under cool temperature and high light resulted in minor veins with an even greater emphasis on phloem (50% more phloem cells with more than 100% greater cross-sectional area of phloem) compared to growth under warm temperature and moderate light. Likewise, the number of sieve elements per minor vein increased linearly with growth temperature under moderate light, almost doubling over a 27°C temperature range (21°C leaf temperature range) in the Swedish ecotype. Increased emphasis on cells involved in sugar loading and transport may be critical for maintaining sugar export from leaves of an overwintering annual such as A. thaliana, and particularly for the ecotype from the northern-most population experiencing the lowest temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William W. Adams
- *Correspondence: William W. Adams III, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA e-mail:
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Gorovits R, Moshe A, Kolot M, Sobol I, Czosnek H. Progressive aggregation of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus coat protein in systemically infected tomato plants, susceptible and resistant to the virus. Virus Res 2012; 171:33-43. [PMID: 23099086 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) coat protein (CP) accumulated in tomato leaves during infection. The CP was immuno-detected in the phloem associated cells. At the early stages of infection, punctate signals were detected in the cytoplasm, while in the later stages aggregates of increasing size were localized in cytoplasm and nuclei. Sedimentation of protein extracts through sucrose gradients confirmed that progress of infection was accompanied by the formation of CP aggregates of increasing size. Genomic ssDNA was found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, while the dsDNA replicative form was exclusively associated with the nucleus. CP-DNA complexes were detected by immuno-capture PCR in nuclear and cytoplasmic large aggregates. Nuclear aggregates contained infectious particles transmissible to test plants by whiteflies. In contrast to susceptible tomatoes, the formation of large CP aggregates in resistant plants was delayed. By experimentally changing the level of resistance/susceptibility of plants, we showed that maintenance of midsized CP aggregates was associated with resistance, while large aggregates where characteristic of susceptibility. We propose that sequestering of virus CP into midsized aggregates and retarding the formation of large insoluble aggregates containing infectious particles is part of the response of resistant plants to TYLCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and the Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Tucker MR, Okada T, Hu Y, Scholefield A, Taylor JM, Koltunow AMG. Somatic small RNA pathways promote the mitotic events of megagametogenesis during female reproductive development in Arabidopsis. Development 2012; 139:1399-404. [PMID: 22399683 DOI: 10.1242/dev.075390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Female gamete development in Arabidopsis ovules comprises two phases. During megasporogenesis, a somatic ovule cell differentiates into a megaspore mother cell and undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores, three of which degrade. The surviving functional megaspore participates in megagametogenesis, undergoing syncytial mitosis and cellular differentiation to produce a multicellular female gametophyte containing the egg and central cell, progenitors of the embryo and endosperm of the seed. The transition between megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis is poorly characterised, partly owing to the inaccessibility of reproductive cells within the ovule. Here, laser capture microdissection was used to identify genes expressed in and/or around developing megaspores during the transition to megagametogenesis. ARGONAUTE5 (AGO5), a putative effector of small RNA (sRNA) silencing pathways, was found to be expressed around reproductive cells during megasporogenesis, and a novel semi-dominant ago5-4 insertion allele showed defects in the initiation of megagametogenesis. Expression of a viral RNAi suppressor, P1/Hc-Pro, driven by the WUSCHEL and AGO5 promoters in somatic cells flanking the megaspores resulted in a similar phenotype. This indicates that sRNA-dependent pathways acting in somatic ovule tissues promote the initiation of megagametogenesis in the functional megaspore. Notably, these pathways are independent of AGO9, which functions in somatic epidermal ovule cells to inhibit the formation of multiple megaspore-like cells. Therefore, one somatic sRNA pathway involving AGO9 restricts reproductive development to the functional megaspore and a second pathway, inhibited by ago5-4 and P1/Hc-Pro, promotes megagametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Tucker
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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Reddy RVC, Dong W, Njock T, Rey MEC, Fondong VN. Molecular interaction between two cassava geminiviruses exhibiting cross-protection. Virus Res 2012; 163:169-77. [PMID: 21925553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing reports of geminivirus mixed infections of field plant hosts. These mixed infections have been suggested to result in recombinations, emergence of new viruses and new disease epidemics. We previously reported the occurrence of mixed infection between African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) resulting in severe symptoms in cassava fields in Cameroon. Here, we show that reassortment of DNA-A and DNA-B components of ACMV and EACMCV does not form viable recombinants. However, in the presence of both components of either virus, the DNA-A component of the other virus replicated and spread in the absence of its DNA-B component. This result suggests that failure of ACMV and EACMCV to form viable recombinants is due to the inability of each DNA-A component to trans-replicate the heterologous DNA-B component. This study also shows that ACMV DNA-A induces a resistance to ACMV and EACMCV as indicated by absence or late symptom development. Moreover, this resistance enabled plants to recover from severe symptoms caused by EACMCV in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that the resistance induced is not specific to ACMV and is consistent with the phenomenon of cross-protection between related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Chowda Reddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 North DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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Sunitha S, Marian D, Hohn B, Veluthambi K. Antibegomoviral activity of the agrobacterial virulence protein VirE2. Virus Genes 2011; 43:445-53. [PMID: 21842234 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mungbean yellow mosaic geminivirus (MYMV) causes severe yellow mosaic disease in blackgram, mungbean, Frenchbean, pigeonpea, soybean and mothbean. We attempted to induce resistance against this virus using the transcriptional activator protein gene deleted in the C-terminal activation domain (TrAP-∆AD) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens virE2. MYMV is known to replicate in agroinoculated tobacco leaf discs. Three transgenic tobacco plants which harboured a truncated MYMV transcriptional activator protein gene and two tobacco plants transformed with the octopine type A. tumefaciens virE2 gene were agroinoculated with an A. tumefaciens strain which harboured the partial dimers of both DNA A and DNA B of MYMV. The level of viral DNA accumulation in leaf discs of transgenic plants correlated inversely to the level of the MYMV TrAP-∆AD transcript. Two VirE2-transgenic plants, which complemented tumorigenesis of a virE2 mutant A. tumefaciens strain, effectively reduced MYMV DNA accumulation in the leaf disc agroinoculation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Sunitha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Kogovšek P, Kladnik A, Mlakar J, Znidarič MT, Dermastia M, Ravnikar M, Pompe-Novak M. Distribution of Potato virus Y in potato plant organs, tissues, and cells. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:1292-300. [PMID: 21692643 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-11-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of Potato virus Y (PVY) in the systemically infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants of the highly susceptible cultivar Igor was investigated. Virus presence and accumulation was analyzed in different plant organs and tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) negative staining methods. To get a complete insight into the location of viral RNA within the tissue, in situ hybridization was developed and optimized for the detection of PVY RNA at the cellular level. PVY was shown to accumulate in all studied leaf and stem tissues, in shoot tips, roots, and tubers; however, the level of virus accumulation was specific for each organ or tissue. The highest amounts of viral RNA and viral particles were found in symptomatic leaves and stem. By observing cell ultrastructure with TEM, viral cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were localized in close vicinity to the epidermis and in trichomes. Our results show that viral RNA, viral particles, and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies colocalize within the same type of cells or in close vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kogovšek
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Rentería-Canett I, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Ruiz-Medrano R, Rivera-Bustamante RF. Geminivirus mixed infection on pepper plants: synergistic interaction between PHYVV and PepGMV. Virol J 2011; 8:104. [PMID: 21385390 PMCID: PMC3061938 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PHYVV and PepGMV are plant viruses reported in Mexico and Southern US as causal agents of an important pepper disease known as "rizado amarillo". Mixed infections with PHYVV and PepGMV have been reported in several hosts over a wide geographic area. Previous work suggested that these viruses might interact at the replication and/or movement level in a complex manner. The aim of present report was to study some aspects of a synergistic interaction between PHYVV and PepGMV in pepper plants. These include analyses of symptom severity, viral DNA concentration and tissue localization of both viruses in single and mixed infections. RESULTS Mixed infections with PepGMV and PHYVV induced symptoms more severe than those observed in single viral infections. Whereas plants infected with either virus (single infection) presented a remission stage with a corresponding decrease in viral DNA levels, double-infected plants did not present symptom remission and both viral DNA concentrations dramatically increased. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that both viruses are restricted to the vascular tissue. Interestingly, the amount of viral DNA detected was higher in plants inoculated with PepGMV than that observed in PHYVV-infected plants. During mixed infections, the location of both viruses remained similar to the one observed in single infections, although the number of infected cells increases. Infections with the tripartite mixture PHYVV (A+B) + PepGMV A produced a similar synergistic infection to the one observed after inoculation with both full viruses. On the contrary, tripartite mixture PepGMV (A+B) + PHYVV A did not produce a synergistic interaction. In an attempt to study the contribution of individual genes to the synergism, several mutants of PHYVV or PepGMV were inoculated in combination with the corresponding wild type, second virus (wt PepGMV or wt PHYVV). All combinations tested resulted in synergistic infections, with exception of the TrAP mutant of PepGMV (PepGMV TrAP-) + PHYVV. CONCLUSION In this report, we have demonstrated that synergistic interaction between PHYVV and PepGMV during a mixed infection is mainly due to an increased DNA concentration of both viruses, without any noticeable effect on the localization of either virus on infected plant tissue. Our results have shown that the viral component A from PepGMV is important for synergism during PHYVV-PepGMV mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Rentería-Canett
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, DF
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Medrano
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, DF
| | - Rafael F Rivera-Bustamante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato
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14
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Chen LF, Rojas M, Kon T, Gamby K, Xoconostle-Cazares B, Gilbertson RL. A severe symptom phenotype in tomato in Mali is caused by a reassortant between a novel recombinant begomovirus (Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus) and a betasatellite. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:415-30. [PMID: 19400843 PMCID: PMC6640326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tomato production in West Africa has been severely affected by begomovirus diseases, including yellow leaf curl and a severe symptom phenotype, characterized by extremely stunted and distorted growth and small deformed leaves. Here, a novel recombinant begomovirus from Mali, Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), is described that, alone, causes tomato yellow leaf curl disease or, in combination with a betasatellite, causes the severe symptom phenotype. TYLCMLV is an Old World monopartite begomovirus with a hybrid genome composed of sequences from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Mild (TYLCV-Mld) and Hollyhock leaf crumple virus (HoLCrV). A TYLCMLV infectious clone induced leaf curl and yellowing in tomato, leaf curl, crumpling and yellowing in Nicotiana benthamiana and common bean, mild symptoms in N. glutinosa, and a symptomless infection in Datura stramonium. In a field-collected sample from a tomato plant showing the severe symptom phenotype in Mali, TYLCMLV was detected together with a betasatellite, identified as Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite (CLCuGB). Tomato plants co-agroinoculated with TYLCMLV and CLCuGB developed severely stunted and distorted growth and small crumpled leaves. These symptoms were more severe than those induced by TYLCMLV alone, and were similar to the severe symptom phenotype observed in the field in Mali and in other West African countries. TYLCMLV and CLCuGB also induced more severe symptoms than TYLCMLV in the other solanaceous hosts, but not in common bean. The increased symptom severity was associated with hyperplasia of phloem-associated cells, but relatively little increase in TYLCMLV DNA levels. In surveys of tomato virus diseases in West Africa, TYLCMLV was commonly detected in plants with leaf curl and yellow leaf curl symptoms, whereas CLCuGB was infrequently detected and always in association with the severe symptom phenotype. Together, these results indicate that TYLCMLV causes tomato yellow leaf curl disease throughout West Africa, whereas TYLCMLV and CLCuGB represent a reassortant that causes the severe symptom phenotype in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Blawid R, Van DT, Maiss E. Transreplication of a Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus DNA-B and replication of a DNAbeta component by Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus. Virus Res 2008; 136:107-17. [PMID: 18550192 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of two tomato-infecting begomoviruses from Vietnam were cloned and sequenced. A new variant of Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus (ToLCVV) consisting of a DNA-A component and associated with a DNAbeta molecule as well as an additional begomovirus tentatively named Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVV) consisting also of a DNA-A component were identified. To verify if monopartite viruses occurring in Vietnam and Thailand are able to transreplicate the DNA-B component of Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus-[Asian Institute of Technology] (TYLCTHV-[AIT]) infectivity assays were performed via agroinoculation and mechanically. As result, the DNA-B component of TYLCTHV-[AIT] was transreplicated by different DNA-A components of viruses from Vietnam and Thailand in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, the TYLCTHV-[AIT] DNA-B component facilitated the mechanical transmission of monopartite viruses by rub-inoculation as well as by particle bombardment in N. benthamiana and tomato plants. Finally, defective DNAs ranging from 735 to 1457 nucleotides were generated in N. benthamiana from those combinations containing TYLCTHV-[AIT] DNA-B component.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blawid
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Herrenhaueser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Saeed M, Mansoor S, Rezaian MA, Briddon RW, Randles JW. Satellite DNA beta overrides the pathogenicity phenotype of the C4 gene of tomato leaf curl virus but does not compensate for loss of function of the coat protein and V2 genes. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1367-72. [PMID: 18521533 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the ability of satellite DNA beta to complement mutations in the CP, V2 and C4 genes of the monopartite begomovirus, tomato leaf curl virus, which are potentially involved in movement. A mutation in the coat protein was not complemented by DNA beta. Mutations of the C4 and V2 genes attenuated and abolished symptoms, respectively. In the presence of the C4 mutant, but not the V2 mutant, DNA beta induced typical symptoms, confirming that the satellite encodes a dominant symptom determinant. In contrast to the C4 mutant, DNA beta did not enhance the viral DNA levels of the V2 mutant, suggesting that V2 is required for this phenomenon. The significance of these findings is discussed based on our present understanding of the functions of the viral genes and DNA beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saeed
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakista.,
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17
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Zhou YC, Noussourou M, Kon T, Rojas MR, Jiang H, Chen LF, Gamby K, Foster R, Gilbertson RL. Evidence of local evolution of tomato-infecting begomovirus species in West Africa: characterization of tomato leaf curl Mali virus and tomato yellow leaf crumple virus from Mali. Arch Virol 2008; 153:693-706. [PMID: 18278427 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLC) and tomato leaf curl (ToLC) diseases are serious constraints to tomato production in Mali and other countries in West Africa. In 2003 and 2004, samples of tomato showing virus-like symptoms were collected during a survey of tomato virus diseases in Mali. Three predominant symptom phenotypes were observed: (1) TYLC/ToLC (stunted upright growth and upcurled leaves with interveinal yellowing and vein purpling), (2) yellow leaf crumple and (3) broccoli or bonsai (severe stunting and distorted growth). Squash blot (SB) hybridization with a general begomovirus probe and/or SB/PCR analyses revealed begomovirus infection in plants with each of these symptom phenotypes and no evidence of phytoplasma infection. Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified begomovirus fragments revealed two putative new begomovirus species associated with the TYLC/ToLC and yellow leaf crumple symptom phenotypes, respectively. Full-length clones of these begomoviruses were obtained using PCR and overlapping primers. When introduced into N. benthamiana and tomato plants, these clones induced upward leaf curling and crumpling (the TYLC/ToLC-associated begomovirus) or downward leaf curl/yellow mottle (yellow leaf crumple-associated begomovirus) symptoms. Thus, these begomoviruses were named tomato leaf curl Mali virus (ToLCMLV) and tomato yellow leaf crumple virus (ToYLCrV). The genome organization of both viruses was similar to those of other monopartite begomoviruses. ToLCMLV and ToYLCrV were most closely related to each other and to tobacco leaf curl Zimbabwe virus (TbLCZV-[ZW]) and tomato curly stunt virus from South Africa (ToCSV-ZA). Thus, these likely represent tomato-infecting begomoviruses that evolved from indigenous begomoviruses on the African continent. Mixed infections of ToLCMLV and ToYLCrV in N. benthamiana and tomato plants resulted in more severe symptoms than in plants infected with either virus alone, suggesting a synergistic interaction. Agroinoculation experiments indicated that both viruses induced symptomatic infections in tomato and tobacco, whereas neither virus induced disease symptoms in pepper, common bean, small sugar pumpkin, African eggplant, or Arabidopsis. Virus-specific PCR primers were developed for detection of ToLCMLV and ToYLCrV and will be used to further investigate the distribution and host range of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Okada T, Catanach AS, Johnson SD, Bicknell RA, Koltunow AM. An Hieracium mutant, loss of apomeiosis 1 (loa1) is defective in the initiation of apomixis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-007-0057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Arguello-Astorga G, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT, Dallas MB, Orozco BM, Hanley-Bowdoin L. High-frequency reversion of geminivirus replication protein mutants during infection. J Virol 2007; 81:11005-15. [PMID: 17670823 PMCID: PMC2045516 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00925-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The geminivirus replication protein AL1 interacts with retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR), a key regulator of the plant division cell cycle, to induce conditions permissive for viral DNA replication. Previous studies of tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) AL1 showed that amino acid L148 in the conserved helix 4 motif is critical for RBR binding. In this work, we examined the effect of an L148V mutation on TGMV replication in tobacco cells and during infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The L148V mutant replicated 100 times less efficiently than wild-type TGMV in protoplasts but produced severe symptoms that were delayed compared to those of wild-type infection in plants. Analysis of progeny viruses revealed that the L148V mutation reverted at 100% frequency in planta to methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or a second-site mutation depending on the valine codon in the initial DNA sequence. Similar results were seen with another geminivirus, cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV), carrying an L145A mutation in the equivalent residue. Valine was the predominant amino acid recovered from N. benthamiana plants inoculated with the CaLCuV L145A mutant, while threonine was the major residue in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Together, these data demonstrated that there is strong selection for reversion of the TGMV L148V and CaLCuV L145A mutations but that the nature of the selected revertants is influenced by both the viral background and host components. These data also suggested that high mutation rates contribute to the rapid evolution of geminivirus genomes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Arguello-Astorga
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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20
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Bian XY, Thomas MR, Rasheed MS, Saeed M, Hanson P, De Barro PJ, Rezaian MA. A Recessive Allele (tgr-1) Conditioning Tomato Resistance to Geminivirus Infection Is Associated with Impaired Viral Movement. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:930-7. [PMID: 18943632 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-8-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Begomoviruses (the family Geminiviridae) are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and contain monopartite or bipartite circular single-stranded (ss)DNA genomes. They have emerged as severe problems in the production of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Here, we report the identification of a tomato breeding line, FLA653, that confers a high level of resistance to Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV, monopartite). Genetic analysis indicated that the resistance is controlled by a single recessive allele named tgr-1, which is in contrast to previous reports that multiple genetic factors are involved in tomato resistance to begomoviruses. Particle bombardment of an infectious TLCV DNA construct into the detached leaves of FLA653 resulted in the viral replication, but the viral ssDNA accumulated at a much lower level than that in susceptible controls. In situ localization of TLCV in the bombarded leaves suggests that tgr-1 impaired TLCV movement, raising the possibility that it may specify a host factor essential for viral systematic infection. This makes tgr-1 a strong candidate for developing resistance in major crops carrying the gene homologue.
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21
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Patil BL, Dutt N, Briddon RW, Bull SE, Rothenstein D, Borah BK, Dasgupta I, Stanley J, Jeske H. Deletion and recombination events between the DNA-A and DNA-B components of Indian cassava-infecting geminiviruses generate defective molecules in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Res 2007; 124:59-67. [PMID: 17109983 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cloned DNA-B components, belonging to the bipartite begomoviruses Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), family Geminiviridae, when co-inoculated along with previously cloned DNA-A components of the respective viruses onto the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana, generated defective DNAs (def-DNA) ranging in size from 549 to 1555 nucleotides. All the cloned def-DNAs contained the common region (CR) as well as portions of either DNA-A or DNA-B and, in a few cases, both DNA-A and DNA-B, representing recombinant products, the junction points of which correspond to repeats of 2-11 bases found in the parental molecules. The DNA-B-derived def-DNAs were, in some cases, associated with a decrease in levels of DNA-B, with a concomitant change in the symptoms from downward leaf curling in the older leaves to upward leaf-rolling in newly emerging leaves, more typical of monopartite begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaprabhu L Patil
- University of Delhi South Campus, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, New Delhi 110021, India
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