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Martínez-Espinoza I, Bungwon AD, Guerrero-Plata A. Human Metapneumovirus-Induced Host microRNA Expression Impairs the Interferon Response in Macrophages and Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2272. [PMID: 38005948 PMCID: PMC10675405 DOI: 10.3390/v15112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a nonsegmented, single-stranded negative RNA virus and a member of the Pneumoviridae family. During HMPV infection, macrophages play a critical role in defending the respiratory epithelium by secreting large amounts of type I interferon (IFN). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs that play an essential role in regulating gene expression during normal cellular homeostasis and disease by binding to specific mRNAs, thereby regulating at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels with a direct impact on the immune response and other cellular processes. However, the role of miRNAs in macrophages and respiratory viral infections remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the susceptibility of THP-1-derived macrophages to HMPV infection and the effect of hsa-miR-4634 on these cells. Transfection of an miRNA mimic and inhibitor demonstrated that hsa-miR-4634 regulates the IFN response in HMPV-infected macrophages, suggesting that HMPV induces the expression of the miRNA as a subversion mechanism of the antiviral response. This effect was not limited to macrophages, as a similar effect was also observed in epithelial cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that hsa-miR-4634 is an important factor in regulating the IFN response in macrophages and epithelial cells during HMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.-E.); (A.D.B.)
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2
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Rijsbergen LC, van Dijk LLA, Engel MFM, de Vries RD, de Swart RL. In Vitro Modelling of Respiratory Virus Infections in Human Airway Epithelial Cells - A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683002. [PMID: 34489934 PMCID: PMC8418200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. A large number of RTIs is caused by viruses, often resulting in more severe disease in infants, elderly and the immunocompromised. Upon viral infection, most individuals experience common cold-like symptoms associated with an upper RTI. However, in some cases a severe and sometimes life-threatening lower RTI may develop. Reproducible and scalable in vitro culture models that accurately reflect the human respiratory tract are needed to study interactions between respiratory viruses and the host, and to test novel therapeutic interventions. Multiple in vitro respiratory cell culture systems have been described, but the majority of these are based on immortalized cell lines. Although useful for studying certain aspects of viral infections, such monomorphic, unicellular systems fall short in creating an understanding of the processes that occur at an integrated tissue level. Novel in vitro models involving primary human airway epithelial cells and, more recently, human airway organoids, are now in use. In this review, we describe the evolution of in vitro cell culture systems and their characteristics in the context of viral RTIs, starting from advances after immortalized cell cultures to more recently developed organoid systems. Furthermore, we describe how these models are used in studying virus-host interactions, e.g. tropism and receptor studies as well as interactions with the innate immune system. Finally, we provide an outlook for future developments in this field, including co-factors that mimic the microenvironment in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine C. Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura L. A. van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. M. Engel
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Loevenich S, Spahn AS, Rian K, Boyartchuk V, Anthonsen MW. Human Metapneumovirus Induces IRF1 via TANK-Binding Kinase 1 and Type I IFN. Front Immunol 2021; 12:563336. [PMID: 34248923 PMCID: PMC8264192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.563336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune and host-protective responses to viruses, such as the airway pathogen human metapneumovirus (HMPV), depend on interferons (IFNs) that is induced through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). The transcription factor IRF1 is important for host resistance against several viruses and has a key role in induction of IFN-λ at mucosal surfaces. In most cell types IRF1 is expressed at very low levels, but its mRNA is rapidly induced when the demand for IRF1 activity arises. Despite general recognition of the importance of IRF1 to antiviral responses, the molecular mechanisms by which IRF1 is regulated during viral infections are not well understood. Here we identify the serine/threonine kinase TBK1 and IFN-β as critical regulators of IRF1 mRNA and protein levels in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We find that inhibition of TBK1 activity either by the semi-selective TBK1/IKKε inhibitor BX795 or by siRNA-mediated knockdown abrogates HMPV-induced expression of IRF1. Moreover, we show that canonical NF-κB signaling is involved in IRF1 induction and that the TBK1/IKKε inhibitor BX795, but not siTBK1 treatment, impairs HMPV-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65. At later time-points of the infection, IRF1 expression depended heavily on IFN-β-mediated signaling via the IFNAR-STAT1 pathway. Hence, our results suggest that TBK1 activation and TBK1/IKKε-mediated phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 control transcription of IRF1. Our study identifies a novel mechanism for IRF1 induction in response to viral infection of human macrophages that could be relevant not only to defense against HMPV, but also to other viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Loevenich
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alix S Spahn
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Rian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victor Boyartchuk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St Olav Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Walbye Anthonsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Broad Impact of Exchange Protein Directly Activated by cAMP 2 (EPAC2) on Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061179. [PMID: 34205489 PMCID: PMC8233786 DOI: 10.3390/v13061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), compared with protein kinase A (PKA), is a fairly new family of cAMP effectors. Soon after the discovery, EPAC has shown its significance in many diseases including its emerging role in infectious diseases. In a recent study, we demonstrated that EPAC, but not PKA, is a promising therapeutic target to regulate respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication and its associated inflammation. In mammals, there are two isoforms of EPAC-EPAC1 and EPAC2. Unlike other viruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Ebola virus, which use EPAC1 to regulate viral replication, RSV uses EPAC2 to control its replication and associated cytokine/chemokine responses. To determine whether EPAC2 protein has a broad impact on other respiratory viral infections, we used an EPAC2-specific inhibitor, MAY0132, to examine the functions of EPAC2 in human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and adenovirus (AdV) infections. HMPV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Pneumoviridae, which also includes RSV, while AdV is a double-stranded DNA virus. Treatment with an EPAC1-specific inhibitor was also included to investigate the impact of EPAC1 on these two viruses. We found that the replication of HMPV, AdV, and RSV and the viral-induced immune mediators are significantly impaired by MAY0132, while an EPAC1-specific inhibitor, CE3F4, does not impact or slightly impacts, demonstrating that EPAC2 could serve as a novel common therapeutic target to control these viruses, all of which do not have effective treatment and prevention strategies.
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5
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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6
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Ballegeer M, Saelens X. Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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7
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542&set/a 882111696+808152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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8
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/v12050542
expr 836379838 + 819716165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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9
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Cell-Type-Specific Transcription of Innate Immune Regulators in response to HMPV Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4964239. [PMID: 31686982 PMCID: PMC6803734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4964239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) may cause severe respiratory disease. The early innate immune response to viruses like HMPV is characterized by induction of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory immune mediators that are essential in shaping adaptive immune responses. Although innate immune responses to HMPV have been comprehensively studied in mice and murine immune cells, there is less information on these responses in human cells, comparing different cell types infected with the same HMPV strain. The aim of this study was to characterize the HMPV-induced mRNA expression of critical innate immune mediators in human primary cells relevant for airway disease. In particular, we determined type I versus type III IFN expression in human epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs). In epithelial cells, HMPV induced only low levels of IFN-β mRNA, while a robust mRNA expression of IFN-λs was found in epithelial cells, MDMs, and MDDCs. In addition, we determined induction of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7 and critical inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IP-10, and IL-1β). Interestingly, IRF1 mRNA was predominantly induced in MDMs and MDDCs. Overall, our results suggest that for HMPV infection of MDDCs, MDMs, NECs, and A549 cells (the cell types examined), cell type is a strong determinator of the ability of HMPV to induce different innate immune mediators. HMPV induces the transcription of IFN-β and IRF1 to higher extents in MDMs and MDDCs than in A549s and NECs, whereas the induction of type III IFN-λ and IRF7 is considerable in MDMs, MDDCs, and A549 epithelial cells.
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10
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Liu S, Chen Y, Ren Y, Zhou J, Ren J, Lee I, Bao X. A tRNA-derived RNA Fragment Plays an Important Role in the Mechanism of Arsenite -induced Cellular Responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16838. [PMID: 30442959 PMCID: PMC6237853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to environmental heavy metals is a worldwide health concern. It is acknowledged to be an important cause of lower respiratory tract damage in children. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the heavy metal-induced cellular stress/toxicity are not completely understood. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNA) and more recently identified tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), are critical to the posttranscriptional control of genes. We used deep sequencing to investigate whether cellular sncRNA profiles are changed by environmental heavy metals. We found that the treatment of arsenite, an important groundwater heavy metal, leads to abundant production of tRFs, that are ~30 nucleotides (nts) long and most of which correspond to the 5'-end of mature tRNAs. It is unlikely for these tRFs to be random degradation by-products, as the type of induced tRFs is heavy metal-dependent. Three most inducible tRFs and their roles in arsenite-induced cellular responses were then investigated. We identified that p65, an important transcription factor belonging to NF-κB family and also a key factor controlling inflammatory gene expression, is a regulated target of a tRF derived from 5'-end of mature tRNA encoding AlaCGC (tRF5-AlaCGC). tRF5-AlaCGC activates p65, subsequently leading to enhanced secretion of IL-8 in arsenite response. In this study, we also identified that endonuclease Dicer and angiogenin temporally control the induction of tRF5-AlaCGC, providing an insight into the control of tRF biogenesis and subsequently the prevention of cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Huazhong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Huazhong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yuping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Huazhong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Junping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Center for Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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11
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Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP and Their Roles in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01200-18. [PMID: 30185593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01200-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory infection in young children and high-risk adults. However, a specific treatment for this viral infection is not currently available. In this study, we discovered that an exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC) can serve as a potential therapeutic target for RSV. In both lower and upper epithelial cells, treatment with EPAC inhibitor (ESI-09), but not protein kinase A inhibitor (H89), significantly inhibits RSV replication and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine induction. In addition, RSV-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the NF-κB and IRF families are also suppressed by ESI-09. Through isoform-specific gene knockdown, we found that EPAC2, but not EPAC1, plays a dominant role in controlling RSV replication and virus-induced host responses. Experiments using both EPAC2 knockout and EPAC2-specific inhibitor support such roles of EPAC2. Therefore, EPAC2 is a promising therapeutic target to regulate RSV replication and associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE RSV is a serious public health problem, as it is associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbations. Currently no effective treatment or vaccine is available, and many molecular mechanisms regarding RSV-induced lung disease are still significantly unknown. This project aims to elucidate an important and novel function of a protein, called EPAC2, in RSV replication and innate inflammatory responses. Our results should provide an important insight into the development of new pharmacologic strategies against RSV infection, thereby reducing RSV-associated morbidity and mortality.
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12
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Marsico S, Caccuri F, Mazzuca P, Apostoli P, Roversi S, Lorenzin G, Zani A, Fiorentini S, Giagulli C, Caruso A. Human lung epithelial cells support human metapneumovirus persistence by overcoming apoptosis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4923026. [PMID: 29617859 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been identified as a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children. Epidemiological and molecular evidence has highlighted an association between severe childhood respiratory viral infection and chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, animal models have demonstrated the ability of hMPV to persist in vivo suggesting a role of the virus in asthma development in children. However, mechanisms involved in hMPV persistence in the respiratory tract are not yet understood. In the present study we monitored hMPV infection in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells in order to understand if the virus is able to persist in these cells upon acute infection. Our data show that hMPV initially induces an apoptotic process in A549 cells through poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 cleavage, caspase-3/7 activation and Wee1 activity. The hMPV-infected cells were then able to overcome the apoptotic pathway and cell cycle arrest in G2/M by expressing B-cell lymphoma 2 and to acquire a reservoir cell phenotype with constant production of infectious virus. These findings provide evidence of the ability of hMPV to persist in alveolar epithelial cells and help in understanding the mechanisms responsible for hMPV persistence in the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marsico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Mazzuca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Apostoli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Roversi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lorenzin
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Fiorentini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giagulli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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13
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Uche IK, Guerrero-Plata A. Interferon-Mediated Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090505. [PMID: 30231515 PMCID: PMC6163993 DOI: 10.3390/v10090505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children worldwide. Although this pathogen infects mainly young children, elderly and immunocompromised people can be also seriously affected. To date, there is no commercial vaccine available against it. Upon HMPV infection, the host innate arm of defense produces interferons (IFNs), which are critical for limiting HMPV replication. In this review, we offer an updated landscape of the HMPV mediated-IFN response in different models as well as some of the defense tactics employed by the virus to circumvent IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi K Uche
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
- Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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14
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Diab M, Vitenshtein A, Drori Y, Yamin R, Danziger O, Zamostiano R, Mandelboim M, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. Suppression of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection by the innate sensing gene CEACAM1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66468-66479. [PMID: 27634893 PMCID: PMC5341814 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate sensing system is equipped with PRRs specialized in recognizing molecular structures (PAMPs) of various pathogens. This leads to the induction of anti-viral genes and inhibition of virus growth. Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major respiratory virus that causes an upper and lower respiratory tract infection in children. In this study we show that upon HMPV infection, the innate sensing system detects the viral RNA through the RIG-I sensor leading to induction of CEACAM1 expression. We further show that CEACAM1 is induced via binding of IRF3 to the CEACAM1 promoter. We demonstrate that induction of CEACAM1 suppresses the viral loads via inhibition of the translation machinery in the infected cells in an SHP2-dependent manner. In summary, we show here that HMPV-infected cells upregulates CEACAM1 to restrict HMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Vitenshtein
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Drori
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Danziger
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Zamostiano
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Characterization of signaling pathways regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory long form thymic stromal lymphopoietin upon human metapneumovirus infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:883. [PMID: 29343779 PMCID: PMC5772477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with several allergic diseases including asthma. Two isoforms of TSLP exist in humans, a long form (lfTSLP) and a short form (sfTSLP), displaying distinct immunological functions. Recently, TSLP was found to be upregulated in human airway cells upon human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, yet it remains unclear if the two isoforms are regulated differently during hMPV infection. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying hMPV-mediated TSLP induction remain undescribed. In this study, we characterized the expression and regulation of TSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells. We demonstrated that hMPV strongly induced the expression of pro-inflammatory lfTSLP in human airway epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Further, knockdown of pattern recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as well as downstream signal transducers, abrogated hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction. Importantly, silencing of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) also impaired hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction, which could be attributed to compromised NF-κB activation. Overall, these results suggest that TBK1 may be instrumental for hMPV-mediated activation of NF-κB downstream RIG-I and TLR3, leading to a specific induction of lfTSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells.
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16
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Changes Cargo Composition of Exosome Released from Airway Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:387. [PMID: 29321591 PMCID: PMC5762922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are microvesicles known to carry biologically active molecules, including RNA, DNA and proteins. Viral infections can induce profound changes in exosome composition, and exosomes have been implicated in viral transmission and pathogenesis. No information is current available regarding exosome composition and function during infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. In this study, we characterized exosomes released from RSV-infected lung carcinoma-derived A549 cells. RNA deep sequencing revealed that RSV exosomes contain a diverse range of RNA species like messenger and ribosomal RNA fragments, as well as small noncoding RNAs, in a proportion different from exosomes isolated from mock-infected cells. We observed that both RNA and protein signatures of RSV were present in exosomes, however, they were not able to establish productive infection in uninfected cells. Exosomes isolated from RSV-infected cells were able to activate innate immune response by inducing cytokine and chemokine release from human monocytes and airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that exosomes may play an important role in pathogenesis or protection against disease, therefore understating their role in RSV infection may open new avenues for target identification and development of novel therapeutics.
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17
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Ren Y, Choi E, Zhang K, Chen Y, Ye S, Deng X, Zhang K, Bao X. Detection of Nuclear Protein Profile Changes by Human Metapneumovirus M2-2 Protein Using Quantitative Differential Proteomics. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040045. [PMID: 29207503 PMCID: PMC5748611 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infection in pediatric populations globally. This study examined proteomic profile changes in A549 cells infected with hMPV and two attenuated mutants with deleted PDZ domain-binding motif(s) in the M2-2 protein. These motifs are involved in the interruption of antiviral signaling, namely the interaction between the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) proteins. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the overall and novel impact of M2-2 motifs on cellular responses via an unbiased comparison. Tandem mass tagging, stable isotope labeling, and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used for quantitative proteomic analysis. Using quantitative proteomics and Venn analysis, 1248 common proteins were detected in all infected samples of both technical sets. Hierarchical clustering of the differentiated proteome displayed distinct proteomic signatures that were controlled by the motif(s). Bioinformatics and experimental analysis confirmed the differentiated proteomes, revealed novel cellular biological events, and implicated key pathways controlled by hMPV M2-2 PDZ domain-binding motif(s). This provides further insight for evaluating M2-2 mutants as potent vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Sha Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Ward V, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kangling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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18
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Kan-O K, Ramirez R, MacDonald MI, Rolph M, Rudd PA, Spann KM, Mahalingam S, Bardin PG, Thomas BJ. Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impact of Glucocorticosteroids and Interferon. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1536-1545. [PMID: 28379462 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection is implicated in exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Research into the pathogenesis of infection is restricted to animal models, and information about hMPV replication and inflammatory and immune responses in human disease is limited. Methods Human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from healthy and asthmatic subjects and those with COPD were infected with hMPV, with or without glucocorticosteroid (GCS) exposure. Viral replication, inflammatory and immune responses, and apoptosis were analyzed. We also determined whether adjuvant interferon (IFN) can blunt hMPV infection in vitro and in a murine model. Results hMPV infected human PBECs and viral replication was enhanced in cells from patients with COPD. The virus induced gene expression of IFN-stimulated gene 56 (ISG56) and IFN-β, as well as IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and more so in cells from patients with COPD. GCS exposure enhanced hMPV replication despite increased IFN expression. Augmented virus replication associated with GCS was mediated by reduced apoptosis via induction of antiapoptotic genes. Adjuvant IFN treatment suppressed hMPV replication in PBECs and reduced hMPV viral titers and inflammation in vivo. Conclusions hMPV infects human PBECs, eliciting innate and inflammatory responses. Replication is enhanced by GCS and adjuvant IFN is an effective treatment, restricting virus replication and proinflammatory consequences of hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kan-O
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne.,Research Institute for Disease of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Michael Rolph
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, and
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, and
| | - Kirsten M Spann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Philip G Bardin
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - Belinda J Thomas
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne
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19
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Sun H, Maroto R, Brasier AR. Selective Affinity Enrichment of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Peptides for Quantitative Analysis in Complex Samples. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2983-2992. [PMID: 28714690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration by oxidative and nitrate stress is important in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory or aging-related diseases. Mass spectrometry analysis of protein nitrotyrosine is very challenging because the non-nitrated peptides suppress the signals of the low-abundance nitrotyrosine (NT) peptides. No validated methods for enrichment of NT-peptides are currently available. Here we report an immunoaffinity enrichment of NT-peptides for proteomics analysis. The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated using nitrated protein standards and whole-cell lysates in vitro. A total of 1881 NT sites were identified from a nitrated whole-cell extract, indicating that this immunoaffinity-MS method is a valid approach for the enrichment of NT-peptides, and provides a significant advance for characterizing the nitrotyrosine proteome. We noted that this method had higher affinity to peptides with N-terminal nitrotyrosine relative to peptides with other nitrotyrosine locations, which raises the need for future study to develop a pan-specific nitrotyrosine antibody for unbiased, proteome-wide analysis of tyrosine nitration. We applied this method to quantify the changes in protein tyrosine nitration in mouse lungs after intranasal poly(I:C) treatment and quantified 237 NT sites. This result indicates that the immunoaffinity-MS method can be used for quantitative analysis of protein nitrotyrosines in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Rosario Maroto
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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20
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Zhou J, Liu S, Chen Y, Fu Y, Silver AJ, Hill MS, Lee I, Lee YS, Bao X. Identification of two novel functional tRNA-derived fragments induced in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1600-1610. [PMID: 28708049 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children from infancy up to early childhood. Recently, we demonstrated that RSV infection alters cellular small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) expression, most notably the tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs). However, the functions of the tRFs in virus-host interaction are largely unknown. Herein, we examined the role of three RSV-induced tRFs derived from the 5-end of mature tRNAs decoding GlyCCC, LysCTT and CysGCA (named tRF5-GlyCCC, tRF5-LysCTT and tRF5-CysGCA, respectively) in controlling RSV replication. We found that tRF5-GlyCCC and tRF5-LysCTT, but not tRF5-CysGCA, promote RSV replication, demonstrating the functional specificity of tRFs. The associated molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of tRF5-GlyCCC and tRF5-LysCTT were also investigated. Regulating the expression and/or activity of these tRFs may provide new insights into preventive and therapeutic strategies for RSV infection. The study also accumulated data for future development of a tRF targeting algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shenxuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander J Silver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Mark S Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Cancer System Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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21
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Zhao Y, Jamaluddin M, Zhang Y, Sun H, Ivanciuc T, Garofalo RP, Brasier AR. Systematic Analysis of Cell-Type Differences in the Epithelial Secretome Reveals Insights into the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3345-3364. [PMID: 28258195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are due, in part, to secreted signals from lower airway cells that modify the immune response and trigger airway remodeling. To understand this process, we applied an unbiased quantitative proteomics analysis of the RSV-induced epithelial secretory response in cells representative of the trachea versus small airway bronchiolar cells. A workflow was established using telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cells that revealed highly reproducible cell type-specific differences in secreted proteins and nanoparticles (exosomes). Approximately one third of secretome proteins are exosomal; the remainder are from lysosomal and vacuolar compartments. We applied this workflow to three independently derived primary human cultures from trachea versus bronchioles. A total of 577 differentially expressed proteins from control supernatants and 966 differentially expressed proteins from RSV-infected cell supernatants were identified at a 1% false discovery rate. Fifteen proteins unique to RSV-infected primary human cultures from trachea were regulated by epithelial-specific ets homologous factor. A total of 106 proteins unique to RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cells was regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB. In this latter group, we validated the differential expression of CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and CCL3-like 1 because of their roles in Th2 polarization. CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α was the most active mucin-inducing factor in the RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cell secretome and was differentially expressed in smaller airways in a mouse model of RSV infection. These studies provide insights into the complexity of innate responses and regional differences in the epithelial secretome participating in RSV lower respiratory tract infection-induced airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Mohammad Jamaluddin
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
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22
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Cavallaro EC, Liang KK, Lawrence MD, Forsyth KD, Dixon DL. Neutrophil infiltration and activation in bronchiolitic airways are independent of viral etiology. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:238-246. [PMID: 27410761 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitalization with bronchiolitis is linked to the development of early childhood chronic wheeze and asthma. Viral etiology and severity of inflammation are potential contributing factors. Previously we observed reduced airway neutrophil infiltration in breastfed bronchiolitic infants, with a corresponding reduction in disease severity. This study aimed to examine whether respiratory viral etiology and co-infection alters the pattern of neutrophil influx, and the inflammatory mediator profile, resulting in epithelial damage in bronchiolitis. METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from hospitalized infants were assessed for viruses, soluble protein, cellular infiltrate, interleukin (IL)-6, -8, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). RESULTS NPAs were collected from 228 bronchiolitic and 14 non-bronchiolitic infants. In the bronchiolitic cohort, human rhinovirus was most prevalent (38%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (36%), adenovirus (10%), and human metapneumovirus (6%), with 25% positive for viral co-infections and 25% negative for all screened viruses. Viral-induced bronchiolitis was associated with increased cellular infiltrate and protein, above control, and virus-negative infants (P < 0.05). Cellular infiltrate correlated to IL-6, -8, and MPO (r = 0.331, 0.669, and 0.661; P < 0.01). Protein, IL-6, -8, and MPO differed significantly between viral groups; however, the majority of marker values for all groups fall within an overlapping, indistinguishable range, precluding their use as biomarkers of viral etiology. No significant difference was found between single and viral co-infections for any parameter. CONCLUSION Bronchiolitic infants presenting with a detectable respiratory virus during hospitalization demonstrated elevated markers of airway tissue inflammation and injury. In this cohort, viral etiology did not discernibly modulate chemokine-mediated neutrophil infiltration and activation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:238-246. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kar-Kate Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Kevin D Forsyth
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dani-Louise Dixon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adelaide, Australia.,Intensive and Critical Care Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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23
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Hartmann S, Sid H, Rautenschlein S. Avian metapneumovirus infection of chicken and turkey tracheal organ cultures: comparison of virus-host interactions. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:480-9. [PMID: 26365279 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1086974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, which can cause high economic losses in infected poultry. aMPV mainly causes infection of the upper respiratory tract in both chickens and turkeys, although turkeys seem to be more susceptible. Little is known about virus-host interactions at epithelial surfaces after aMPV infection. Tracheal organ cultures (TOC) are a suitable model to investigate virus-host interaction in the respiratory epithelium. Therefore, we investigated virus replication rates and lesion development in chicken and turkey TOC after infection with a virulent aMPV subtype A strain. Aspects of the innate immune response, such as interferon-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression, as well as virus-induced apoptosis were determined. The aMPV-replication rate was higher in turkey (TTOC) compared to chicken TOC (CTOC) (P < 0.05), providing circumstantial evidence that indeed turkeys may be more susceptible. The interferon-α response was down-regulated from 2 to 144 hours post infection in both species compared to virus-free controls (P < 0.05); this was more significant for CTOC than TTOC. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was significantly up-regulated in aMPV-A-infected TTOC and CTOC compared to virus-free controls (P < 0.05). However, the results suggest that NO may play a different role in aMPV pathogenesis between turkeys and chickens as indicated by differences in apoptosis rate and lesion development between species. Overall, our study reveals differences in innate immune response regulation and therefore may explain differences in aMPV - A replication rates between infected TTOC and CTOC, which subsequently lead to more severe clinical signs and a higher rate of secondary infections in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hartmann
- a Clinic for Poultry , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Hicham Sid
- a Clinic for Poultry , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- a Clinic for Poultry , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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24
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Targeting Chromatin Remodeling in Inflammation and Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:1-36. [PMID: 28215221 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the human body are lined by a contiguous epithelial cell surface that forms a barrier to aerosolized pathogens. Specialized pattern recognition receptors detect the presence of viral pathogens and initiate protective host responses by triggering activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/RelA transcription factor and formation of a complex with the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)9 and Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) epigenetic reader. The RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb complex produces acute inflammation by regulating transcriptional elongation, which produces a rapid genomic response by inactive genes maintained in an open chromatin configuration engaged with hypophosphorylated RNA polymerase II. We describe recent studies that have linked prolonged activation of the RelA-BRD4 pathway with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing a core of EMT corepressors, stimulating secretion of growth factors promoting airway fibrosis. The mesenchymal state produces rewiring of the kinome and reprogramming of innate responses toward inflammation. In addition, the core regulator Zinc finger E-box homeodomain 1 (ZEB1) silences the expression of the interferon response factor 1 (IRF1), required for type III IFN expression. This epigenetic silencing is mediated by the Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) histone methyltransferase. Because of their potential applications in cancer and inflammation, small-molecule inhibitors of NFκB/RelA, CDK9, BRD4, and EZH2 have been the targets of medicinal chemistry efforts. We suggest that disruption of the RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb pathway and EZH2 methyltransferase has important implications for reversing fibrosis and restoring normal mucosal immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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25
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Chen Y, Deng X, Deng J, Zhou J, Ren Y, Liu S, Prusak DJ, Wood TG, Bao X. Functional motifs responsible for human metapneumovirus M2-2-mediated innate immune evasion. Virology 2016; 499:361-368. [PMID: 27743962 PMCID: PMC5102771 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of lower respiratory infection in young children. Repeated infections occur throughout life, but its immune evasion mechanisms are largely unknown. We recently found that hMPV M2-2 protein elicits immune evasion by targeting mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), an antiviral signaling molecule. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such inhibition are not known. Our mutagenesis studies revealed that PDZ-binding motifs, 29-DEMI-32 and 39-KEALSDGI-46, located in an immune inhibitory region of M2-2, are responsible for M2-2-mediated immune evasion. We also found both motifs prevent TRAF5 and TRAF6, the MAVS downstream adaptors, to be recruited to MAVS, while the motif 39-KEALSDGI-46 also blocks TRAF3 migrating to MAVS. In parallel, these TRAFs are important in activating transcription factors NF-kB and/or IRF-3 by hMPV. Our findings collectively demonstrate that M2-2 uses its PDZ motifs to launch the hMPV immune evasion through blocking the interaction of MAVS and its downstream TRAFs. This manuscript describes a molecular mechanism underlying the immune evasion of hMPV. Results create the design basis for safer and more effective hMPV vaccines/therapeutic molecules. We demonstrate the contribution of TRAFs in antiviral responses to hMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Junfang Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yuping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shengxuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Deborah J Prusak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; The Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; The Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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26
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Yang H, He H, Tan B, Liu E, Zhao X, Zhao Y. Human metapneumovirus uses endocytosis pathway for host cell entry. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:231-237. [PMID: 27328610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a prevalent pathogen worldwide and causes various respiratory infections. Although it is a critical pathogen in pediatric patients, it is unclear how it enters host cells. In this study, we focused on hMPV cell entry using two kinds of cell lines (Vero E6 and LLC-MK2), which are most commonly used for isolating and propagating for hMPV, and we used fluorescent dyes to label the virus particles and monitored how they enter the host cell in real time. We found that endocytosis was the predominant pathway by which hMPV entered host cells. When the virus particles were traced inside host cells, we found that a low intracellular pH was needed for intracellular fusion in LLC-MK2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hao He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Yao Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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27
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Han L, He H, Li F, Cui X, Xie D, Liu Y, Zheng X, Bai H, Wang S, Bo X. Inferring Infection Patterns Based on a Connectivity Map of Host Transcriptional Responses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15820. [PMID: 26508266 PMCID: PMC4623713 DOI: 10.1038/srep15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Host responses to infections represent an important pathogenicity determiner, and delineation of host responses can elucidate pathogenesis processes and inform the development of anti-infection therapies. Low cost, high throughput, easy quantitation, and rich descriptions have made gene expression profiling generated by DNA microarrays an optimal approach for describing host transcriptional responses (HTRs). However, efforts to characterize the landscape of HTRs to diverse pathogens are far from offering a comprehensive view. Here, we developed an HTR Connectivity Map based on systematic assessment of pairwise similarities of HTRs to 50 clinically important human pathogens using 1353 gene-expression profiles generated from >60 human cells/tissues. These 50 pathogens were further partitioned into eight robust “HTR communities” (i.e., groups with more consensus internal HTR similarities). These communities showed enrichment in specific infection attributes and differential gene expression patterns. Using query signatures of HTRs to external pathogens, we demonstrated four distinct modes of HTR associations among different pathogens types/class, and validated the reliability of the HTR community divisions for differentiating and categorizing pathogens from a host-oriented perspective. These findings provide a first-generation HTR Connectivity Map of 50 diverse pathogens, and demonstrate the potential for using annotated HTR community to detect functional associations among infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Haochen He
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiuliang Cui
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,Department of Pharmacy, No.451 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
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28
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Role of hydrogen sulfide in paramyxovirus infections. J Virol 2015; 89:5557-68. [PMID: 25740991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00264-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator that has gained increasing recognition as an important player in modulating acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, its role in virus-induced lung inflammation is currently unknown. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children for which no vaccine or effective treatment is available. Using the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY4137 and propargylglycin (PAG), an inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), a key enzyme that produces intracellular H2S, we found that RSV infection led to a reduced ability to generate and maintain intracellular H2S levels in airway epithelial cells (AECs). Inhibition of CSE with PAG resulted in increased viral replication and chemokine secretion. On the other hand, treatment of AECs with the H2S donor GYY4137 reduced proinflammatory mediator production and significantly reduced viral replication, even when administered several hours after viral absorption. GYY4137 also significantly reduced replication and inflammatory chemokine production induced by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Nipah virus (NiV), suggesting a broad inhibitory effect of H2S on paramyxovirus infections. GYY4137 treatment had no effect on RSV genome replication or viral mRNA and protein synthesis, but it inhibited syncytium formation and virus assembly/release. GYY4137 inhibition of proinflammatory gene expression occurred by modulation of the activation of the key transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) at a step subsequent to their nuclear translocation. H2S antiviral and immunoregulatory properties could represent a novel treatment strategy for paramyxovirus infections. IMPORTANCE RSV is a global health concern, causing significant morbidity and economic losses as well as mortality in developing countries. After decades of intensive research, no vaccine or effective treatment, with the exception of immunoprophylaxis, is available for this infection as well as for other important respiratory mucosal viruses. This study identifies hydrogen sulfide as a novel cellular mediator that can modulate viral replication and proinflammatory gene expression, both important determinants of lung injury in respiratory viral infections, with potential for rapid translation of such findings into novel therapeutic approaches for viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
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29
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Komaravelli N, Kelley JP, Garofalo MP, Wu H, Casola A, Kolli D. Role of dietary antioxidants in human metapneumovirus infection. Virus Res 2015; 200:19-23. [PMID: 25645280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in children, elderly and immunocompromised hosts, for which no vaccine or treatment are currently available. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses represent important pathogenic mechanism(s) of hMPV infection. Here, we explored the potential protective role of dietary antioxidants in hMPV infection. Treatment of airway epithelial cells with resveratrol and quercetin during hMPV infection significantly reduced cellular oxidative damage, inflammatory mediator secretion and viral replication, without affecting viral gene transcription and protein synthesis, indicating that inhibition of viral replication occurred at the level of viral assembly and/or release. Modulation of proinflammatory mediator expression occurred through the inhibition of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 binding to their cognate site of endogenous gene promoters. Our results indicate the use of dietary antioxidants as an effective treatment approach for modulating hMPV induced lung oxidative damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - John P Kelley
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Matteo P Garofalo
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Haotian Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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30
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Baños-Lara MDR, Harvey L, Mendoza A, Simms D, Chouljenko VN, Wakamatsu N, Kousoulas KG, Guerrero-Plata A. Impact and regulation of lambda interferon response in human metapneumovirus infection. J Virol 2015; 89:730-42. [PMID: 25355870 PMCID: PMC4301146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02897-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus that is distributed worldwide and induces significant airway morbidity. Despite the relevance of hMPV as a pathogen, many aspects of the immune response to this virus are still largely unknown. In this report, we focus on the antiviral immune response, which is critical for viral clearance and disease resolution. Using in vitro and in vivo systems, we show that hMPV is able to induce expression of lambda interferon 1 (IFN-λ1), IFN-λ2, IFN-λ3, and IFN-λ4. The induction of IFN-λ expression by hMPV was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) expression but not on IRF-3 expression. Treatment of hMPV-infected mice with IFN-λ reduced the disease severity, lung viral titer, and inflammatory response in the lung. Moreover, the IFN-λ response induced by the virus was regulated by the expression of the hMPV G protein. These results show that type III interferons (IFN-λs) play a critical protective role in hMPV infection. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a pathogen of worldwide importance. Despite the relevance of hMPV as a pathogen, critical aspects of the immune response induced by this virus remain unidentified. Interferons (IFNs), including IFN-λ, the newest addition to the interferon family, constitute an indispensable part of the innate immune response. Here, we demonstrated that IFN-λ exhibited a protective role in hMPV infection in vitro and in an experimental mouse model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Del Rocío Baños-Lara
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lindsey Harvey
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alexander Mendoza
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dawn Simms
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vladimir N Chouljenko
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - K Gus Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the majority of RTIs are caused by viruses, among which respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the closely related human metapneumovirus (hMPV) figure prominently. Host innate immune response has been implicated in recognition, protection and immune pathological mechanisms. Host-viral interactions are generally initiated via host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the virus. This recognition occurs through host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are expressed on innate immune cells such as epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Multiple PRR families, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), contribute significantly to viral detection, leading to induction of cytokines, chemokines and type I interferons (IFNs), which subsequently facilitate the eradication of the virus. This review focuses on the current literature on RSV and hMPV infection and the role of PRRs in establishing/mediating the infection in both in vitro and in vivo models. A better understanding of the complex interplay between these two viruses and host PRRs might lead to efficient prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, as well as the development of adequate vaccines.
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32
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Lamb SA, Rahman MM, McFadden G. Recombinant myxoma virus lacking all poxvirus ankyrin-repeat proteins stimulates multiple cellular anti-viral pathways and exhibits a severe decrease in virulence. Virology 2014; 464-465:134-145. [PMID: 25068401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the production of single gene knockout viruses is a useful strategy to study viral gene functions, the redundancy of many host interactive genes within a complex viral genome can obscure their collective functions. In this study, a rabbit-specific poxvirus, myxoma virus (MYXV), was genetically altered to disrupt multiple members of the poxviral ankyrin-repeat (ANK-R) protein superfamily, M-T5, M148, M149 and M150. A particularly robust activation of the NF-κB pathway was observed in A549 cells following infection with the complete ANK-R knockout (vMyx-ANKsKO). Also, an increased release of IL-6 was only observed upon infection with vMyx-ANKsKO. In virus-infected rabbit studies, vMyx-ANKsKO was the most extensively attenuated and produced the smallest primary lesion of all ANK-R mutant constructs. This study provides the first insights into the shared functions of the poxviral ANK-R protein superfamily in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100266, Gainesville FL 32610, USA
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100266, Gainesville FL 32610, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100266, Gainesville FL 32610, USA
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33
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Reid E, Charleston B. Type I and III interferon production in response to RNA viruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:649-58. [PMID: 24956361 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of RNA viruses is closely linked to the type I and type III interferon (IFN) response of the host. These viruses display a range of molecular patterns that may be detected by host cells resulting in the induction of IFNs. Consequently, there are many examples of mechanisms employed by RNA viruses to block or delay IFN induction and reduce the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), a necessary step in the virus lifecycle because of the capacity of IFNs to block virus replication. Efficient transmission of viruses depends, in part, on maintaining a balance between virus replication and host survival; specialized host cells, such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells, can sense viral molecular patterns and produce IFNs to help maintain this balance. There are now many examples of RNA viruses inducing type I and type III IFNs, and although these IFNs act through different receptors, in many systems studied, they induce a similar spectrum of genes. However, there may be a difference in the temporal expression pattern, with more prolonged expression of ISGs in response to type III IFN compared with type I IFN. There are also examples of synergy between type I and type III IFNs to induce antiviral responses. Clearly, it is important to understand the different roles of these IFNs in the antiviral response in vivo. One of the most striking differences between these 2 IFN systems is the distribution of the receptors: type I IFN receptors are expressed on most cells, yet type III receptor expression is restricted primarily to epithelial cells but has also been demonstrated on other cells, including dendritic cells. There is increasing evidence that type III IFNs are a key control mechanism against RNA viruses that infect respiratory and enteric epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reid
- Viral Immunology, The Pirbright Institute , Surrey, United Kingdom
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34
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van den Hoogen BG, van Boheemen S, de Rijck J, van Nieuwkoop S, Smith DJ, Laksono B, Gultyaev A, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Excessive production and extreme editing of human metapneumovirus defective interfering RNA is associated with type I IFN induction. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1625-1633. [PMID: 24760760 PMCID: PMC4103063 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN production is one of the hallmarks of host innate immune responses upon virus infection. Whilst most respiratory viruses carry IFN antagonists, reports on human metapneumovirus (HMPV) have been conflicting. Using deep sequencing, we have demonstrated that HMPV particles accumulate excessive amounts of defective interfering RNA (DIs) rapidly upon in vitro passage, and that these are associated with IFN induction. Importantly, the DIs were edited extensively; up to 70% of the original A and T residues had mutated to G or C, respectively. Such high editing rates of viral RNA have not, to our knowledge, been reported before. Bioinformatics and PCR assays indicated that adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) was the most likely editing enzyme. HMPV thus has an unusually high propensity to generate DIs, which are edited at an unprecedented high frequency. The conflicting published data on HMPV IFN induction and antagonism are probably explained by DIs in virus stocks. The interaction of HMPV DIs with the RNA-editing machinery and IFN responses warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonneke de Rijck
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brigitta Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Rivera-Benitez JF, Martínez-Bautista R, Ríos-Cambre F, Ramírez-Mendoza H. Molecular detection and isolation of avian metapneumovirus in Mexico. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:217-23. [PMID: 24617750 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.903557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a longitudinal study to detect and isolate avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in two highly productive poultry areas in Mexico. A total of 968 breeder hens and pullets from 2 to 73 weeks of age were analysed. Serology was performed to detect aMPV antibodies and 105 samples of tracheal tissue were collected, pooled by age, and used for attempted virus isolation and aMPV nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). The serological analysis indicated that 100% of the sampled chickens showed aMPV antibodies by 12 weeks of age. Five pools of pullet samples collected at 3 to 8 weeks of age were positive by nRT-PCR and the sequences obtained indicated 98 to 99% similarity with the reported sequences for aMPV subtype A. Virus isolation of nRT-PCR-positive samples was successfully attempted using chicken embryo lung and trachea mixed cultures with subsequent adaptation to Vero cells. This is the first report of detection and isolation of aMPV in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Rivera-Benitez
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
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36
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Durbin RK, Kotenko SV, Durbin JE. Interferon induction and function at the mucosal surface. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:25-39. [PMID: 23947345 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are produced in response to virus infection and induce an antiviral state in virtually all cell types. In addition to upregulating the transcription of genes that inhibit virus replication, type I (or -α/β) IFNs also act to orchestrate the adaptive immune response to virus infection. Recently a new family of antiviral cytokines, the type III (or -λ) IFNs, has been identified that activate the same antiviral pathways via a distinct receptor. Although the identical transcription factor, IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 is activated by either IFN-α/β or IFN-λ signaling, differences in the induction and action of these two cytokine families are beginning to be appreciated. In this article, we review this emerging body of literature on the differing roles these cytokines play in host defense of the mucosal surface. Although many viruses enter the body through the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, we have focused the discussion on influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rotavirus, three ubiquitous human pathogens that target the epithelial lining and are associated with a major disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Durbin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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37
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Bao X, Kolli D, Ren J, Liu T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Human metapneumovirus glycoprotein G disrupts mitochondrial signaling in airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62568. [PMID: 23626834 PMCID: PMC3633857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. It is a common cause of respiratory tract infections in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, for which no specific treatment or vaccine is available. Recent investigations in our lab identified hMPV glycoprotein G as an important virulence factor, as a recombinant virus lacking the G protein (rhMPV-ΔG) exhibited enhanced production of important immune and antiviral mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and type I interferon (IFN) in airway epithelial cells, and expression of G protein alone inhibits cellular signaling dependent on retinoic induced gene (RIG)-I, a RNA helicase with a fundamental role in initiating hMPV-induced cellular responses. In this study, we have further investigated the mechanism underlying the inhibitory role of hMPV G protein on RIG-I-dependent signaling. We found that the interaction of hMPV G with RIG-I occurs primarily through the CARD domains of RIG-I N-terminus, preventing RIG-I association with the adaptor protein MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), recruitment of RIG-I to mitochondria, as well as the interaction between mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which contains STINGS, an important part of the viral-induced RIG-I/MAVS signaling pathway, leading in the end to the inhibition of cytokine, chemokine and type I IFN expression. Mutagenesis analysis showed that hMPV G protein cytoplasmic domain played a major role in the observed inhibitory activity, and recombinant viruses expressing a G protein with amino acid substitution in position 2 and 3 recapitulated most of the phenotype observed with rhMPV-ΔG mutant upon infection of airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XB); (AC)
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianshuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XB); (AC)
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Kolli D, Bao X, Casola A. Human metapneumovirus antagonism of innate immune responses. Viruses 2012; 4:3551-71. [PMID: 23223197 PMCID: PMC3528279 DOI: 10.3390/v4123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes several major human and animal pathogens. Epidemiological studies indicate that hMPV is a significant human respiratory pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is associated with respiratory illnesses in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Interferon (IFN) represents a major line of defense against virus infection, and in response, viruses have evolved countermeasures to inhibit IFN production as well as IFN signaling. Although the strategies of IFN evasion are similar, the specific mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses inhibit IFN responses are quite diverse. In this review, we will present an overview of the strategies that hMPV uses to subvert cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells, the major target of infection, as well as in primary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Kolli
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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Wang Q, Lee I, Ren J, Ajay SS, Lee YS, Bao X. Identification and functional characterization of tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Mol Ther 2012. [PMID: 23183536 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) with regulatory functions is a recent breakthrough in biology. Among sncRNAs, microRNA (miRNA), derived from host or virus, has emerged as elements with high importance in control of viral replication and host responses. However, the expression pattern and functional aspects of other types of sncRNAs, following viral infection, are unexplored. In order to define expression patterns of sncRNAs, as well as to discover novel regulatory sncRNAs in response to viral infection, we applied deep sequencing to cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in babies. RSV infection leads to abundant production of transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived RNA Fragments (tRFs) that are ~30 nucleotides (nts) long and correspond to the 5'-half of mature tRNAs. At least one tRF, which is derived from tRNA-Glu-CTC, represses target mRNA in the cytoplasm and promotes RSV replication. This demonstrates that this tRF is not a random by-product of tRNA degradation but a functional molecule. The biogenesis of this tRF is also specific, as it is mediated by the endonuclease angiogenin (ANG), not by other nucleases. In summary, our study presents novel information on the induction of a functional tRF by viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Critical role of MDA5 in the interferon response induced by human metapneumovirus infection in dendritic cells and in vivo. J Virol 2012; 87:1242-51. [PMID: 23152520 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01213-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus of global clinical relevance. Despite the substantial knowledge generated during the last 10 years about hMPV infection, information regarding the activation of the immune response against this virus remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the helicase melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is essential to induce the interferon response after hMPV infection in human and mouse dendritic cells as well as in an experimental mouse model of infection. Our findings in vitro and in vivo showed that MDA5 is required for the expression and activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs). hMPV infection induces activation of IRF-3, and it regulates the expression of IRF-7. However, both IRF-3 and IRF-7 are critical for the production of type I and type III IFNs. In addition, our in vivo studies in hMPV-infected mice indicated that MDA5 alters viral clearance, enhances disease severity and pulmonary inflammation, and regulates the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to hMPV. These findings are relevant for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of hMPV infection.
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Hosakote YM, Komaravelli N, Mautemps N, Liu T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Antioxidant mimetics modulate oxidative stress and cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L991-1000. [PMID: 23023968 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00192.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and young children worldwide. In previous investigations, we have shown that RSV infection induces rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which modulate viral-induced cellular signaling, and downregulation of antioxidant enzyme (AOE) expression, resulting in oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, which plays a pathogenetic role in RSV-induced lung disease. In this study, we determined whether pharmacological intervention with synthetic catalytic scavengers could reduce RSV-induced proinflammatory gene expression and oxidative cell damage in an in vitro model of infection. Treatment of airway epithelial cells (AECs) with the salen-manganese complexes EUK-8 or EUK-189, which possess superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, strongly reduced RSV-induced ROS formation by increasing cellular AOE enzymatic activity and levels of the lipid peroxidation products F(2)-8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde, which are markers of oxidative stress. Treatment of AECs with AOE mimetics also significantly inhibited RSV-induced cytokine and chemokine secretion and activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor-3, which orchestrate proinflammatory gene expression. Both EUKs were able to reduce viral replication, when used at high doses. These results suggest that increasing antioxidant cellular capacities can significantly impact RSV-associated oxidative cell damage and cellular signaling and could represent a novel therapeutic approach in modulating virus-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda M Hosakote
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Human metapneumovirus M2-2 protein inhibits innate cellular signaling by targeting MAVS. J Virol 2012; 86:13049-61. [PMID: 23015697 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01248-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in pediatric populations globally, with no prophylactic or therapeutic measures. Recently, a recombinant hMPV lacking the M2-2 protein (rhMPV-ΔM2-2) demonstrated reduced replication in the respiratory tract of animal models, making it a promising live vaccine candidate. However, the exact nature of the interaction between the M2-2 protein and host cells that regulates viral infection/propagation is largely unknown. By taking advantage of the available reverse genetics system and ectopic expression system for viral protein, we found that M2-2 not only promotes viral gene transcription and replication but subverts host innate immunity, therefore identifying M2-2 as a novel virulence factor, in addition to the previously described hMPV G protein. Since we have shown that the RIG-I/MAVS pathway plays an important role in hMPV-induced signaling in airway epithelial cells, we investigated whether M2-2 antagonizes the host cellular responses by targeting this pathway. Reporter gene assays and coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that M2-2 targets MAVS, an inhibitory mechanism different from what we previously reported for hMPV G, which affects RIG-I- but not MAVS-dependent gene transcription. In addition, we found that the domains of M2-2 responsible for the regulation of viral gene transcription and antiviral signaling are different. Our findings collectively demonstrate that M2-2 contributes to hMPV immune evasion through the inhibition of MAVS-dependent cellular responses.
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Dong C, Zafrullah M, Mixson-Hayden T, Dai X, Liang J, Meng J, Kamili S. Suppression of interferon-α signaling by hepatitis E virus. Hepatology 2012; 55:1324-32. [PMID: 22183878 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interferon (IFN) system is integral to the host response against viruses, and many viruses have developed strategies to overcome its antiviral effects. The effects of hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, on IFN signaling have not been investigated primarily because of the nonavailability of an efficient in vitro culture system or small animal models of infection. We report here the generation of A549 cell lines persistently infected with genotype 3 HEV, designated as HEV-A549 cells and the effects HEV has on IFN-α-mediated Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling. Treatment of HEV-A549 cells with 250, 500, and 1000 U/mL of IFN-α for 72 hours showed a dose-dependent reduction in HEV RNA levels by 10%, 20%, and 50%, respectively. IFN-α-stimulated genes coding for the antiviral proteins dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-OAS) were down-regulated in IFN-α-treated HEV-A549 cells. HEV infection also prevented IFN-α-induced phosphorylation of STAT1. Regulation of STAT1 by HEV was specific, as phosphorylation of STAT2, tyrosine kinase (Tyk) 2, and Jak1 by IFN-α was unaltered. Additionally, STAT1 levels were markedly increased in HEV-A549 cells compared with naive A549 cells. Furthermore, binding of HEV open reading frame (ORF)3 protein to STAT1 in HEV-A549 cells was observed. HEV ORF3 protein alone inhibited IFN-α-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and down-regulated the IFN-α-stimulated genes encoding PKR, 2',5'-OAS, and myxovirus resistance A. CONCLUSION HEV inhibits IFN-α signaling through the regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation in A549 cells. These findings have implications for the development of new strategies against hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was identified as a causative agent of respiratory illness in humans. Since then, numerous studies have contributed to a substantial body of knowledge on many aspects of HMPV. This review summarizes our current knowledge on HMPV, HMPV disease pathogenesis, and disease intervention strategies and identifies a number of areas with key questions to be addressed in the future.
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Ren J, Kolli D, Liu T, Xu R, Garofalo RP, Casola A, Bao X. Human metapneumovirus inhibits IFN-β signaling by downregulating Jak1 and Tyk2 cellular levels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24496. [PMID: 21949722 PMCID: PMC3176284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type I interferon (IFN) signaling by an unidentified mechanism. In this study, we showed that infection of airway epithelial cells with hMPV decreased cellular level of Janus tyrosine kinase (Jak1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), due to enhanced proteosomal degradation and reduced gene transcription. In addition, hMPV infection also reduced the surface expression of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). These inhibitory mechanisms are different from the ones employed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which does not affect Jak1, Tyk2 or IFNAR expression, but degrades downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 2 (STAT2), although both viruses are pneumoviruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. Our study identifies a novel mechanism by which hMPV inhibits STAT1 and 2 activation, ultimately leading to viral evasion of host IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianshuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renling Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AC); (XB)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AC); (XB)
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Association between human metapneumovirus seroprevalence and hypertension in elderly subjects in a long-term care facility. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:474-8. [PMID: 21248755 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, relations between hypertension and infections caused by several pathogens have been reported. However, few studies have examined the relationship between human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and hypertension in elderly inpatients. To assess the association between anti-hMPV-immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer and the prevalence of hypertension, we conducted a case-control study in a Japanese long-term care facility (LTCF). The participants included 84 hypertensive patients aged 65 years, and 84 age- and sex-matched normotensive controls (38 males and 46 females in each group; cases, 79.9±8.4 (s.d.) years; controls, 80.1±8.3 years). Data on underling chronic clinical conditions were collected. Titers were measured using an immunofluorescence assay kit. The significance of risk factor differences was analyzed using univariate and multivariate comparisons of cases and controls. All serum samples were positive for hMPV, and IgG titers ranged from 40-fold to more than 5120-fold. There were no significant sex- or age-related differences in log(2) (anti-hMPV-IgG titer/10) among the subjects. Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients presented significantly higher log(2) (anti-hMPV-IgG titer/10) values (P<0.001). After adjustment with multiple logistic analysis, the odds ratio for log(2) (anti-hMPV-IgG titer/10) was 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.16-1.75, P=0.001) relative to normotensive subjects. In all subjects, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that both hypertension and a poor nutritional state independently contributed to increased log(2) (anti-hMPV-IgG titer/10). These observations suggest that an increased anti-hMPV-IgG titer was closely related to hypertension in elderly subjects in a Japanese LTCF.
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Melendi GA, Coviello S, Bhat N, Zea-Hernandez J, Ferolla FM, Polack FP. Breastfeeding is associated with the production of type I interferon in infants infected with influenza virus. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1517-21. [PMID: 20456265 PMCID: PMC5454496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk-mediated protection against respiratory viruses is well established. However, protective mechanisms are unclear. Type I interferons (IFN) mediate host defence against respiratory viruses, particularly influenza virus. The relationship among type I IFN, respiratory viral infections and breastfeeding has not been explored. METHODS Type I IFN responses were studied by ELISA and real time PCR in nasal secretions of infants experiencing their first respiratory infection. Modulation of IFN by breastfeeding and other variables affecting severity during viral infection was explored. RESULTS One hundred and twenty infants were positive by RT-PCR for influenza virus (n = 24), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (n = 30) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 66). Type I IFNs were detected more frequently in infants infected with influenza virus than in those infected with RSV or hMPV. Breastfeeding promoted higher rates and levels of type I IFN only in infants infected with influenza virus. No effect on IFN production was observed for age, gender or smoking. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that type I IFN production is detected more frequently in infants infected with influenza virus. Importantly, higher rates and levels of type I IFN in these infants are associated with breastfeeding. These observations suggest that breast milk can protect against respiratory viruses by activating innate antiviral mechanisms in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina A Melendi
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Pediatrics at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Silvina Coviello
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa INFANT, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innnovacion Productiva, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Niranjan Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Fausto M Ferolla
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa INFANT, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innnovacion Productiva, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Pediatrics at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Akhras N, Weinberg JB, Newton D. Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus: subtle differences but comparable severity. Infect Dis Rep 2010; 2:e12. [PMID: 24470892 PMCID: PMC3892583 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2010.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently discovered virus that causes respiratory illness in children that can lead to hospitalization. Our study was undertaken to further understand hMPV-associated illness, compare clinical characteristics of hMPV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and establish the utility of routine screening for hMPV. We retrospectively identified hMPV-associated illnesses described among children with respiratory symptoms admitted to a tertiary care center in southeast Michigan during the 2006–2007 respiratory viral season. A convenience sample of 256 nasopharyngeal specimens was subjected to nucleic acid extraction and amplification to identify those specimens positive for hMPV. A medical record review was undertaken to retrieve demographic and clinical data of patients with hMPV, comparing them to RSV-positive patients and patients evaluated for respiratory symptoms who were negative for hMPV and RSV. We found that hMPV was the second most commonly identified virus after RSV. hMPV-positive patients were older than RSV-positive patients. Among hMPV-positive patients, pneumonia was diagnosed in 37.5% and bronchiolitis in 31.2%, peribronchial cuffing was present on chest radiographs of 37.5%, antibiotic treatment was used in 81.2%, and admission to the ICU was seen in 37.5%. Finally, hMPV-positive patients were more likely to have fever than RSV-positive patients or patients negative for hMPV and RSV. We concluded that hMPV is a major pathogen associated with hospitalization of children and with the same severity of illness as RSV but in a slightly older population. Because of the apparent prevalence and severity of illness, routine screening should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Akhras
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Duane Newton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Quantitative proteome profiling of respiratory virus-infected lung epithelial cells. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1680-93. [PMID: 20470912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are among the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza (PIV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are major causes of respiratory illness in humans. Especially young children and the elderly are susceptible to infections with these viruses. In this study we aim to gain detailed insight into the molecular pathogenesis of respiratory virus infections by studying the protein expression profiles of infected lung epithelial cells. A549 cells were exposed to a set of respiratory viruses [RSV, hMPV, PIV and Measles virus (MV)] using both live and UV-inactivated virus preparations. Cells were harvested at different time points after infection and processed for proteomics analysis by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Samples derived from infected cells were compared to mock-infected cells to identify proteins that are differentially expressed due to infection. We show that RSV, hMPV, PIV3, and MV induced similar core host responses and that mainly proteins involved in defense against ER stress and apoptosis were affected which points towards an induction of apoptosis upon infection. By 2-D DIGE analyses we have gathered information on the induction of apoptosis by respiratory viruses in A549 cells.
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50
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Schildgen V, Lüsebrink J, Ditt V, Tillmann R, Simon A, Müller A, Schildgen O. Human HepG2 cells support respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus replication. J Virol Methods 2009; 163:74-81. [PMID: 19799934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human respiratory syncytial (RSV) virus cause mild to severe infections of the respiratory tract in all age groups. So far, several cell lines derived from respiratory tissues have been identified to support replication of both viruses. Unfortunately, titers attained during replication differ between the both viruses within one cell line despite equal infection conditions, on the one hand giving raise to the assumption that the individual susceptibility may vary in dependence of the virus, and, on the other hand, making it difficult to compare results between both viruses. Low titers may cause problems in experiments such as animal trials, in which high titers in low volumes are a prerequisite for successful experiments. The advantages are described of the use of a human cell line (normally used for hepatitis viruses research) susceptible for RSV and hMPV in which both viruses replicate to comparable and high titers. It is also shown that the cell line can also be used for applications such as cell viability tests. Cell viability tests can be used as reciprocal determination tests of viral titers and therefore offer the opportunity to replace classical virological tests such as TCID(50). The cell line can be also used for high throughput applications like drug screening, making it a useful tool for screening for antiviral compound active against RSV and hMPV.
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