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Dong M, Galvan Achi JM, Du R, Rong L, Cui Q. Development of SARS-CoV-2 entry antivirals. Cell Insight 2024; 3:100144. [PMID: 38323318 PMCID: PMC10844678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The global outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatened human health and public safety. The development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies have been essential to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Particularly, antivirals targeting viral entry have become an attractive target for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies. In this review, we elucidate the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and summarize the development of antiviral inhibitors targeting viral entry. Moreover, we speculate upon future directions toward more potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. This study is expected to provide novel insights for the efficient discovery of promising candidate drugs against the entry of SARS-CoV-2, and contribute to the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyue Dong
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Jazmin M. Galvan Achi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, USA
| | - Ruikun Du
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, 266122, China
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, USA
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, 266122, China
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2
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Porto PS, Rivera A, Moonrinta R, Wobus CE. Entry and egress of human astroviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:81-119. [PMID: 37832992 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses encapsidate a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome into ∼30nm icosahedral particles that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, but their biology is not well understood. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are divided into three clades: classical HAstV serotypes 1-8, and novel or non-classical HAstV of the MLB and VA clades. These viruses are part of two genogroups and phylogenetically cluster with other mammalian astroviruses, highlighting their zoonotic potential. HAstV are a highly prevalent cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, primarily in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Additionally, asymptomatic infections and extraintestinal disease (e.g., encephalitis), are also observed, mostly in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals, respectively. While these viruses are highly prevalent, no approved vaccines or antivirals are available to prevent or treat infections. This is in large part due to their understudied nature and the limited understanding of even very basic features of their life cycle and pathogenesis at the cellular and organismal level. This review will summarize molecular features of human astrovirus biology, pathogenesis, and tropism, and then focus on two stages of the viral life cycle, namely entry and egress, since these are proven targets for therapeutic interventions. We will further highlight gaps in knowledge in hopes of stimulating future research into these understudied viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares Porto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Andres Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Rootjikarn Moonrinta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states.
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Chen Z, Du R, Galvan Achi JM, Rong L, Cui Q. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and targeted antiviral development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3879-3888. [PMID: 34002130 PMCID: PMC8117542 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which threatens human health and public safety. In the urgent campaign to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies, the initial entry step is one of the most appealing targets. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, and the development of targeted antiviral strategies. Moreover, we speculate upon future directions toward next-generation of SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors during the upcoming post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinuo Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jazmin M. Galvan Achi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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4
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Zarei M, Rahimi K, Hassanzadeh K, Abdi M, Hosseini V, Fathi A, Kakaei K. From the environment to the cells: An overview on pivotal factors which affect spreading and infection in COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res 2021; 201:111555. [PMID: 34197816 PMCID: PMC8236413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Several factors ranging from environmental risks to the genetics of the virus and that of the hosts, affect the spread of COVID-19. The impact of physicochemical variables on virus vitality and spread should be taken into account in experimental and clinical studies. Another avenue to explore is the effect of diet and its interaction with the immune system on SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rate. Past year have witnessed extensive studies on virus and pathophysiology of the COVID-19 disease and the cellular mechanisms of virus spreading. However, our knowledge has not reached a level where we plan an efficient therapeutic approach to prevent the virus entry to the cells or decreasing the spreading and morbidity in severe cases of disease. The risk of infection directly correlates with the control of virus spreading via droplets and aerosol transmission, as well as patient immune system response. A key goal in virus restriction and transmission rate is to understand the physicochemical structure of aerosol and droplet formation, and the parameters that affect the droplet-borne and airborne in different environmental conditions. The lifetime of droplets on different surfaces is described based on the contact angle. Hereby, we recommend regular use of high-quality face masks in high temperature and low humidity conditions. However, in humid and cold weather conditions, wearing gloves and frequently hand washing, gain a higher priority. Additionally, social distancing rules should be respected in all aforementioned conditions. We will also discuss different routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cells and how multiple genetic factors play a role in the spread of the virus. Given the role of environmental and nutritional factors, we discuss and recommend some strategies to prevent the disease and protect the population against COVID-19. Since an effective vaccine can prevent the transmission of communicable diseases and abolish pandemics, we added a brief review of candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Karim Rahimi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Gene Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kambiz Hassanzadeh
- Laboratory of Neuronal Cell Signaling, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, 00161, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mohammad Abdi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Vahedeh Hosseini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Fathi
- FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Karim Kakaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
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5
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Xiang Y, Wang M, Chen H, Chen L. Potential therapeutic approaches for the early entry of SARS-CoV-2 by interrupting the interaction between the spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114724. [PMID: 34371003 PMCID: PMC8349388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread around the globe. At present, there is no precise and effective treatment for the patients with COVID-19, so rapid development of drugs is urgently needed in order to contain the highly infectious disease. The virus spike protein (S protein) can recognize the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the host cell membrane and undergo a series of conformational changes, protease cleavage and membrane fusion to complete the virus entry, so S protein is an important target for vaccine and drug development. Here we provide a brief overview of molecular mechanisms of virus entry, as well as some potential antiviral agents that act on S/ACE2 protein-protein interaction. Specifically, we focused on experimentally validated and/or computational prediction identified inhibitors that target SARS-CoV-2 S protein, ACE2 and enzymes associated with viral infection. This review offers valuable information for the discovery and development of potential antiviral agents in combating SARS-CoV-2. In addition, with the deepening understanding of the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, more targeted prevention and treatment drugs will be explored with the aid of the advanced technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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You J, Seok JH, Joo M, Bae JY, Kim JI, Park MS, Kim K. Multifactorial Traits of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Related to Diverse Host Proteases and Proteins. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:249-262. [PMID: 33875625 PMCID: PMC8094071 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The most effective way to control newly emerging infectious disease, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, is to strengthen preventative or therapeutic public health strategies before the infection spreads worldwide. However, global health systems remain at the early stages in anticipating effective therapeutics or vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While maintaining social distance is the most crucial metric to avoid spreading the virus, symptomatic therapy given to patients on the clinical manifestations helps save lives. The molecular properties of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been quickly elucidated, paving the way to therapeutics, vaccine development, and other medical interventions. Despite this progress, the detailed biomolecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains elusive. Given virus invasion of cells is a determining factor for virulence, understanding the viral entry process can be a mainstay in controlling newly emerged viruses. Since viral entry is mediated by selective cellular proteases or proteins associated with receptors, identification and functional analysis of these proteins could provide a way to disrupt virus propagation. This review comprehensively discusses cellular machinery necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding multifactorial traits of the virus entry will provide a substantial guide to facilitate antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan You
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Meng T, Wong SM, Chua KB. Sulfonated azo dyes enhance the genome release of enterovirus A71 VP1-98K variants by preventing the virions from being trapped by sulfated glycosaminoglycans at acidic pH. Virology 2021; 555:19-34. [PMID: 33422703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease and occasionally causes death in children. Its infectivity and pathogenesis, however, remain to be better understood. Three sulfonated azo dyes, including acid red 88 (Ar88), were identified to enhance the infectivity of EV-A71, especially isolates with VP1-98K, 145E (-KE), by mainly promoting viral genome release in vitro. Enzymatic removal of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or knockout of xylosyltransferase II (XT2) responsible for biosynthesis of sulfated GAGs weakened the Ar88 enhanced EV-A71 infection. Ar88 is proposed to prevent the -KE variants from being trapped by sulfated GAGs at acidic pH and to facilitate the viral interaction with uncoating factors for genome release in endosomes. The results suggest dual roles of sulfated GAGs as attachment factors and as decoys during host interaction of EV-A71 and caution that these artificial dyes in our environment can enhance viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Meng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; NUS Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaw-Bing Chua
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Republic of Singapore.
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Abstract
The specific non-invasive control of intracellular signaling events requires advanced tools that enter cells by diffusion and are controllable by light. Here, we detail the synthesis and application of membrane-permeant caged inositol pyrophosphates with respect to cell entry and cell distribution. We recently published the synthesis of these tools as well as their effect on PH-domain localization in HeLa cells and oscillations of the intracellular calcium concentration in β-cells, which are known to drive insulin secretion. In this chapter, we discuss the possibilities and limitations when using cell-penetrating inositol pyrophosphates. We provide a detailed protocol for the application in live mouse β-cells and we discuss the image analysis needed for following effects on calcium signaling.
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Jin C, Che B, Guo Z, Li C, Liu Y, Wu W, Wang S, Li D, Cui Z, Liang M. Single virus tracking of Ebola virus entry through lipid rafts in living host cells. Biosaf Health 2020; 2:25-31. [PMID: 32835208 PMCID: PMC7347359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is one of the most pathogenic viruses in humans which can cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Understanding the cellular entry mechanisms of EBOV can promote the development of new therapeutic strategies to control virus replication and spread. It has been known that EBOV virions bind to factors expressed at the host cell surface. Subsequently, the virions are internalized by a macropinocytosis-like process, followed by being trafficked through early and late endosomes. Recent researches indicate that the entry of EBOV into cells requires integrated and functional lipid rafts. Whilst lipid rafts have been hypothesized to play a role in virus entry, there is a current lack of supporting data. One major technical hurdle is the lack of effective approaches for observing viral entry. To provide evidence on the involvement of lipid rafts in the entry process of EBOV, we generated the fluorescently labeled Ebola virus like particles (VLPs), and utilized single-particle tracking (SPT) to visualize the entry of fluorescent Ebola VLPs in live cells and the interaction of Ebola VLPs with lipid rafts. In this study, we demonstrate the compartmentalization of Ebola VLPs in lipid rafts during entry process, and inform the essential function of lipid rafts for the entry of Ebola virus. As such, our study provides evidence to show that the raft integrity is critical for Ebola virus pathogenesis and that lipid rafts can serve as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bin Che
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhengyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang F, Guo H, Chen Q, Ruan Z, Fang Q. Endosomes and Microtubles are Required for Productive Infection in Aquareovirus. Virol Sin 2019; 35:200-211. [PMID: 31858455 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), the genus Aquareovirus in family Reoviridae, is viewed as the most pathogenic aquareovirus. To understand the molecular mechanism of how aquareovirus initiates productive infection, the roles of endosome and microtubule in cell entry of GCRV are investigated by using quantum dots (QDs)-tracking in combination with biochemical approaches. We found that GCRV infection and viral protein synthesis were significantly inhibited by pretreating host cells with endosome acidification inhibitors NH4Cl, chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 (Bafi). Confocal images indicated that GCRV particles could colocalize with Rab5, Rab7 and lysosomes in host cells. Further ultrastructural examination validated that viral particle was found in late endosomes. Moreover, disruption of microtubules with nocodazole clearly blocked GCRV entry, while no inhibitory effects were observed with cytochalasin D treated cells in viral infection, hinting that intracellular transportation of endocytic uptake in GCRV infected cells is via microtubules but not actin filament. Notably, viral particles were observed to transport along microtubules by using QD-labeled GCRV. Altogether, our results suggest that GCRV can use endosomes and microtubules to initiate productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Wuhan Center for Animal Diseases Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qingxiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Wuhan Center for Animal Diseases Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Li M, Yan P, Liu Z, Cai D, Luo Y, Wu X, Wang Q, Huang Y, Wu Y. Muscovy duck reovirus enters susceptible cells via a caveolae-mediated endocytosis-like pathway. Virus Res 2019; 276:197806. [PMID: 31704247 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV) causes immunosuppression and results in high mortality among Muscovy ducklings. Cell entry is the first step of virus infection and represents a potential therapeutic target. However, very little is known about the mechanism by which MDRV penetrates the cells. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of MDRV cell entry and subsequent infection. DF-1 and Vero cells were pretreated with the inhibitors chlorpromazine (CPZ), cytochalasin D, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD), genistein, dynasore, nocodazole, or NH4Cl, and then infected with MDRV. The copy number of the MDRV p10.8 gene and the expression of viral sigma A protein were determined by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Both sigma A expression and p10.8 gene copy number were decreased by treatment with M-β-CD, genistein, dynasore, nocodazole, and NH4Cl. In contrast, no effects on virus infection were detected when inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis were used. In addition, the colocalization between MDRV sigma A protein and caveolin-1 was evaluated by double-label immunofluorescence. Collectively, our data revealed that MDRV can enter susceptible cells through caveolin-dependent endocytosis involving dynamin and microtubules. Moreover, the acidic environment of the endosomes was found to be critical for efficient infection. Our findings provide new insights into the infection process of MDRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenni Liu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongling Cai
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Wu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Ou M, Huang R, Luo Q, Xiong L, Chen K, Wang Y. Characterisation of scavenger receptor class B type 1 in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 89:614-622. [PMID: 30991152 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the scavenger receptors (SRs) family and it plays an important role in viral entry. Not much is known on SRB1 in teleost fish. Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) cause huge economic losses in grass carp industry. In this study, rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) was used as a model fish to investigate the mechanism of GCRV infection, which is sensitive to GCRV. The structure of SRB1 gene in G. rarus (GrSRB1) was cloned and elucidated. GrSRB1 is composed of 13 exons and 12 introns, and its full-length cDNA is 2296 bp in length, with 1521 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a 506 amino acid protein. The GrSRB1 protein is predicted to contain a typical CD36 domain and two transmembrane regions. In G. rarus, GrSRB1 is expressed strongly in the liver (L), intestines (I), brain (B) and muscle (M), while it is expressed poorly in the heart (H), middle kidney (MK), head kidney (HK) and gills (G). After infection with GCRV, GrSRB1 expression was up-regulated in main immune tissues during the early infection period. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that GrSRB1 could interact with the outer capsid protein of GCRV (VP5 and VP7). These results suggest that GrSRB1 could be a receptor for GCRV. We have managed to characterize the GrSRB1 gene and provide evidence for its potential functions for GCRV entry into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Lv Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kunci Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhu L, Cao G, Sahib Zar M, Hu X, Wei Y, Xue R, Gong C. Cell entry of BmCPV can be promoted by tyrosine-protein kinase Src64B-like protein. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 121:1-7. [PMID: 30554639 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a non-enveloped dsRNA virus, which specifically infect the midgut epithelium of B. mori. BmCPV enters permissive cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis employing β1 integrin mediated internalization. Until now, the cell entry mechanism of BmCPV has not been known clearly. Here, we investigated whether tyrosine-protein kinase Src64B-like is involved in the cell entry of BmCPV. The Src64B-like gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the recombinant protein Src64B-like was used to immunize mouse for preparation of anti-Src64B-like polyclonal antibody (pAb). After Src64B-like gene was silenced by RNAi, the infection of BmCPV was reduced by 59.48% ± 2.18% and 92.22% ± 1.12% in vitro and in vivo autonomously. Contrary to it, BmCPV infection could be enhanced by increasing the expression of Src64B-like. In addition, immunofluorescence assay showed that Src64B-like protein did not co-localize with BmCPV in the cultured BmN cells during viral infection. These results indicate that Src64B-like protein participates and plays an important role in the cell entry of BmCPV, but not contacting directly with BmCPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mian Sahib Zar
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology (iSynBio), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xuevuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Shao J, Liu X, Liang Y, Ly H. Assays to Assess Arenaviral Glycoprotein Function. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1604:169-78. [PMID: 28986832 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus (LASV) and Pichindé virus (PICV), are enveloped viruses with a bi-segmented ambisense RNA genome. The large (L) genomic segment encodes the Z matrix protein and the L RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, whereas the small (S) genomic segment encodes the nucleoprotein (NP) and the glycoprotein precursor complex (GPC). GPC is processed by signal peptidase in the endoplasmic reticulum into the stable signal peptide (SSP) and GP1/GP2, which is further cleaved by the Golgi-resident subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P) into the cellular receptor-recognition subunit GP1 and the transmembrane subunit GP2, which helps promote the membrane fusion reaction to allow virus entry into the cell. This article describes assays to assess PICV GPC expression, proteolytic processing, fusion function, and GPC-mediated virus-like particle (VLP) entry into cells under tissue-culture conditions.
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Lin Y, Racaniello VR. Polioviruses that bind a chimeric Pvr-nectin-2 protein identify capsid residues involved in receptor interaction. Virology 2017; 510:305-315. [PMID: 28800489 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid changes in the C'C"D region in poliovirus receptor domain 1 disrupt poliovirus binding. To examine further the role of the C'C"D region in poliovirus infection, we substituted this region of Pvr into the corresponding region of a murine homolog, nectin-2. The chimeric receptor, nectin-2Pvr(c'c"d), rendered transformed L cells susceptible to infection with poliovirus P1/Mahoney, but not with polioviruses P2/Lansing and P3/Leon, due to lack of binding. Twenty-four variants of P2/Lansing were selected that replicate in nectin-2Pvr(c'c"d) producing cell lines. Sequence analysis revealed 30 amino acid changes at 28 capsid residues. One change, K1103R, is found in nearly all isolates and is located at one end of the VP1 BC loop. Other alterations are located on the canyon surface, at the protomer interface, and along the perimeter of the canyon south wall. Unlike poliovirus-Pvr binding, the VP1 BC loop is required for infection of cells producing nectin-2Pvr(c'c"d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians&Surgeons, 701W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vincent R Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians&Surgeons, 701W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Zhang Y, Cao G, Zhu L, Chen F, Zar MS, Wang S, Hu X, Wei Y, Xue R, Gong C. Integrin beta and receptor for activated protein kinase C are involved in the cell entry of Bombyx mori cypovirus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3703-3716. [PMID: 28175946 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis using a β1 integrin-dependent internalization was considered as the primary mechanism for the initiation of mammalian reovirus infection. Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV) is a member of Reoviridae family which mainly infects the midgut epithelium of silkworm; the cell entry of BmCPV is poorly explored. In this study, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA), and BmCPV-protein interaction on the polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (BmCPV-PI-PVDF) methods were employed to screen the interacting proteins of BmCPV, and several proteins including integrin beta and receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK1) were identified as the candidate interacting proteins for establishing the infection of BmCPV. The infectivity of BmCPV was investigated in vivo and in vitro by RNA interference (RNAi) and antibody blocking methods, and the results showed that the infectivity of BmCPV was significantly reduced by either small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of integrin beta and RACK1 or antibody blocking of integrin beta and RACK1. The expression level of integrin beta or RACK1 is not the highest in the silkworm midgut which is a principal target tissue of BmCPV, suggesting that the molecules other than integrin beta or RACK1 might play a key role in determining the tissue tropism of BmCPV infection. The establishment of BmCPV infection depends on other factors, and these factors interacted with integrin beta and RACK1 to form receptor complex for the cell entry of BmCPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Postal address: No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Sahib Zar
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Simei Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Postal address: No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Postal address: No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Postal address: No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Vermaak E, Conradie AM, Maree FF, Theron J. African horse sickness virus infects BSR cells through macropinocytosis. Virology 2016; 497:217-32. [PMID: 27497184 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular pathways involved in cell entry by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family, have not yet been determined. Here, we show that acidic pH is required for productive infection of BSR cells by AHSV-4, suggesting that the virus is likely internalized by an endocytic pathway. We subsequently analyzed the major endocytic routes using specific inhibitors and determined the consequences for AHSV-4 entry into BSR cells. The results indicated that virus entry is dynamin dependent, but clathrin- and lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways were not used by AHSV-4 to enter and infect BSR cells. Instead, binding of AHSV-4 to BSR cells stimulated uptake of a macropinocytosis-specific cargo and inhibition of Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, actin polymerization and cellular GTPases and kinases involved in macropinocytosis significantly inhibited AHSV-4 infection. Altogether, the data suggest that AHSV-4 infects BSR cells by utilizing macropinocytosis as the primary entry pathway.
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18
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Yang H, He H, Tan B, Liu E, Zhao X, Zhao Y. Human metapneumovirus uses endocytosis pathway for host cell entry. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:231-237. [PMID: 27328610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a prevalent pathogen worldwide and causes various respiratory infections. Although it is a critical pathogen in pediatric patients, it is unclear how it enters host cells. In this study, we focused on hMPV cell entry using two kinds of cell lines (Vero E6 and LLC-MK2), which are most commonly used for isolating and propagating for hMPV, and we used fluorescent dyes to label the virus particles and monitored how they enter the host cell in real time. We found that endocytosis was the predominant pathway by which hMPV entered host cells. When the virus particles were traced inside host cells, we found that a low intracellular pH was needed for intracellular fusion in LLC-MK2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hao He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Yao Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Jans J, elMoussaoui H, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Actin- and clathrin-dependent mechanisms regulate interferon gamma release after stimulation of human immune cells with respiratory syncytial virus. Virol J 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 27004689 PMCID: PMC4802911 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause recurrent and severe respiratory tract infections. Cytoskeletal proteins are often involved during viral infections, either for cell entry or the initiation of the immune response. The importance of actin and clathrin dynamics for cell entry and the initiation of the cellular immune response against RSV in human immune cells is not known yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry of RSV and the subsequent effect on T cell activation and interferon gamma release in human immune cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified monocytes were isolated from healthy adults and stimulated in vitro with RSV. Actin and clathrin dynamics were inhibited with respectively cytochalasin D and chlorpromazine. T cell receptor signaling was inhibited with cyclosporin A. Flow cytometry was used to determine the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry and T cell activation by RSV. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to investigate the contribution of actin and clathrin on the release of interferon gamma. Results Cell entry, virus gene transcription and interferon gamma release are actin-dependent. Post-endocytic processes like the increased expression of major histocompatibility complex II on monocytes , T cell activation and the release of interferon gamma are clathrin-dependent. Finally, T cell receptor signaling affects T cell activation, whereas soluble interleukin 18 is dispensable. Conclusion Analysis of cell entry and interferon gamma release after infection with RSV reveals the importance of actin- and clathrin-dependent signaling in human immune cells. Insights into the cellular biology of the human immune response against respiratory syncytial virus will provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and may prove useful in the development of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hicham elMoussaoui
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Guevara J Jr, Romo J Jr, McWhorter T, Guevara NV. Analogs of LDL Receptor Ligand Motifs in Dengue Envelope and Capsid Proteins as Potential Codes for Cell Entry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2015:646303. [PMID: 27123468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/646303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is established that cell entry of low density lipoprotein particles (LLPs) containing Apo B100 and Apo E is mediated by receptors and GAGs. Receptor ligand motifs, XBBBXXBX, XBBXBX, and ΨBΨXB, and mono- and bipartite NLS sequences are abundant in Apo E and Apo B100 as well as in envelope and capsid proteins of Dengue viruses 1-4 (DENV1-4). Synthetic, fluorescence-labeled peptides of sequences in DENV2 envelope protein, and DENV3 capsid that include these motifs were used to conduct a qualitative assessment of cell binding and entry capacity using HeLa cells. DENV2 envelope peptide, Dsp2EP, 0564Gly-Gly0595, was shown to bind and remain at the cell surface. In contrast, DENV3 capsid protein peptide, Dsp3CP, 0002Asn-Gln0028, readily enters HeLa cells and accumulates at discrete loci in the nucleus. FITC-labeled dengue synthetic peptides colocalize with Low Density Lipoprotein-CM-DiI and Apo E-CM-DiI to a degree that suggests that Dengue viruses may utilize cell entry pathways used by LLPs.
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Garcin PO, Panté N. The minute virus of mice exploits different endocytic pathways for cellular uptake. Virology 2015; 482:157-66. [PMID: 25863880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The minute virus of mice, prototype strain (MVMp), is a non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus of the family Parvoviridae. Unlike other parvoviruses, the mechanism of cellular uptake of MVMp has not been studied in detail. We analyzed MVMp endocytosis in mouse LA9 fibroblasts and a tumor cell line derived from epithelial-mesenchymal transition through polyomavirus middle T antigen transformation in transgenic mice. By a combination of immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we found that MVMp endocytosis occurs at the leading edge of migrating cells in proximity to focal adhesion sites. By using drug inhibitors of various endocytic pathways together with immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, we discovered that MVMp can use a number of endocytic pathways, depending on the host cell type. At least three different mechanisms were identified: clathrin-, caveolin-, and clathrin-independent carrier-mediated endocytosis, with the latter occurring in transformed cells but not in LA9 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O Garcin
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nelly Panté
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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22
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Iwasaki M, Urata S, Cho Y, Ngo N, de la Torre JC. Cell entry of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is restricted in myotubes. Virology 2014; 458-459:22-32. [PMID: 24928036 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mice persistently infected since birth with the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis viurs, viral antigen and RNA are readily detected in most organs and cell types but remarkably absent in skeletal muscle. Here we report that mouse C2C12 myoblasts that are readily infected by LCMV, become highly refractory to LCMV infection upon their differentiation into myotubes. Myotube's resistance to LCMV was not due to an intracellular restriction of virus replication but rather an impaired cell entry mediated by the LCMV surface glycoprotein. Our findings provide an explanation for the observation that in LCMV carrier mice myotubes, which are constantly exposed to blood-containing virus, remain free of viral antigen and RNA despite myotubes express high levels of the LCMV receptor alpha dystroglycan and do not pose an intracellular blockade to LCMV multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuzo Urata
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshitake Cho
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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23
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Höglinger D, Nadler A, Schultz C. Caged lipids as tools for investigating cellular signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1085-96. [PMID: 24713581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid derivatives that can be activated by light, often referred to as 'caged' lipids, are useful tools to manipulate intact cells non-invasively. Here we focus on experimental approaches that have made use of caged lipids. Apart from summarizing the recent advances and available tools in the field, we strive to highlight the experimental challenges that arise from lipid-specific biophysical properties and the abundance of an enormous diversity of distinct molecular lipid species in cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Höglinger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - André Nadler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Pathogen-host interactions are mediated in part by secreted microbial proteins capable of exploiting host cells for their survival. Several of these manipulations involve, but are not limited to, suppression of defense responses, alterations in host vesicular trafficking, and manipulation of gene expression. The delivery of such molecules from microbe to host has been of intense interest in several microbe-host systems. Several well-studied bacterial effectors are delivered directly into host cells through a needle injection apparatus. Conversely, there have been several examples of secreted effectors and protein toxins from bacteria and eukaryotic microbes, such as fungi and oomycetes, being internalized into host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the following chapter, we discuss various techniques utilized to measure these endocytosed lipid-binding effectors that can be delivered in the absence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Clark
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tristan A Hayes
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Shiv D Kale
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Almahdy O, EL-Fakharany EM, EL-Dabaa E, Ng TB, Redwan EM. Examination of the activity of camel milk casein against hepatitis C virus (genotype-4a) and its apoptotic potential in hepatoma and hela cell lines. Hepat Mon 2011; 11:724-30. [PMID: 22235215 PMCID: PMC3234544 DOI: 10.5812/kowsar.1735143x.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C is a global health concern that represents a major cause of liver disease and socioeconomic burden. Currently, there is no vaccine that protects against this infection or drug that treats it effectively. The current treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection does not produce a sustained virologic response. Therefore,discovery and identification of a new drug for HCV treatment is a high priority.Camel milk is a traditional medicine that could improve the control of HCV. OBJECTIVES To assess the potential effect of casein purified from camel milk on HCV cellular infectivity in a tissue culture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Casein was purified from defatted camel milk to electrophoretic homogeneity. PBMCs and HepG2 and HeLa cell lines were used. Three kinds of experiments were conducted. HCV was directly interacted with casein and then mixed with different cell types, casein was incubated with the cells and then exposed to HCV, and the HCV pre-infected cells were treated with casein at different concentrations and time intervals. Non-infected cells were used to assess cytotoxicity and the apoptosis effect of casein. RESULTS Direct interaction of casein (with or without α-lactalbumin) with neither the virus nor the cells prevented HCV cell entry. However, casein with α-lactalbumin induced a cytotoxic effect in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines but not in human naïve leukocytes. At all concentrations tested, casein with α-lactalbumin could induce apoptosis in both infected and non-infected HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Camel milk casein (with or without α-lactalbumin) did not demonstrate any anti-HCV activity. However, the cellular apoptotic cascade was initiated in HepG2 and HeLa cells treated with casein (with α-lactalbumin) but not in naïve leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Almahdy
- Antibody Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Esmail M. EL-Fakharany
- Antibody Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab EL-Dabaa
- Department of Biochemistry, Theodore Bilharz Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin,N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Antibody Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Elrashdy M. Redwan, Antibody Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab post-code 21394, Alexandria, Egypt. Tel.: +20-34593420, Fax: +2034593422, E-mail:
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