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Chang CC, Wu CY, Wu CM, Wu CW, Wang YC, Lin GJ, Chien MS, Huang C. Cytotoxicity effect and transcriptome analysis of PCV3-infected cells revealed potential viral pathogenic mechanisms. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106715. [PMID: 38810767 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has become an important pathogen in the global swine industry and poses a threat to pig health, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we constructed an innovative, linear infectious clone of PCV3 for rescuing the virus, and explored the transcriptome of infected cells to gain insights into its pathogenic mechanisms. Subsequently, an in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of the rescued virus in pig. PCV3 nucleic acid was distributed across various organs, indicating systemic circulation via the bloodstream and viremia. Immunohistochemical staining also revealed a significant presence of PCV3 antigens in the spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes, indicating that PCV3 had tropism for these organs. Transcriptome analysis of infected ST cells revealed differential expression of genes associated with apoptosis, immune responses, and cellular metabolism. Notably, upregulation of genes related to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 pathway, glycolysis, and the AGE/RAGE pathway suggests activation of inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to onset of disease. These findings have expanded our understanding of PCV3 pathogenesis, and the interplay between PCV3 and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Jan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chienjin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT. What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2915-2935. [PMID: 34110095 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Ma C, You J, Dong M, Yun S, Liu J. PK15 cell line stably overexpressing IL2 enhances PCV2 replication. Virus Genes 2021; 57:111-116. [PMID: 33389634 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary agent responsible for porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), which is acknowledged as one of the most economically important diseases for the swine industry worldwide. Currently, the development of PCV2 vaccine against PCVADs and for other applications require large amounts of viral particles. The low propagation rate of PCV2 in vitro limits vaccine production. Previous studies showed that a cell line transfected with the porcine interleukin (IL)-2 gene gave higher PCV2 yield in vitro. However, transient transfection may become less effective and unstable after serial generations. In this work, we constructed a PK15 cell line with stable expression of porcine IL2 by lentivirus transfection. The results demonstrated that the transgenic cell line stably expressed IL2 protein significantly enhanced PCV2 replication. Thus, the transgenic PK15 cell line could be a promising cell line for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Zhang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfeng Zhao
- The Third Outpatient Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Ma
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei You
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical School of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Fischer A, Manske K, Seissler J, Wohlleber D, Simm N, Wolf-van Buerck L, Knolle P, Schnieke A, Fischer K. Cytokine-inducible promoters to drive dynamic transgene expression: The "Smart Graft" strategy. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12634. [PMID: 32808410 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitous expression of T-cell regulatory transgenes such as the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) or the high-affinity variant LEA29Y improves xeno graft survival. Such donor pigs are however immunocompromised and susceptible to infection. Continous high expression of CTLA4 or LEA29Y in the graft could also compromise the health status of recipients. The novel "Smart Graft" strategy is likely to avoid these problems by controlling the expression of T-cell regulatory transgenes as and when required. METHODS Candidate promoters inducible by inflammatory cytokines were identified by in silico screening for potential NF-κB binding sites. Basal promoter levels and responsiveness to TNFα and IL1ß were quantified by expression of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase in cultured cells. Promoters were modified to increase responsiveness by removing regulatory elements or adding SP-1 or NF-κB binding sites and again tested in vitro. The most promising promoters were then assessed in vivo. Porcine cells expressing inducible Renilla luciferase constructs were transplanted into immunodeficient NOD-Scid-IL2 receptor gammanull (NSG) mice. Following engraftment, the recipient's immune system was reconstituted by splenocyte transfer raising an immune response to the porcine xenograft. The resulting induction of promoter activity was detected by in vivo bioimaging. RESULTS Three human (hTNFAIP1, hVCAM1 and hCCL2), and one porcine promoter (pA20) were chosen for in vitro tests. In all experiments, the semi-synthetic and inducible ELAM promoter as well as the CAG promoter were used as references. In contrast to hTNFAIP1 and hVCAM1 the ELAM, hCCL2 and pA20 promoters showed significant induction after cytokine challenge. The hCCL2 and pA20 promoters were further optimized, resulting in increased responsiveness to TNFα and IL1ß. Cytokine-dependent upregulation of promoter activity was tested in vivo, where the ELAM and the optimized hCCL2 promoters showed a 2-fold upregulation, while one of the improved A20 promoters showed almost 10-fold upregulation. Our results also revealed more than 4-fold cytokine inducibility of the CAG promoter. CONCLUSION This is the first in vivo comparison of existing and newly designed cytokine-inducible promoters. Optimization of promoter structure resulted in almost 10-fold inducibility of promoter activity. Such a rapid and dynamically regulated response to inflammation and cell damage could reduce initial graft rejection, making the "Smart Graft" approach a useful means of modulating the expression of immune regulatory transgenes to avoid deleterious effects on porcine and human health. Expressing transgenes in this fashion could provide a safer organ for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fischer
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Katrin Manske
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Diabetes Center, Medizinische Klinik und Polyklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Simm
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Lelia Wolf-van Buerck
- Diabetes Center, Medizinische Klinik und Polyklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Li Y, Wang Y, Cheng J, Zhou X, Lu H, Zhang X, Xia X, Sun H. Generation and immunogenicity assessment of ELPylated virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2. Virol J 2020; 17:72. [PMID: 32517704 PMCID: PMC7285535 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen affecting swine industry worldwide. The production of current PCV2 vaccines is time-consuming and expensive. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) undergo temperature-dependent inverse phase transition and ELPylated proteins can be purified simply by inverse transition cycling (ITC). Methods The Cap protein of PCV2b, together with the virus neutralizing (VN) epitopes of PCV2a, PCV2d and PCV2e, was expressed in E. coli as an ELPylated protein, and purified by ITC in the presence of mild detergents. For the control purpose, the Cap protein was also expressed as a His-tagged protein and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The formation of ELPylated VLP (ELP-VLP) and His-tagged VLP (VLP) was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Mice were immunized two times with the two forms of VLP and the antigen-specific IgG antibody, VN antibody, cytokine responses and immunoprotection against PCV2 challenge were compared. Results ELPylated Cap protein was expressed as a soluble protein and purified to 94.3% purity by ITC in the presence of 1% Triton X-100 and 0.5 M urea. His-tagged Cap fusion protein was expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies and purified to 90% purity under denatured conditions. The two purified fusion proteins assembled into VLP with similar morphology. Compared to immunization with VLP, immunization with ELP-VLP induced significantly (p < 0.01) stronger VN antibody response and slightly (p < 0.05) stronger Cap-specific IgG antibody response, cytokine production and immunoprotection against PCV2 challenge. Conclusion A novel ELPylation platform for easy preparation of PCV2 VLP was established and the prepared ELP-VLP was more immunogenic than VLP. The ELPylation technology could be used for other VLP preparation and the prepared ELP-VLP could be developed as a novel PCV2 subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huipeng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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6
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Li Y, Lin Y, Xin G, Zhou X, Lu H, Zhang X, Xia X, Sun H. Comparative evaluation of ELPylated virus-like particle vaccine with two commercial PCV2 vaccines by experimental challenge. Vaccine 2020; 38:3952-3959. [PMID: 32284270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and vaccination is the primary tool for the disease control. Previously, we developed a more cost-effective PCV2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine by using ELPylation technology. In the present study, we compared the ELPylated VLP (ELP-VLP) PCV2 vaccine efficacy with commercial inactivated Yuanlijia vaccine and VLP-based Circoflex vaccine by experimental challenge. After one dose of vaccination with the three different vaccines, ELP-VLP vaccine group showed significantly (p < 0.05) stronger virus neutralizing antibody and interferon-γ responses than the two commercial vaccine groups. All vaccinated pigs showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in average daily weight gain (ADWG) before challenge. After challenge with PCV2, however, only ELP-VLP-vaccinated pigs showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in ADWG. All vaccinated pigs showed significant (p < 0.05) reductions in PCV2 loads in the blood, nasal secretion and lymph nodes, ELP-VLP-vaccinated pigs in particular. In addition, vaccination with ELP-VLP vaccine provided stronger protection against pulmonary and lymphoid pathologies than that with the two commercial vaccines. Therefore, ELP-VLP vaccine is more effective to control PCV2 infection than the two commercial vaccines based on clinical, immunological, virological and pathological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yan Lin
- TECH-BANK Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Gang Xin
- TECH-BANK Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huipeng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China.
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7
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Cloning and Identification of PK15 Cells for Enhanced Replication of Classical Swine Fever Virus. J Vet Res 2020; 64:9-14. [PMID: 32258794 PMCID: PMC7105985 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs, leading to economic losses around the world. Attenuated live vaccines with CSFV antigens have played an important role in the prevention and control of the disease. Porcine kidney 15 (PK15) cells have been widely used for the propagation of CSFV, but this cell line is not efficient or homogeneously susceptible to viral infection. Material and Methods To achieve a homogeneous PK15 cell line which enabled high titre replication of CSFV, we used the limiting dilution cell cloning method. Results We developed two cell clones, PK15-1A6 and PK15-3B1, which respectively have high- and low-permissive phenotypes to CSFV infection. The PK15-1A6, PK15-3B1, and PK15 parent cells showed different characteristics in cell proliferation rate, susceptibility to CSFV infection, and CSFV production. The mean virus titres per millilitre reflected by TCID50 values in PK15-1A6, PK15-3B1, and PK15 parent cells were 106.85, 103.63, and 104.74, respectively. Conclusion The PK15-1A6 cell clone is more permissive to CSFV infection than the PK15 parent cells. The screened high-permissive cells will be useful for CSFV propagation and vaccine development in vitro, and facilitate research on the pathogenicity of CSFV.
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8
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Isolation of PCV3 from Perinatal and Reproductive Cases of PCV3-Associated Disease and In Vivo Characterization of PCV3 Replication in CD/CD Growing Pigs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020219. [PMID: 32079070 PMCID: PMC7077311 DOI: 10.3390/v12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been identified as a putative swine pathogen with a subset of infections resulting in stillborn and mummified fetuses, encephalitis and myocarditis in perinatal, and periarteritis in growing pigs. Three PCV3 isolates were isolated from weak-born piglets or elevated stillborn and mummified fetuses. Full-length genome sequences from different passages and isolates (PCV3a1 ISU27734, PCV3a2 ISU58312, PCV3c ISU44806) were determined using metagenomics sequencing. Virus production in cell culture was confirmed by qPCR, IFA, and in situ hybridization. In vivo replication of PCV3 was also demonstrated in CD/CD pigs (n = 8) under experimental conditions. Viremia, first detected at 7 dpi, was detected in all pigs by 28 dpi. IgM antibody response was detected between 7–14 dpi in 5/8 PCV3-inoculated pigs but no IgG seroconversion was detected throughout the study. Pigs presented histological lesion consistent with multi systemic inflammation characterized by myocarditis and systemic perivasculitis. Viral replication was confirmed in all tissues by in situ hybridization. Clinically, all animals were unremarkable throughout the study. Although the clinical relevance of PCV3 remains under debate, this is the first isolation of PCV3 from perinatal and reproductive cases of PCV3-associated disease and in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in a CD/CD pig model.
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9
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First isolation and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 3 using primary porcine kidney cells. Vet Microbiol 2020; 241:108576. [PMID: 31928694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was first detected in aborted fetuses in 2015 when sows displaying clinical signs that looked like porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome died suddenly. Primary porcine kidney cells were selected for both the isolation and propagation of PCV3 strain SNUVR181115 (GenBank accession number MK503331) as these cells were permissive to PCV3 infection. PCV3 did not produce cytopathic effect on infected monolayers, therefore PCV3 infection was confirmed by in situ hybridization with a PCV3 specific DNA probe. Electron microscopy was used to analyze cell culture for the presence of virus. The intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies contained virus-like particles arranged in paracrystallline arrays on PCV3-infected primary porcine kidney cell. Virus replication peaked at 6th passage yielding titers close to 106 genomic copies of PCV3 per mL. PCV3 strain SNUVR181115 isolated from primary porcine kidney cells was highly conservative and was clustered with the Korean and Chinese strains. These results demonstrated that primary porcine kidney cells are useful for PCV3 isolation and replication.
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10
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Qiao XW, Yu XM, Li PC, Yu SS, Chen J, Zhang YP, Yang L, Hou LT, Zheng QS, Hou JB. Immune efficacy of a porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine purified using Gram-positive enhancer matrix surface display technology. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:658-669. [PMID: 31183947 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Purification of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) using Gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) surface display technology and immunogenicity evaluation of the purified antigen. METHODS AND RESULTS A recombinant bifunctional protein containing a protein anchor domain and a 'virus anchor' domain was designed as a protein linker (PL) between PCV2 and GEM particles. By incubating with PL and GEM particles sequentially, PCV2 could be purified and enriched through a simple centrifugation process with GEM surface display technology. Our data showed that one unit (2·5 × 109 particles) of GEM particles with 80 μg PL could purify 100 ml of PCV2-containing culture supernatant (viral titre: 106·5 TCID50 per ml-1 ) with a recovery rate up to 99·6%. The impurity removal efficiency of this method, calculated according to decreased total protein content during purification, was approximately 98%. Furthermore, in vivo experimentation showed that piglets immunized with purified PCV2 could elicit strong immune responses to prevent against PCV2 infection. CONCLUSION Porcine circovirus type 2 could be efficiently purified and enriched with GEM display technology via a crucial PL, and the purified PCV2 could elicit effective immune responses against PCV2 infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The GEM-based purification method established here is cost-efficient and high-throughput, and may represent a promising large-scale purification method for PCV2 vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-W Qiao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - X-M Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - P-C Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S-S Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y-P Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L-T Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q-S Zheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J-B Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Xia X, Sun H. Generation of PK-15 cell lines highly permissive to porcine circovirus 2 infection by transposon-mediated interferon-gamma gene transfer. J Virol Methods 2019; 271:113682. [PMID: 31216434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases affect the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination is the major tool for the disease control, but the vaccine production is hindered by lower propagation rate of PCV2 in vitro. Previous studies showed that interferons (IFNs) can increase PCV2 yield in PK-15 cells. In the present study, we constructed a Sleepy Beauty (SB) transposon vector expressing porcine IFNg gene fused with the coding sequence for immunoglobulin G Fc domain. After dilution cloning, the transposon and transposase vectors were co-transfected into PK-15 cell clones with higher permissivity to PCV2 infection. Two transgenic PK-15 cell lines, namely PK15-IFNgRan and PK15-IFNgSB which contained randomly integrated transfer vector or SB cassette without selection marker, were screened by PCR analysis. The characterization results demonstrated that the two transgenic cell lines can stably express IFNg-Fc fusion protein with potent antiviral activities. Both viral titration and quantitative PCR analyses showed that the two transgenic cell lines are highly permissive to PCV2 infection with significantly increased viral yields. These results indicate that the two transgenic PK-15 cell lines, PK15-IFNgSB in particular, can be used for PCV2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China.
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12
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Cui H, Liang W, Wang D, Guo K, Zhang Y. Establishment and Characterization of an Immortalized Porcine Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cell Line as a Cytopathogenic Model for Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:171. [PMID: 31165052 PMCID: PMC6536654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a major etiological agent for porcine circovirus-associated diseases and causes enormous economic losses in domestic and overseas swine production. However, there are currently no suitable cell models to study the cytopathic effects (CPE) of PCV2 in vitro, which severely restricts the study of PCV2 pathogenesis. In the present study, we established an immortalized porcine oral mucosal epithelial cell line (hTERT-POMEC) by introducing the hTERT gene into primary porcine oral mucosal epithelial cells (POMECs) derived from a neonatal, unsuckled piglet. The hTERT-POMEC cells have a homogeneous cobblestone-like morphology and retain the basic physiological properties of primary POMECs. No chromosome abnormality and tumorigenicity transformation was observed in immortalized hTERT-POMECs. Viral infection assays demonstrated that PCV2 propagated and caused CPE in hTERT-POMECs. We conclude that the immortalized cell line hTERT-POMEC is a crucial tool for further research into the pathogenesis of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wulong Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dahui Wang
- School of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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13
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Wang X, Lv C, Ji X, Wang B, Qiu L, Yang Z. Ivermectin treatment inhibits the replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in vitro and mitigates the impact of viral infection in piglets. Virus Res 2019; 263:80-86. [PMID: 30658073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) capsid protein (Cap) has a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and can enter the nucleus. In this study, ivermectin, a small-molecule nuclear import inhibitor of proteins was used to determine the role of nuclear localization of Cap on PCV2 replication. Observation by fluorescence microscopy of the intracellular localization of Cap and Cap NLS in cells cultured with ivermectin (50 μg/mL) determined that Cap and Cap NLS were located in the cytoplasm; in contrast, for cells cultured without ivermectin, they accumulated in the cell nucleus. Ivermectin treatment also reduced nuclear transport of Cap derived from PCV2 infection as well as PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells. In addition, lower levels of PCV2 in tissues and sera of piglets treated with ivermectin were detected by qPCR. These results established for the first time that ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards PCV2 both in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Karuppannan AK, Opriessnig T. Possible risks posed by single-stranded DNA viruses of pigs associated with xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12453. [PMID: 30264878 PMCID: PMC6120555 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Routine large-scale xenotransplantation from pigs to humans is getting closer to clinical reality owing to several state-of-the-art technologies, especially the ability to rapidly engineer genetically defined pigs. However, using pig organs in humans poses risks including unwanted cross-species transfer of viruses and adaption of these pig viruses to the human organ recipient. Recent developments in the field of virology, including the advent of metagenomic techniques to characterize entire viromes, have led to the identification of a plethora of viruses in many niches. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are the largest group prevalent in virome studies in mammals. Specifically, the ssDNA viral genomes are characterized by a high rate of nucleotide substitution, which confers a proclivity to adapt to new hosts and cross-species barriers. Pig-associated ssDNA viruses include torque teno sus viruses (TTSuV) in the Anelloviridae family, porcine parvoviruses (PPV), and porcine bocaviruses (PBoV) both in the family of Parvoviridae, and porcine circoviruses (PCV) in the Circoviridae family, some of which have been confirmed to be pathogenic to pigs. The risks of these viruses for the human recipient during xenotransplantation procedures are relatively unknown. Based on the scant knowledge available on the prevalence, predilection, and pathogenicity of pig-associated ssDNA viruses, careful screening and monitoring are required. In the case of positive identification, risk assessments and strategies to eliminate these viruses in xenotransplantation pig stock may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbu K. Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghRoslinMidlothianUK
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15
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Hua T, Zhang X, Tang B, Chang C, Liu G, Feng L, Yu Y, Zhang D, Hou J. Tween-20 transiently changes the surface morphology of PK-15 cells and improves PCV2 infection. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:138. [PMID: 29699558 PMCID: PMC5921416 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low concentrations of nonionic surfactants can change the physical properties of cell membranes, and thus and in turn increase drug permeability. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an extremely slow-growing virus, and PCV2 infection of PK-15 cells yields very low viral titers. The present study investigates the effect of various nonionic surfactants, namely, Tween-20, Tween-28, Tween-40, Tween-80, Brij-30, Brij-35, NP-40, and Triton X-100 on PCV2 infection and yield in PK-15 cells. Result Significantly increased PCV2 infection was observed in cells treated with Tween-20 compared to those treated with Tween-28, Tween-40, Brij-30, Brij-35, NP-40, and Triton X-100 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, 24 h incubation with 0.03% Tween-20 has shown to induce significant cellular morphologic changes (cell membrane underwent slight intumescence and bulged into a balloon, and the number of microvilli decreased), as well as to increase caspase-3 activity and to decrease cell viability in PCV2-infected PK-15 cells cmpared to control group; all these changes were restored to normal after Tween-20 has been washed out from the plate. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that Tween-20 transiently changes the surface morphology of PK-15 cells and improves PCV2 infection. The findings of the present study may be utilized in the development of a PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guoyang Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jibo Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,Key lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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16
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Porcine circovirus 2 proliferation can be enhanced by stably expressing porcine IL-2 gene in PK-15 cell. Virus Res 2017; 227:143-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Ren L, Chen X, Ouyang H. Interactions of porcine circovirus 2 with its hosts. Virus Genes 2016; 52:437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Qin Y, Li H, Qiao J. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway regulates IL-8 production in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus 2. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:445-452. [PMID: 26581603 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haihua Li
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
| | - Jiayun Qiao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
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19
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Li PC, Qiao XW, Zheng QS, Hou JB. Immunogenicity and immunoprotection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein displayed by Lactococcus lactis. Vaccine 2016; 34:696-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Optimal transfection methods and comparison of PK-15 and Dulac cells for rescue of chimeric porcine circovirus type 1-2. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Yang X, Ouyang H, Chen F, Pang D, Dong M, Yang S, Liu X, Peng Z, Wang F, Zhang X, Ren L. HMG-CoA reductase is negatively associated with PCV2 infection and PCV2-induced apoptotic cell death. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1330-1337. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) during porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection. The results demonstrated that levels of endogenous HMGCR were not significantly different in PCV2-infected cells and mock-infected cells. However, the level of phosphorylated HMGCR, an inactivated form of HMGCR, was increased in PCV2-infected cells. Furthermore, HMGCR was upregulated by overexpression, silenced by siRNA or inactivated using its dominant-negative form in PK-15 cells. The results showed that PCV2 infection was inhibited by HMGCR overexpression, whereas it was significantly increased in HMGCR-silenced cells and HMGCR inhibitor-treated cells. Moreover, there was a robust apoptotic response at 48 h post-infection (p.i.) in HMGCR-inactivated cells, and this response was significantly greater than that observed in PK-15 cells. A modest apoptotic response was also observed in HMGCR-silenced cells. Caspase-3 activity was also analysed in PCV2-infected cells at 48 h p.i. As expected, caspase-3 activity was significantly increased in HMGCR-inactivated and -silenced cells compared with PK-15 cells. PCV2 replication was dose-dependently increased in HMGCR-inactivated cells when treated with increasing amounts of caspase-3 inhibitor. Altogether, HMGCR was negatively associated with PCV2 infection and PCV2-induced apoptotic cell death. These data demonstrated that HMGCR can be used as a candidate target for PCV2 disease control and antivirus research. Furthermore, the cells generated in this study can be used to evaluate the potential effects of HMGCR on PCV2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Fuwang Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Daxing Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Meichen Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Susu Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
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22
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Cruz TF, Araujo JP. Cultivation of PCV2 in swine testicle cells using the shell vial technique and monitoring of viral replication by qPCR and RT-qPCR. J Virol Methods 2013; 196:82-5. [PMID: 24183921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is difficult to isolate. Currently, no published articles have used the shell vial technique to isolate PCV2. In addition, the action of d-glucosamine on swine testicle cells (ST) has not been evaluated properly. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine an optimal concentration of d-glucosamine and to test the shell vial technique for PCV2 propagation in ST cells. The optimal concentration of d-glucosamine was determined to be 100mM. Because PCV2 is noncytopathic, the traditional adsorption was compared to the shell vial technique for 15 passages by qPCR, and RT-qPCR for passages 12 through 15. The quantities of viral DNA (P=0.013) and ORF1-mRNA detected with the shell vial technique were two-fold higher than the obtained with traditional adsorption. The levels of ORF2-mRNA were similar for both methods; however, by passage 15, a six-fold increase in levels was observed with the shell vial technique. Therefore, the shell vial technique was more efficient for the cultivation of PCV2, and qPCR/RT-qPCR can be used to monitor viral replication. In addition, a high viral load (>2.7×10(10) DNA copies/ml) and high levels of viral mRNA expression indicated that the ST cells were persistently infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís F Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Ye Y, Cheng X, Zhang J, Tong T, Lin W, Liao M, Fan H. Induction of robust immunity response in mice by dual-expression-system-based recombinant baculovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. Virol J 2013; 10:316. [PMID: 24161107 PMCID: PMC4231451 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), an emerging swine disease that causes progressive weight loss, dyspnea, tachypnea, anemia, jaundice, and diarrhea in piglets. Although baculovirus is an enveloped virus that infects insects in nature, it has emerged as a vaccine vector, and we used it to develop a novel candidate vaccine for a preventive or therapeutic strategy to control PCV2 infections. Methods Immunoblotting analysis of recombinant baculovirus and immunofluorescent staining of baculovirus-infected cells were followed using anti-ORF2 monoclonal antibodies. The BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with this baculovirus. The titers of antibodies were mensurated with a Cap-protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization assay. The IFN-γ response in splenocytes harvested from immunized mice was measured by ELISA. Student's t-test was used to compare immune responses of different groups. Results In this study, we successfully constructed a dual-expression-system-based recombinant baculovirus BV-GD-ORF2, which can display the PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein and VSV-G protein on the viral envelope and also expressing Cap protein on transduced mammalian cells, thereby functioning as both a subunit and a DNA vaccine. After infection, the Cap protein was expressed and displayed on the viral surface, as demonstrated with an indirect fluorescence assay and immunoblotting. The vaccination of mice with recombinant baculovirus BV-GD-ORF2 successfully induced robust Cap-protein-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Conclusions Our findings collectively demonstrate that the recombinant baculovirus BV-GD-ORF2 is a potential vaccine against PCV2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huiying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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24
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Experimental infection and comparative genomic analysis of a highly pathogenic PRRSV-HBR strain at different passage levels. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:337-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Dvorak CMT, Puvanendiran S, Murtaugh MP. Cellular pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Virus Res 2013; 174:60-8. [PMID: 23499996 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) and the associated histological lesions are thought to appear due to an increase in the amount of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) present in an infected animal. However, examination of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of PCVAD is complicated by the lack of a consistent cell culture model that replicates the animal phenotypes of persistent, asymptomatic infection, and acute, pathological disease typified by lymphocyte depletion. The porcine fetal retina cell line, VR1BL, shows a high permissiveness to PCV2 infection, 40 times higher than the alternative PK15 culture model, allowing for high titer viral production, with PCV2b growth higher than PCV2a growth. Cytopathic effect due to apoptosis is observed after challenge with high amounts of PCV2, but at low levels, infection is maintained in passaged cells. Thus, VR1BL cells may be used as a model system to examine both acute viral pathogenesis and cellular innate defense, as well as persistent PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M T Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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26
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Highly permissive subclone of the porcine kidney cell line for porcine circovirus type 2 production. J Virol Methods 2013; 187:380-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Yang X, Chen F, Cao Y, Pang D, Ouyang H, Ren L. Comparative analysis of different methods to enhance porcine circovirus 2 replication. J Virol Methods 2013; 187:368-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Gauger PC, Lager KM, Vincent AL, Opriessnig T, Kehrli ME, Cheung AK. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome produced in gnotobiotic pigs following exposure to various amounts of porcine circovirus type 2a or type 2b. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:229-39. [PMID: 21684696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In late 2005, a postweaning, high mortality syndrome spread rapidly through finishing barns in swine dense areas of the United States. Diagnostic investigations consistently detected porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from diseased tissues. Subsequent genetic analysis revealed that the infectious agent was a PCV2 type termed "PCV2b". Prior to late 2004, only the PCV2a type, but not PCV2b, had been reported in North America. In this communication, we produce severe postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in gnotobiotic pigs using infectious PCV2a and PCV2b generated from DNA clones constructed from field isolates identified in the 2005 outbreak. Clinical signs exhibited by diseased pigs included anorexia, dyspnea and listlessness. Mortality was typically observed within 12h of onset of dyspnea. The most striking microscopic lesions in affected animals were severe hepatic necrosis and depletion of germinal centers in lymph nodes with associated abundant PCV2 viral antigen. Clinical signs and lesions observed in these studies were comparable to those reported in experiments with gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with a PCV2a isolate while concurrently receiving immune-stimulation or co-infection with porcine parvovirus or torque teno virus. The animals in these studies were confirmed to be free of detectable porcine parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, swine hepatitis E virus, and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Seven out of 24 PCV2 inoculated pigs had a detectable congenital torque teno virus infection with no correlation to clinical disease. Thus, in these studies, both PCV2a and PCV2b isolates were singularly capable of inducing high mortality in the absence of any detectable infectious co-factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Gauger
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Meng T, Jia Q, Liu S, Karuppannan AK, Chang CC, Kwang J. Characterization and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies recognizing N-terminus of Rep of porcine circovirus type 2. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:222-9. [PMID: 20152863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two genotypes of porcine circovirus (PCV) have been described, the non-pathogenic PCV1 and the pathogenic PCV2 in pigs. PCV-ORF1 encodes Rep and Rep' proteins which have identical N-terminal sequence (RepN) within each PCV strain, but RepN has only 88% similarity between PCV1 and PCV2. Purified RepN of PCV2 was used as an immunogen to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 11 mAbs were screened out and established, and they were divided into two groups according to Western blot and IFA results. One group, including 1C1, bound only PCV2-RepN, while the other, including 3D10, had cross reactivity with RepN of both PCV1 and PCV2. Epitope mapping indicated that 1C1 and 3D10 recognized the linear epitopes L(39)FDYFIVG(46) and K(99)EGNLLIE(106) in PCV2-RepN, respectively. Protein sequence alignment of RepN indicated L(39)FDYFIVG(46) is conserved in all PCV2 in NCBI database, whereas the PCV1 has amino acid substitutions V(41)C(42) in this region. mAb 3D10 could recognize all PCV because all natural mutations in its epitope did not affect its binding. The information about characteristics and epitope of monoclonal antibodies may be useful for the development of diagnostic methods for PCV2 and for analyzing the function of Rep and Rep' of PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Meng
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore, Singapore
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Dezen D, Rijsewijk FAM, Teixeira TF, Holz CL, Cibulski SP, Franco AC, Dellagostin OA, Roehe PM. Multiply-primed rolling-circle amplification (MPRCA) of PCV2 genomes: applications on detection, sequencing and virus isolation. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:436-40. [PMID: 19917510 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiply-primed rolling-circle amplification (MPRCA) was used to amplify porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genomes isolated from tissues of pigs with signs of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Two of the amplified PCV2 genomes were cloned in prokaryotic plasmids and sequenced. Both were nearly identical (1767 nt) except for one silent substitution in the region coding for the capsid protein (ORF2). In addition, they showed high nucleotide sequence similarity with PCV2 isolates from others countries (93-99%). To investigate whether the MPRCA amplified PCV2 genomes could be used to produce infectious virus, the cloned genomes were isolated from the plasmids, recircularized and used for transfection in PK-15 cells. This procedure led to the production of infectious virus to titres up to 10(5.55) TCID(50)/mL. It was concluded that MPRCA is a useful tool to amplify PCV2 genomes aiming at sequencing and virus isolation strategies, where particularly useful is the fact that it allows straightforward construction of PCV2 infectious clones from amplified genomes. However, it was less sensitive than PCR for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogenes Dezen
- Laboratório de Virologia, FEPAGRO Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Caixa Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, 92990-000 RS, Brazil.
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31
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Gamage LN, Ellis J, Hayes S. Immunogenicity of bacteriophage lambda particles displaying porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) capsid protein epitopes. Vaccine 2009; 27:6595-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Karuppannan AK, Jong MH, Lee SH, Zhu Y, Selvaraj M, Lau J, Jia Q, Kwang J. Attenuation of porcine circovirus 2 in SPF piglets by abrogation of ORF3 function. Virology 2008; 383:338-47. [PMID: 19012942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), open reading frame 3 (ORF3) codes a 105 amino acid protein that causes apoptosis of PCV2 infected cells. In infected cells, the ORF3 causes the accumulation of p53 by interacting with pPirh2 and possibly by disrupting the association of p53 and pPirh2 (J.Virol.81(2007)9560). Mutant PCV2 lacking the expression of ORF3 are infectious and replicate in cells in vitro, but do not cause apoptosis of the infected cells. The ORF3 of PCV2 has been shown to be involved in pathogenesis of the virus in mice model (J. Virol. 80(2006)5065). Here we report the experimental inoculation of ORF3 deficient PCV2 in its natural host, the piglets. The pathogenicity of the ORF3 deficient virus is attenuated in the piglets. The mutant virus did not cause any observable disease or perturbation of the lymphocyte count in the inoculated piglets and elicited an efficient immune response. When compared with the wildtype virus infection, the mutant virus infection was characterized by mild viremia and absence of pathological lesions. The findings highlight the role of ORF3 in the pathogenesis of PCV2 infection in its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbu K Karuppannan
- Animal Health Biotechnology Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore, Singapore
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