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De Silva Feelixge HS, Stone D, Roychoudhury P, Aubert M, Jerome KR. CRISPR/Cas9 and Genome Editing for Viral Disease-Is Resistance Futile? ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:871-880. [PMID: 29522311 PMCID: PMC5993632 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections remain a major public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. Highly active antiviral treatments have significantly improved prognosis and infection-related morbidity and mortality but have failed to eliminate persistent viral forms. Therefore, new strategies to either eradicate or control these viral reservoirs are paramount to allow patients to stop antiretroviral therapy and realize a cure. Viral genome disruption based on gene editing by programmable endonucleases is one promising curative gene therapy approach. Recent findings on RNA-guided human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) genome cleavage by Cas9 and other gene-editing enzymes in latently infected cells have shown high levels of site-specific genome disruption and potent inhibition of virus replication. However, HIV-1 can readily develop resistance to genome editing at a single antiviral target site. Current data suggest that cellular repair associated with DNA double-strand breaks can accelerate the emergence of resistance. On the other hand, a combination antiviral target strategy can exploit the same repair mechanism to functionally cure HIV-1 infection in vitro while avoiding the development of resistance. This perspective summarizes recent findings on the biology of resistance to genome editing and discusses the significance of viral genetic diversity on the application of gene editing strategies toward cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshana S De Silva Feelixge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Stone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
| | - Martine Aubert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
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Liu C, Liang Z, Kong X. Efficacy Analysis of Combinatorial siRNAs against HIV Derived from One Double Hairpin RNA Precursor. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1651. [PMID: 28900421 PMCID: PMC5581867 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial small interfering RNA duplexes (siRNAs) have the potential to be a gene therapy against HIV-1, and some studies have reported that transient combinatorial siRNA expression represses HIV replication, but the effects of long-term siRNA expression on HIV replication have not been studied in detail. In this study, HIV-1 replication under the influence of stable combinatorial siRNA expression from a single RNA transcript was analyzed. First, a series of cassettes encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA)/long hairpin RNA (lhRNA)/double long hairpins (dlhRNA) was constructed and subjected to an analysis of inhibitory efficacy. Next, an optimized dlhRNA encoding cassette was selected and inserted into lentiviral delivery vector FG12. Transient dlhRNA expression reduced replication of HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells and CD4+ T cells successfully. HIV-1 susceptible TZM-bl cells were transducted with the dlhRNA expressing lentiviral vector and sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to obtain stable dlhRNA expressing cells. The generation of four anti-HIV siRNAs in these dlhRNA expressing cells was verified by stem-loop RT-PCR assay. dlhRNA expression did not activate a non-specific interferon response. The dlhRNA expressing cells were also challenged with HIV-1 NL4-3, which revealed that stable expression of combinatorial siRNAs repressed HIV-1 replication for 8 days, after which HIV-1 overcame the inhibitory effect of siRNA expression by expressing mutant versions of RNAi targets. The results of this evaluation of the long-term inhibitory effects of combinatorial siRNAs against HIV-1 provide a reference for researchers who utilize combinatorial RNA interference against HIV-1 or other error-prone viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Medical Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhipin Liang
- Medical Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Medical Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
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Six Highly Conserved Targets of RNAi Revealed in HIV-1-Infected Patients from Russia Are Also Present in Many HIV-1 Strains Worldwide. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 8:330-344. [PMID: 28918033 PMCID: PMC5537207 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNAi has been suggested for use in gene therapy of HIV/AIDS, but the main problem is that HIV-1 is highly variable and could escape attack from the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) due to even single nucleotide substitutions in the potential targets. To exhaustively check the variability in selected RNA targets of HIV-1, we used ultra-deep sequencing of six regions of HIV-1 from the plasma of two independent cohorts of patients from Russia. Six RNAi targets were found that are invariable in 82%-97% of viruses in both cohorts and are located inside the domains specifying reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase, vpu, gp120, and p17. The analysis of mutation frequencies and their characteristics inside the targets suggests a likely role for APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G, A3G) in G-to-A mutations and a predominant effect of RT biases in the detected variability of the virus. The lowest frequency of mutations was detected in the central part of all six targets. We also discovered that the identical RNAi targets are present in many HIV-1 strains from many countries and from all continents. The data are important for both the understanding of the patterns of HIV-1 mutability and properties of RT and for the development of gene therapy approaches using RNAi for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
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Kravatsky YV, Chechetkin VR, Fedoseeva DM, Gorbacheva MA, Kretova OV, Tchurikov NA. Mutation frequencies in HIV-1 subtype-A genome in regions containing efficient RNAi targets. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tchurikov NA, Fedoseeva DM, Gashnikova NM, Sosin DV, Gorbacheva MA, Alembekov IR, Chechetkin VR, Kravatsky YV, Kretova OV. Conserved sequences in the current strains of HIV-1 subtype A in Russia are effectively targeted by artificial RNAi in vitro. Gene 2016; 583:78-83. [PMID: 26947394 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy has greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality of AIDS. However, many of the antiretroviral drugs are toxic with long-term use, and all currently used anti-HIV agents generate drug-resistant mutants. Therefore, there is a great need for new approaches to AIDS therapy. RNAi is a powerful means of inhibiting HIV-1 production in human cells. We propose to use RNAi for gene therapy of HIV/AIDS. Previously we identified a number of new biologically active siRNAs targeting several moderately conserved regions in HIV-1 transcripts. Here we analyze the heterogeneity of nucleotide sequences in three RNAi targets in sequences encoding the reverse transcriptase and integrase domains of current isolates of HIV-1 subtype A in Russia. These data were used to generate genetic constructs expressing short hairpin RNAs 28-30-bp in length that could be processed in cells into siRNAs. After transfection of the constructs we observed siRNAs that efficiently attacked the selected targets. We expect that targeting several viral genes important for HIV-1 reproduction will help overcome the problem of viral adaptation and will prevent the appearance of RNAi escape mutants in current virus strains, an important feature of gene therapy of HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitri V Sosin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Yuri V Kravatsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Olga V Kretova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119334, Russia
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6
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Adaptation of HIV-1 to rhTrim5α-mediated restriction in vitro. Virology 2015; 486:239-47. [PMID: 26469551 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, gene therapy with rhTrim5α, an innate restriction factor which blocks HIV-1 at a post entry step, have been shown to be applicable as treatment in vitro. However, HIV-1 might adapt to replicate in the presence of rhTrim5α due to its high mutation rate. Here we observed that two different HIV-1 isolates were able to replicate in cells expressing high levels of rhTrim5α. Escape mutations were found in the conserved regions of the viral genome, Gag and p51 RT subunit. Furthermore, the escape mutations, predominantly in the capsid and p51 RT, altered viral sensitivity to modified huTrim5α R332P and R335G variants, with only a minor effect on the replication capacity in primary PBMCs. Therefore, gene therapy with rhTrim5α might be suitable for HIV-1 treatment, however the virus will eventually escape the pressure by gaining mutations in the conserved regions of the viral genome without any severe fitness cost.
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Shah PS, Schaffer DV. Antiviral RNAi: translating science towards therapeutic success. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2966-82. [PMID: 21826573 PMCID: PMC5012899 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses continuously evolve to contend with an ever-changing environment that involves transmission between hosts and sometimes species, immune responses, and in some cases therapeutic interventions. Given the high mutation rate of viruses relative to the timescales of host evolution and drug development, novel drug classes that are readily screened and translated to the clinic are needed. RNA interference (RNAi)-a natural mechanism for specific degradation of target RNAs that is conserved from plants to invertebrates and vertebrates-can potentially be harnessed to yield therapies with extensive specificity, ease of design, and broad application. In this review, we discuss basic mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of RNAi, including design considerations and areas for future development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biolmolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biolmolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
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Kitchen SG, Shimizu S, An DS. Stem cell-based anti-HIV gene therapy. Virology 2011; 411:260-72. [PMID: 21247612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cell-based therapeutic intervention strategies for treating HIV infection have recently undergone a renaissance as a major focus of investigation. Unlike most conventional antiviral therapies, genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells possess the capacity for prolonged self-renewal that would continuously produce protected immune cells to fight against HIV. A successful strategy therefore has the potential to stably control and ultimately eradicate HIV from patients by a single or minimal treatment. Recent progress in the development of new technologies and clinical trials sets the stage for the current generation of gene therapy approaches to combat HIV infection. In this review, we will discuss two major approaches that are currently underway in the development of stem cell-based gene therapy to target HIV: one that focuses on the protection of cells from productive infection with HIV, and the other that focuses on targeting immune cells to directly combat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Kitchen
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sugiyama R, Hayafune M, Habu Y, Yamamoto N, Takaku H. HIV-1 RT-dependent DNAzyme expression inhibits HIV-1 replication without the emergence of escape viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:589-98. [PMID: 20833635 PMCID: PMC3025543 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAzymes are easier to prepare and less sensitive to chemical and enzymatic degradation than ribozymes; however, a DNA enzyme expression system has not yet been developed. In this study, we exploited the mechanism of HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT) in a DNA enzyme expression system. We constructed HIV-1 RT-dependent lentiviral DNAzyme expression vectors including the HIV-1 primer binding site, the DNA enzyme, and either a native tRNA (Lys-3), tR(M)DtR(L), or one of two truncated tRNAs (Lys-3), tR(M)DΔARMtR(L) or tR(M)D3'-endtR(L). Lentiviral vector-mediated DNAzyme expression showed high levels of inhibition of HIV-1 replication in SupT1 cells. We also demonstrated the usefulness of this approach in a long-term assay, in which we found that the DNAzymes prevented escape from inhibition of HIV. These results suggest that HIV-1 RT-dependent lentiviral vector-derived DNAzymes prevent the emergence of escape mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0016, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-161, USA and Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hayafune
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0016, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-161, USA and Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Habu
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0016, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-161, USA and Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0016, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-161, USA and Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0016, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-161, USA and Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Applegate TL, Birkett DJ, Mcintyre GJ, Jaramillo AB, Symonds G, Murray JM. In silico modeling indicates the development of HIV-1 resistance to multiple shRNA gene therapy differs to standard antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2010; 7:83. [PMID: 20932334 PMCID: PMC2959037 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy has the potential to counter problems that still hamper standard HIV antiretroviral therapy, such as toxicity, patient adherence and the development of resistance. RNA interference can suppress HIV replication as a gene therapeutic via expressed short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). It is now clear that multiple shRNAs will likely be required to suppress infection and prevent the emergence of resistant virus. RESULTS We have developed the first biologically relevant stochastic model in which multiple shRNAs are introduced into CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. This model has been used to track the production of gene-containing CD4+ T cells, the degree of HIV infection, and the development of HIV resistance in lymphoid tissue for 13 years. In this model, we found that at least four active shRNAs were required to suppress HIV infection/replication effectively and prevent the development of resistance. The inhibition of incoming virus was shown to be critical for effective treatment. The low potential for resistance development that we found is largely due to a pool of replicating wild-type HIV that is maintained in non-gene containing CD4+ T cells. This wild-type HIV effectively out-competes emerging viral strains, maintaining the viral status quo. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a group of cells that lack the gene therapeutic and is available for infection by wild-type virus appears to mitigate the development of resistance observed with systemic antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Lynn Applegate
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, Level 4 Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- The National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Level 9 Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Donald John Birkett
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, Level 4 Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- 9 Raglan St, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Glen John Mcintyre
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, Level 4 Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Angel Belisario Jaramillo
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, Level 4 Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Geoff Symonds
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, Level 4 Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Level 8, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - John Michael Murray
- The National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Level 9 Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Armand-Ugón M, Moncunill G, Gonzalez E, Mena M, Ballana E, Clotet B, Esté JA. Different selection patterns of resistance and cross-resistance to HIV-1 agents targeting CCR5. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:417-24. [PMID: 20067983 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of CCR5 as an antiretroviral target led to the development of several CCR5 antagonists in clinical trials and the approval of maraviroc. Evaluating the mechanism of drug resistance to CCR5 agents may have implications in the clinical development of this class of agents. We have analysed the resistance profile of two R5 HIV-1 strains [BaL and a clinical isolate (CI)] after long-term passage in cell culture in the presence of TAK-779, the first developed non-peptidic small molecule targeting CCR5. METHODS Genotypic and phenotypic tests were used to evaluate the resistance of virus isolated from cell culture in the presence of the CCR5 inhibitor TAK-779. RESULTS Mutations conferring resistance appeared in the gp120 sequence but were not confined to the V3 loop region, and both strains had a different mutation pattern. Recombination of the env gene of the BaL-derived resistant virus into the HIV-1 HXB2 wild-type backbone conferred resistance to TAK-779 and cross-resistance to maraviroc, with 63- and 11-fold changes in their EC(50) (50% effective concentration), respectively, together with an apparent reduction of the maximal plateau inhibition (MPI) of TAK-779 but not of maraviroc. Conversely, the resistant CI viruses showed an approximately 50% reduction in MPI for both TAK-779 and maraviroc. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that different pathways to the generation of CCR5 drug resistance/cross-resistance may occur that strongly depend on cell culture conditions, CCR5 availability and the genetic background of the HIV strain. Our study provides complementary information to understand the complexity of resistance to CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Armand-Ugón
- Retrovirology Laboratory IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Trafficking through the Rev/RRE pathway is essential for efficient inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by an antisense RNA derived from the envelope gene. J Virol 2008; 83:940-52. [PMID: 18971264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01520-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based vector expressing an antisense RNA directed against HIV-1 is currently in clinical trials. This vector has shown a remarkable ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication, in spite of the fact that therapeutic use of unmodified antisense RNAs has generally been disappointing. To further analyze the basis for this, we examined the effects of different plasmid-based HIV-1 long-terminal-repeat-driven constructs expressing antisense RNA to the same target region in HIV-1 but containing different export elements. Two of these vectors were designed to express antisense RNA containing either a Rev response element (RRE) or a Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) constitutive transport element (CTE). In the third vector, no specific transport element was provided. Efficient inhibition of HIV-1 virus production was obtained with the RRE-driven antisense RNA. This construct also efficiently inhibited p24 production from a pNL4-3 provirus that used the MPMV CTE for RNA export. In contrast, little inhibition was observed with the constructs lacking an RRE. Furthermore, when the RRE-driven antisense RNA was redirected to the Tap/Nxf1 pathway, utilized by the MPMV CTE, through the expression of a RevM10-Tap fusion protein, the efficiency of antisense inhibition was greatly reduced. These results indicate that efficient inhibition requires trafficking of the antisense RNA through the Rev/RRE pathway. Mechanistic studies indicated that the Rev/RRE-mediated inhibition did not involve either nuclear retention or degradation of target mRNA, since target RNA was found to export and associate normally with polyribosomes. However, protein levels were significantly reduced. Taken together, our results suggest a new mechanism for antisense inhibition of HIV mediated by Rev/RRE.
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El‐Faham A, Armand‐Ugón M, Esté J, Albericio F. Use ofN‐Methylpiperazine for the Preparation of Piperazine‐Based Unsymmetrical Bis‐Ureas as Anti‐HIV Agents. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1034-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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