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Chen G, Calcaterra F, Ma Y, Ping X, Pontarini E, Yang D, Oriolo F, Yu Z, Cancellara A, Mikulak J, Huang Y, Della Bella S, Liu Y, Biesecker LG, Harper RL, Dalgard CL, Boehm M, Mavilio D. Derived myeloid lineage induced pluripotent stem as a platform to study human C-C chemokine receptor type 5Δ32 homozygotes. iScience 2023; 26:108331. [PMID: 38026202 PMCID: PMC10663745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) expressed on immune cells supports inflammatory responses by directing cells to the inflammation site. CCR5 is also a major coreceptor for macrophage tropic human immunodeficiency viruses (R5-HIV-1) and its variants can confer protection from HIV infection, making it an ideal candidate to target for therapy. We developed a stepwise protocol that differentiates induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals homozygous for the CCR5Δ32 variant and healthy volunteers into myeloid lineage induced monocytes (iMono) and macrophages (iMac). By characterizing iMono and iMac against their primary counterparts, we demonstrated that CCR5Δ32 homozygous cells are endowed with similar pluripotent potential for self-renewal and differentiation as iPSC lines generated from non-variant individuals while also showing resistance to HIV infection. In conclusion, these cells are a platform to investigate CCR5 pathophysiology in HIV-positive and negative individuals and to help develop novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Chen
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Yuchi Ma
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xianfeng Ping
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dan Yang
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Zhen Yu
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Assunta Cancellara
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Yuting Huang
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Yangtengyu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Harper
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
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2
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Herrera R, Rosbe K, Tugizov SM. Inactivation of HIV-1 in Polarized Infant Tonsil Epithelial Cells by Human Beta-Defensins 2 and 3 Tagged with the Protein Transduction Domain of HIV-1 Tat. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102043. [PMID: 34696473 PMCID: PMC8538026 DOI: 10.3390/v13102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 may occur during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding; however, the molecular mechanism of MTCT of virus remains poorly understood. Infant tonsil mucosal epithelium may sequester HIV-1, serving as a transient reservoir, and may play a critical role in MTCT. Innate immune proteins human beta-defensins 2 (hBD-2) and -3 may inactivate intravesicular virions. To establish delivery of hBD-2 and -3 into vesicles containing HIV-1, we tagged hBDs with the protein transduction domain (PTD) of HIV-1 Tat, which facilitates an efficient translocation of proteins across cell membranes. Our new findings showed that hBD-2 and -3 proteins tagged with PTD efficiently penetrated polarized tonsil epithelial cells by endocytosis and direct penetration. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into epithelial cells led to their subsequent penetration of multivesicular bodies (MVB) and vacuoles containing HIV-1. Furthermore, PTD played a role in the fusion of vesicles containing HIV-1 with lysosomes, where virus was inactivated. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into ex vivo tonsil tissue explants reduced the spread of virus from epithelial cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD1c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that this approach may serve as an antiviral strategy for inactivating intraepithelial HIV-1 and reducing viral MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA;
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(415)-514-3177; Fax: +1-(415)-476-9364
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Le XQ, Liu DP, Chen J, Gong ZY, Xun JN, Wang JR, Sun JJ, Steinhart C, Liu L, Shen YZ, Qi TK, Wang ZY, Zhang X, Tang Y, Song W, Lu HZ, Zhang RF. Urinary biomarkers of early renal injury in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive persons in Shanghai, China: comparison with the general population. HIV Med 2021; 22:750-758. [PMID: 34114323 PMCID: PMC8453740 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives People living with HIV (PLWH) have a high risk of kidney injury. Measurement of serum creatinine, along with proteinuria, is not sensitive to detect early kidney injury. Here, we investigated novel urinary biomarkers of early renal injury in PLWH. Methods We performed a cross‐sectional study of 166 antiretroviral‐naïve PLWH and 99 HIV‐negative persons who all had an estimated glomerular filtration rate > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. We compared the levels of seven urinary biomarkers between the two groups using the propensity score matching (PSM) approach and explored the risk factors associated with elevated urinary biomarkers in PLWH. Results Eighty‐three pairs were successfully matched based on PSM. Compared with the HIV‐negative group, the HIV‐positive group had higher ratios of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) to urine creatinine (UCr), alpha1‐microglobulin (α1‐M) to UCr, kidney injury marker‐1 (KIM‐1) to UCr, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin to UCr, and epidermal growth factor to UCr, whereas the Tamm–Horsfall protein to UCr ratio and the abnormal albumin to UCr ratio were not significantly different. Positive correlations were observed between HIV RNA level and NAG: UCr (rs = 0.32; P < 0.001) and α1‐M:UCr (rs = 0.24; P = 0.002) ratios, and negative correlations were observed between CD4 cell count and NAG:UCr (rs = –0.34; P < 0.001), KIM‐1:UCr (rs = –0.16; P = 0.042) and α1‐M:UCr (rs = –0.36; P < 0.001) ratios. In multivariate linear regression analyses, older age, lower total cholesterol and higher HIV RNA were independently associated with higher NAG:UCr; older age, lower total cholesterol and lower CD4 cell count were independently associated with higher α1‐M:UCr. Conclusions In comparioson with HIV‐negative participants, PLWH were more likely to have tubular injury. Early antiretroviral treatment might mitigate the development of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Le
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - D P Liu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Y Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jamusi, China
| | - J N Xun
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J R Wang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J J Sun
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Steinhart
- CAN Community Health, Sarasota, FL, USA.,University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - L Liu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Z Shen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - T K Qi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Y Wang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Tang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Song
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Z Lu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R F Zhang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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HIV internalization into oral and genital epithelial cells by endocytosis and macropinocytosis leads to viral sequestration in the vesicles. Virology 2017; 515:92-107. [PMID: 29277006 PMCID: PMC5823522 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that HIV-1 is sequestered, i.e., trapped, in the intracellular vesicles of oral and genital epithelial cells. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of HIV-1 sequestration in vesicles of polarized tonsil, foreskin and cervical epithelial cells. HIV-1 internalization into epithelial cells is initiated by multiple entry pathways, including clathrin-, caveolin/lipid raft-associated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Inhibition of HIV-1 attachment to galactosylceramide and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and virus endocytosis and macropinocytosis reduced HIV-1 sequestration by 30-40%. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) were expressed on the apical surface of polarized tonsil, cervical and foreskin epithelial cells. However, TIM-1-associated HIV-1 macropinocytosis and sequestration were detected mostly in tonsil epithelial cells. Sequestered HIV-1 was resistant to trypsin, pronase, and soluble CD4, indicating that the sequestered virus was intracellular. Inhibition of HIV-1 intraepithelial sequestration and elimination of vesicles containing virus in the mucosal epithelium may help in the prevention of HIV-1 mucosal transmission.
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5
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Yasen A, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Lien K, Tugizov SM. Release of HIV-1 sequestered in the vesicles of oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells by epithelial-lymphocyte interaction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006247. [PMID: 28241053 PMCID: PMC5344537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia of fetuses/neonates/infants and the genital epithelia of adults play a critical role in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission of virus, respectively. To study the mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission through mucosal epithelium, we established polarized tonsil, cervical and foreskin epithelial cells. Analysis of HIV-1 transmission through epithelial cells showed that approximately 0.05% of initially inoculated virions transmigrated via epithelium. More than 90% of internalized virions were sequestered in the endosomes of epithelial cells, including multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and vacuoles. Intraepithelial HIV-1 remained infectious for 9 days without viral release. Release of sequestered intraepithelial HIV-1 was induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin and by cytochalasin D, which increase intracellular calcium and disrupt the cortical actin of epithelial cells, respectively. Cocultivation of epithelial cells containing HIV-1 with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes led to the disruption of epithelial cortical actin and spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. Treatment of epithelial cells with proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma also induced reorganization of cortical actin and release of virus. Inhibition of MVB formation by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of its critical protein hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) expression reduced viral sequestration in epithelial cells and its transmission from epithelial cells to lymphocytes by ~60-70%. Furthermore, inhibition of vacuole formation of epithelial cells by siRNA-inactivated rabankyrin-5 expression also significantly reduced HIV-1 sequestration in epithelial cells and spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. Interaction of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of epithelial cells with the function-associated antigen-1 of lymphocytes was important for inducing the release of sequestered HIV-1 from epithelial cells and facilitating cell-to-cell spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. This mechanism may serve as a pathway of HIV-1 mucosal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizezi Yasen
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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6
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Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. HIV reservoir dynamics in the face of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2015; 29:55-68. [PMID: 25412339 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2014.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon discontinuation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals experience a brisk rebound in blood plasma viremia due to the exodus of HIV from various body reservoirs. Assessment of HIV dynamics during HAART and following treatment discontinuation is essential to better understand HIV persistence. Here we will first provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in HIV reservoir formation and persistence. After a summary of HAART-mediated HIV decay within peripheral blood, we discuss findings from clinical studies examining the effects of HAART initiation and interruption on HIV reservoir dynamics in major anatomical compartments, including lymph nodes and spleen, gut associated lymphoid tissue, reproductive organs, the central nervous system, and the lungs. Features contributing to these reservoirs as distinct compartments, including anatomical features, the presence of drug transporters, and the effect of co-infection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service and Lachine Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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The evolution of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptors and mannose C-type lectin receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:109-40. [PMID: 25595802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) commonly evolves between and within infected individuals, at virus transmission, and during disease progression. This evolution includes altered interactions between the virus and its coreceptors, i.e., chemokine receptors, as well as mannose C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Transmitted/founder viruses are predominantly restricted to CCR5, whereas the subsequent intrapatient evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use during progressive disease can be subdivided into two distinct pathways. Accordingly, the CCR5-restricted virus population is either gradually replaced by virus variants able to use CXCR4 or evolves toward an altered, more flexible use of CCR5. Despite a strong dependency on these coreceptors for host cell entry, HIV-1 also interacts with other cell surface molecules during target cell attachment, including the CLRs. The virus interaction with the CLRs may result either in the efficient transfer of virus to CD4(+) T cells or in the degradation of the virus in endosomal compartments. The determinants of the diverse outcomes depend on which CLR is engaged and also on the glycan makeup of the envelope glycoproteins, which may evolve with the strength of the immune pressure during the disease course. With the current clinical introduction of CCR5 antagonists and the development of additional entry inhibitors, knowledge on the evolution and baseline characteristics of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptor and CLR interactions may play important roles for individualized and optimized treatment strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the evolution of HIV-1 interactions with these receptors.
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8
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Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Cell-to-cell transfer of HIV infection: implications for HIV viral persistence. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2346-2355. [PMID: 25146006 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major research priority for HIV eradication is the elucidation of the events involved in HIV reservoir establishment and persistence. Cell-to-cell transmission of HIV represents an important area of study as it allows for the infection of cell types which are not easily infected by HIV, leading to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs. This phenomenon enables HIV to escape elimination by the immune system. This process may also enable HIV to escape suppressive effects of anti-retroviral drugs. During cell-to-cell transmission of HIV, a dynamic series of events ensues at the virological synapse that promotes viral dissemination. Cell-to-cell transmission involves various types of cells of the immune system and this mode of transmission has been shown to have an important role in sexual and mother-to-child transmission of HIV and spread of HIV within the central nervous system and gut-associated lymphoid tissues. There is also evidence that cell-to-cell transmission of HIV occurs between thymocytes and renal tubular cells. Herein, following a brief review of the processes involved at the virological synapse, evidence supporting the role for cell-to-cell transmission of HIV in the maintenance of the HIV reservoir will be highlighted. Therapeutic considerations and future directions for this area of research will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service and Lachine Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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HIV-1 impairs human retinal pigment epithelial barrier function: possible association with the pathogenesis of HIV-associated retinopathy. J Transl Med 2014; 94:777-87. [PMID: 24840331 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) barrier is considered as the etiology of retinopathy, which affects the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients. Here we demonstrate that HIV-1 could directly impair HRPE barrier function, which leads to the translocation of HIV-1 and bacteria. HRPE cells (D407) were grown to form polarized, confluent monolayers and treated with different HIV-1 infectious clones. A significant increase of monolayer permeability, as measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and apical-basolateral movements of sodium fluorescein, was observed. Disrupted tightness of HRPE barrier was associated with the downregulation of several tight junction proteins in D407 cells, including ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, Claudin-2, Claudin-3, Claudin-4, and Claudin-5, after exposure to HIV-1, without affecting the viability of cells. HIV-1 gp120 was shown to participate in the alteration of barrier properties, as evidenced by decreased TEER and weakened expression of tight junction proteins in D407 monolayers after exposure to pseudotyped HIV-1, UV-inactivated HIV-1, and free gp120, but not to an envelope (Env)-defective mutant of HIV. Furthermore, exposure to HIV-1 particles could induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in D407, including IL-6 and MCP-1, both of which downregulated the expression of ZO-1 in the HRPE barrier. Disrupted HRPE monolayer allowed translocation of HIV-1 and bacteria across the epithelium. Overall, these findings suggest that HIV-1 may exploit its Env glycoprotein to induce an inflammatory state in HRPE cells, which could result in impairment of HRPE monolayer integrity, allowing virus and bacteria existing in ocular fluids to cross the epithelium and penetrate the HRPE barrier. Our study highlights the role of HIV-1 in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS-related retinopathy and suggests potential therapeutic targets for this ocular complication.
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Chandel N, Ayasolla K, Lan X, Rai P, Mikulak J, Husain M, Malhotra A, McGowan J, Singhal PC. Renin modulates HIV replication in T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:601-9. [PMID: 24970860 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0414-192r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV is known to subvert cellular machinery to enhance its replication. Recently, HIV has been reported to enhance TC renin expression. We hypothesized that HIV induces and maintains high renin expression to promote its own replication in TCs. Renin enhanced HIV replication in TCs in a dose-dependent manner. (P)RR-deficient TCs, as well as those lacking renin, displayed attenuated NF-κB activity and HIV replication. TCs treated with renin and Hpr displayed activation of the (P)RR-PLZF protein signaling cascade. Renin, HIV, and Hpr activated the PI3K pathway. Both renin and Hpr cleaved Agt (a renin substrate) to Ang I and also cleaved Gag polyproteins (protease substrate) to p24. Furthermore, aliskiren, a renin inhibitor, reduced renin- and Hpr-induced cleavage of Agt and Gag polyproteins. These findings indicate that renin contributes to HIV replication in TCs via the (P)RR-PLZF signaling cascade and through cleavage of the Gag polyproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Chandel
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Kamesh Ayasolla
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Xiqian Lan
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Partab Rai
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Ashwani Malhotra
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Joseph McGowan
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
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11
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Sequestration of human cytomegalovirus by human renal and mammary epithelial cells. Virology 2014; 460-461:55-65. [PMID: 25010270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urine and breast milk represent the main routes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) transmission but the contribution of renal and mammary epithelial cells to viral excretion remains unclear. We observed that kidney and mammary epithelial cells were permissive to HCMV infection and expressed immediate early, early and late antigens within 72 h of infection. During the first 24 h after infection, high titers of infectious virus were measured associated to the cells and in culture supernatants, independently of de novo synthesis of virus progeny. This phenomenon was not observed in HCMV-infected fibroblasts and suggested the sequestration and the release of HCMV by epithelial cells. This hypothesis was supported by confocal and electron microscopy analyses. The sequestration and progressive release of HCMV by kidney and mammary epithelial cells may play an important role in the excretion of the virus in urine and breast milk and may thereby contribute to HCMV transmission.
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12
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Kinlock BL, Wang Y, Turner TM, Wang C, Liu B. Transcytosis of HIV-1 through vaginal epithelial cells is dependent on trafficking to the endocytic recycling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96760. [PMID: 24830293 PMCID: PMC4022679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While it is accepted that viruses can enter epithelial cells by endocytosis, the lack of an established biological mechanism for the trafficking of infectious virions through vaginal epithelial cells and their release from the plasma membrane has contributed to ongoing controversy about whether endocytosis is a mere artifact of some cell culture systems and whether squamous vaginal epithelial cells are even relevant as it pertains to HIV-1 transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the intracellular trafficking pathway that HIV-1 exploits to transcytose vaginal epithelial cells. The reduction of endosome tubulation by recycling endosome inhibitors blocked transcytosis of HIV-1 in a cell culture and transwell system. In addition, we demonstrate that although heat-inactivated virus was endocytosed as efficiently as native virus, heat-inactivated virus was trafficked exclusively to the lysosomal pathway for degradation following endocytosis. Lysosomal protease-specific inhibitors blocked the degradation of inactivated virions. Immunofluorescence analysis not only demonstrated that HIV-1 was inside the cells but the different colocalization pattern of native vs. heat inactivated virus with transferrin provided conclusive evidence that HIV-1 uses the recycling pathway to get across vaginal epithelial cells. Conclusions/Significance Altogether, our findings demonstrate the precise intracellular trafficking pathway utilized by HIV-1 in epithelial cells, confirms that HIV-1 transcytosis through vaginal epithelial cells is a biological phenomenon and brings to light the differential intracellular trafficking of native vs heat-inactivated HIV-1 which with further exploration could prove to provide valuable insights that could be used in the prevention of transcytosis/transmission of HIV-1 across the mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ballington L. Kinlock
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yudi Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Turner
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples of Republic of China
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Singh P, Goel H, Husain M, Lan X, Mikulak J, Malthotra A, Teichberg S, Schmidtmayerova H, Singhal PC. Tubular cell HIV-entry through apoptosed CD4 T cells: a novel pathway. Virology 2012; 434:68-77. [PMID: 23040891 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that HIV-1 may enter tubular cells by phagocytosis of apoptotic fragments of HIV-1-infected T cells infiltrating tubular interstitium. The study was designed to evaluate the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors on CD4 T cells and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tubular cells (HK2 and HRPTEC, primary tubular cells). Co-cultivation of HIV-1 infected lymphocytes (HIV-LY) with HK2s/HRPTECs resulted in T cell apoptosis, uptake of the apoptosed HIV-LY by HK2s/HRPTECs, tubular cell activation and HIV expression. Cytochalasin-B inhibited tubular cell HIV-LY uptake and anti-PD-L1 antibody inhibited HIV-LY apoptosis and tubular cell HIV-LY uptake, activation and HIV expression. These observations do indicate induction of apoptosis of T cells due to interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 upon co-cultivation and subsequent phygocytosis of HIV-laden apoptotic bodies by tubular cells and thus the transfer of HIV-1 into tubular cells. These findings identify a novel pathway that facilitates HIV-1 entry into tubular cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Center for Excellence for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish Medical School, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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14
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Hoque SA, Ohtsuki T, Tatsumi M, Shimizu N, Islam S, Jinno-Oue A, Hoshino H. Lack of the trans-receptor mechanism of HIV-1 infection: CD4- and coreceptor-independent incorporation of HIV-1-resistant cells into syncytia induced by HIV-1. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:357-68. [PMID: 22178016 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects cells through an interaction of HIV-1 envelope protein with CD4 and an appropriate coreceptor on target cells. This interaction often leads to cell fusion, and formation of syncytia. HIV-1-resistant cells expressing either CD4 or a coreceptor are often surrounding HIV-1-susceptible cells, expressing both CD4 and a compatible coreceptor, in vivo. It is therefore worthwhile to investigate whether these HIV-1-resistant cells could cooperate in HIV-1 infection or cell fusion leading to their incorporation into syncytia. When CD4-positive, coreceptor-negative cells were co-cultured with CD4-negative, coreceptor-positive cells and exposed to HIV-1, HIV-1 infection was not established, indicating that CD4 and the coreceptor expressed on different cell surfaces could not cooperate in HIV-1 entry. However, when HIV-1-resistant cells expressing CD4 or a coreceptor or lacking both were mixed with HIV-1-susceptible cells and inoculated with HIV-1, all these HIV-1-resistant cells were similarly incorporated into syncytia induced by HIV-1, indicating a CD4- and coreceptor-independent incorporation of HIV-1-resistant cells into syncytia. This incorporation was impaired by the transfection of these cells with siRNAs for adhesion molecules. Our study demonstrates that HIV-1-resistant cells can be incorporated into syncytia induced by HIV-1 and this incorporation may partially be mediated through adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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15
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Ray PE, Hu CAA. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1 associated nephropathy in children. Future Virol 2011; 6:883-894. [PMID: 22162721 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood HIV-1 associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a clinical and renal histological disease characterized by heavy proteinuria associated with focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis and/or mesangial hyperplasia in combination with microcystic tubular dilatation. These lesions lead to renal enlargement and rapid progression to kidney failure. Children of African ancestry have a unique susceptibility to developing HIVAN. It is estimated that approximately 300,000 HIV-infected children living in the sub-Saharan Africa could develop HIVAN if they do not receive appropriate antiretroviral therapy. This article discusses recent developments and controversies related to the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN. The role of host genetic factors, including the newly identified variants in the APOL1 gene, is discussed in the context of previous studies that established the pathological paradigm for HIVAN, and our current understanding of the functional genomics analysis. Hopefully, these advances will provide new research opportunities to generate better treatments for children with HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio E Ray
- Children's National Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Khatua AK, Taylor HE, Hildreth JEK, Popik W. Non-productive HIV-1 infection of human glomerular and urinary podocytes. Virology 2010; 408:119-27. [PMID: 20937511 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte damage induced by HIV-1 is critical to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and is believed to result from productive replication of the virus. Here we demonstrate that HIV-1 readily enters human podocytes by a dynamin-mediated endocytosis but does not establish productive infection. We provide evidence suggesting that viral nucleic acids and proteins detected in podocytes are delivered by viral particles internalized by the cells. Endocytosed HIV-1 is only transiently harbored by podocytes and is subsequently released to the extracellular milieu as fully infectious virus. Similarly, primary podocytes established from normal human urine do not support productive infection by HIV-1 but sustain replication of VSV-G pseudotyped virus that bypasses HIV-1 entry receptors. Moreover, transfected podocytes expressing CD4 and CXCR4 receptors support productive replication of HIV-1. This further confirms that lack of HIV-1 entry receptors is the major barrier preventing productive infection of podocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu K Khatua
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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18
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Mikulak J, Teichberg S, Arora S, Kumar D, Yadav A, Salhan D, Pullagura S, Mathieson PW, Saleem MA, Singhal PC. DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin mediates internalization of HIV-1 into human podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F664-73. [PMID: 20630938 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00629.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 has been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy. In renal biopsy studies, podocytes have been reported to be infected by HIV-1. However, the mechanism involved in HIV-1 internalization into podocytes is not clear. In the present study, we evaluated the occurrence of HIV-1 internalization into conditionally immortalized human podocytes and the mechanism involved. Human podocytes rapidly internalized R5 and X4 HIV-1 primary strains via an endocytosis-dependent pathway, without establishing a productive infection. The HIV-1 internalization was dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) receptor mediated. The role of DC-SIGN was confirmed by using specific blocking antibodies and transfection with small interfering (si) RNA/DC-SIGN. Since podocyte HIV-1 trafficking was not altered by pH-modulating agents, it appeared that HIV-1 routing occurred through nonacid vesicular compartments. Interestingly, transfection of podocytes with neither siRNA/caveolin-1 nor siRNA/clathrin heavy chain inhibited podocyte viral accumulation. Thus it appears that clathrin-coated vesicles and caveosomes may not be contributing to HIV-1-associated membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikulak
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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Abstract
The two most common HIV-associated renal diseases, HIV-associated nephropathy and HIV immune-complex kidney disease, share the common pathologic finding of hyperplasia within the glomerulus. Podocyte injury is central to the pathogenesis of these diseases; however, the source of the proliferating glomerular epithelial cell remains a topic of debate. Parenchymal injury has been linked to direct infection of renal epithelial cells by HIV-1, although the mechanism of viral entry into this non-lymphoid compartment is unclear. Although transgenic rodent models have provided insight into viral proteins responsible for inducing renal disease, such models have substantial limitations. Rodent HIV-1 models, for instance, cannot replicate all features of immune activation, a process that could have an important role in the pathogenesis of the HIV-associated renal diseases.
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Human hepatoma cells transmit surface bound HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells through an ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent mechanism. Virology 2009; 398:168-75. [PMID: 20034651 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the viremic phase of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, hepatocytes are likely to be constantly exposed to circulating virions. Knowing that a contact between hepatocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes is favoured by the local slow blood flow present within the liver, we hypothesize that hepatic cells can act as a viral reservoir and thus contribute to HIV-1 propagation. RESULTS We report that human hepatoma cells bind and internalize HIV-1 particles. Infection of CD4+ T cells was found to be much more efficient following a contact with virus-loaded hepatocytes than with cell-free virus. Additional studies suggest that infection of CD4+ T cells in trans with hepatocytes carrying virus is primarily due to surface bound HIV-1 particles and relies on LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. CONCLUSION This work represents the first demonstration by which circulating CD4+ T cells can be potentially infected with HIV-1 through a contact with hepatocytes in the liver.
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