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Martinez-Jaramillo E, Garza-Morales R, Wechman SL, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Shirwan H, Yolcu E, McMasters KM, Gomez-Gutierrez JG. Adenovirus Lacking E1b Efficiently Induces Cytopathic Effect in HPV-16-Positive Murine Cancer Cells via Virus Replication and Apoptosis. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:19-27. [PMID: 29388837 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1430812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) replicate poorly in murine cancer cells; however, E1b-deleted CRAds may replicate effectively in HPV16-E6/E7-positive murine cancer cells (TC-1). The HPV16 E7 open reading frame encodes functions analogous to these deleted adenovirus E1 proteins. In this study, an E1b-deleted CRAd (Adhz60) was evaluated for its ability to replicate and induce oncolysis in TC-1 cells. Adhz60-mediated oncolysis was similar in TC-1 and HeLa cells. Productive viral replication was evident based on expression of E1A and hexon, production of infectious virus progeny, and Adhz60-induced apoptosis. The results suggest that TC-1 murine cancer cells allow Adhz60 replication and oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Rodolfo Garza-Morales
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México.,e Department of Molecular Genetics, Northeast Biomedical Research Center , Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Haval Shirwan
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - Esma Yolcu
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,d James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
| | - Jorge G Gomez-Gutierrez
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,d James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
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Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Rao XM, Zhou HS, McMasters KM. Enhanced cancer cell killing by truncated E2F-1 used in combination with oncolytic adenovirus. Virology 2012; 433:538-47. [PMID: 23021422 PMCID: PMC3494286 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into a tumor mass can be improved by combining it with conditionally-replicating adenovirus (CRAd) when both vectors co-infect the same cancer cell. We investigated the efficiency of enhancing transgene expression and effectiveness of cancer killing of two advenoviruses (Ads), one expressing E2F-1 (AdE2F-1) and another expressing a truncated form of E2F-1 that lacks the transactivation domain (AdE2Ftr), when combined with oncolytic Adhz60. We found that AdE2F-1 with Adhz60 actually decreased E2F-1 expression and viral replication through a mechanism apparently involving repression of the cyclin-E promoter and decreased expression of early and late structural proteins necessary for viral replication. In contrast, AdE2Ftr with Adhz60 resulted in increased E2Ftr expression, AdE2Ftr replication, and cancer cell death both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that AdE2Ftr coupled with a CRAd enhances AdE2Ftr-mediated cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G. Gomez-Gutierrez
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Xiao-Mei Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Heshan Sam Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Kelly M. McMasters
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Garcia-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Tseng MT, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Zhou HS, McMasters KM, Gomez-Gutierrez JG. E2F-1 lacking the transcriptional activity domain induces autophagy. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1091-101. [PMID: 22825328 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F-1 plays a crucial role in the control of cell proliferation. E2F-1 has tumor suppressive properties by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. In this study, E2F-1 and its truncated form (E2Ftr), lacking the transactivation domain (TAD), were compared for their ability to induce autophagy. In Gaussia luciferase-based assays, both E2F-1 and E2Ftr induced the proteolytic cleavage of the autophagic marker LC3. In addition, LC3 and autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) were upregulated by E2F-1 and E2Ftr. Likewise, both E2F proteins induced a punctate pattern of GFP-tagged LC3, indicating autophagosome formation. The presence of double-membrane autophagic vesicles induced by E2F-1 and E2Ftr was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The application of z-VAD-fmk, a caspase inhibitor, partially blocked both E2F-1 and E2Ftr-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, Atg5 (-/-) cells were more resistant to the E2F-1 or E2Ftr-induced cell killing effect than Atg5 wt cells. The TAD of E2F-1 is not essential for induction of autophagy; apoptosis and autophagy cooperate for an efficient cancer cell killing effect induced by E2F-1 or E2Ftr. E2Ftr-induced autophagy is a promising approach to destroy tumors that are resistant to conventional treatments.
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Hao H, Chen C, Rao XM, Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Zhou HS, McMasters KM. E2F-1- and E2Ftr-mediated apoptosis: the role of DREAM and HRK. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:605-15. [PMID: 21564512 PMCID: PMC3822935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F-1-deleted mutant, ‘truncated E2F’ (E2Ftr, E2F-1[1–375]), lacking the carboxy-terminal transactivation domain, was shown to be more potent at inducing cancer cell apoptosis than wild-type E2F-1 (wtE2F-1; full-length E2F-1). Mechanisms by which wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr induce apoptosis, however, are not fully elucidated. Our study demonstrates molecular effects of pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Harakiri (Hrk) in wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced melanoma cell apoptosis. We found that Hrk mRNA and Harakiri (HRK) protein expression was highly up-regulated in melanoma cells in response to wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression. HRK up-regulation did not require the E2F-1 transactivation domain. In addition, Hrk gene up-regulation and HRK protein expression did not require p53 in cancer cells. Hrk knockdown by Hrk siRNA was associated with significantly reduced wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced apoptosis. We also found that an upstream factor, ‘downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator’ (DREAM), may be involved in HRK-mediated apoptosis in response to wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression. DREAM expression levels increased following wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression. Western blotting detected increased DREAM primarily in dimeric form. The homodimerization of DREAM resulting from wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression may contribute to the decreased binding activity of DREAM to the 3′-untranslated region of the Hrk gene as shown by electromobility shift assay. Results showed wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced apoptosis is partially mediated by HRK. HRK function is regulated in response to DREAM. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms that regulate wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced apoptosis and provide insights into the further evaluation of how E2Ftr-induced apoptosis may be used for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Hao
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, and J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, KY, USA
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Hsiao EC, Nguyen TD, Ng JK, Scott MJ, Chang WC, Zahed H, Conklin BR. Constitutive Gs activation using a single-construct tetracycline-inducible expression system in embryonic stem cells and mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:11. [PMID: 21375737 PMCID: PMC3226282 DOI: 10.1186/scrt52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The controlled expression of many genes, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is important for delineating gene functions in complex model systems. Binary systems for inducible regulation of transgene expression are widely used in mice. One system is the tTA/TRE expression system, composed of a tetracycline-dependent DNA binding factor and a separate tetracycline operon. However, the requirement for two separate transgenes (one for each tTA or TRE component) makes this system less amenable to models requiring directed cell targeting, increases the risk of multiple transgene integration sites, and requires extensive screening for appropriately-functioning clones. METHODS We developed a single, polycistronic tetracycline-inducible expression platform to control the expression of multiple cistrons in mammalian cells. This platform has three basic constructs: regulator, responder, and destination vectors. The modular platform is compatible with both the TetOff (tTA) and TetOn (rtTA) systems. The modular Gateway recombineering-compatible components facilitate rapidly generating vectors to genetically modify mammalian cells. We apply this system to use the elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter to drive doxycycline-regulated expression of both the fluorescent marker mCherry and an engineered Gs-coupled GPCR "Rs1" separated by a 2A ribosomal skip site. RESULTS We show that our combined expression construct drives expression of both the mCherry and Rs1 transgenes in a doxycycline-dependent manner. We successfully target the expression construct into the Rosa26 locus of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Rs1 expression in mouse ES cells increases cAMP accumulation via both basal and ligand-induced Gs mechanisms and is associated with increased embryoid body size. Heterozygous mice carrying the Rs1 expression construct showed normal growth and weight, and developed small increases in bone formation that could be observed in the calvaria. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a single-vector strategy that combines both the tTA and TRE tetracycline-regulated components for use in cells and mouse models. Although the EF1α promoter is useful for driving expression in pluripotent cells, a single copy of the EF1α promoter did not drive high levels of mCherry and Rs1 expression in the differentiated tissues of adult mice. These findings indicate that promoter selection is an important factor when developing transgene expression models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 400 Parnassus Ave., University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1222, USA
| | - Trieu D Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer K Ng
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark J Scott
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wei Chun Chang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 600 16th Street Rm. S-222, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2140, USA
| | - Hengameh Zahed
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, 513 Parnassus Ave. Rm. HSE-1285, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-0505, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, 505 Parnassus Ave., University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Garcia-Garcia A, Hao H, Rao XM, de Oca-Luna RM, Zhou HS, McMasters KM. Adenovirus-mediated expression of truncated E2F-1 suppresses tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer 2010; 116:4420-32. [PMID: 20549818 PMCID: PMC4425364 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenovirus (Ad)-mediated E2F-1 gene transfer induces apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, but clinical application of E2F-1 in cancer gene therapy remains controversial because of the oncogenic potential of E2F-1. This barrier can be circumvented by using the truncated form of the E2F-1 gene (E2Ftr) (amino acids 1 through 375), which lacks the E2F-1 transactivation domain and cell cycle-promoting effects. METHODS The authors constructed 3 adenoviral vectors that expressed E2Ftr under regulation of the tetracycline (Tet)-off system (AdTet-E2Ftr1, AdTet-E2Ftr2, and AdTet-E2Ftr3). These vectors were compared for E2Ftr expression and apoptosis induction in cancer cells and normal cells. E2Ftr antitumor activity in vivo also was assessed in a melanoma xenograft model. RESULTS One of the 3 vectors, AdTet-E2Ftr3, had the highest E2Ftr protein expression levels, which were correlated with the greatest induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell growth. E2Ftr induced apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines independent of p53 status with little cytotoxicity in normal cell lines. In a mouse melanoma xenograft model, AdTet-E2Ftr3 exhibited an approximately 80% decrease in tumor size compared with controls in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that AdTet-E2Ftr3 is a novel anticancer agent that has significant therapeutic activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Hongying Hao
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xiao-Mei Rao
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Heshan S. Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kelly M. McMasters
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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