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Boissinot S, Ducousso M, Brault V, Drucker M. Bioluminescence Production by Turnip Yellows Virus Infectious Clones: A New Way to Monitor Plant Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213685. [PMID: 36430165 PMCID: PMC9692398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the NanoLuc luciferase bioluminescent reporter system to detect turnip yellows virus (TuYV) in infected plants. For this, TuYV was genetically tagged by replacing the C-terminal part of the RT protein with full-length NanoLuc (TuYV-NL) or with the N-terminal domain of split NanoLuc (TuYV-N65-NL). Wild-type and recombinant viruses were agro-infiltrated in Nicotiana benthamiana, Montia perfoliata, and Arabidopsis thaliana. ELISA confirmed systemic infection and similar accumulation of the recombinant viruses in N. benthamiana and M. perfoliata but reduced systemic infection and lower accumulation in A. thaliana. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the recombinant sequences were stable in N. benthamiana and M. perfoliata but not in A. thaliana. Bioluminescence imaging detected TuYV-NL in inoculated and systemically infected leaves. For the detection of split NanoLuc, we constructed transgenic N. benthamiana plants expressing the C-terminal domain of split NanoLuc. Bioluminescence imaging of these plants after agro-infiltration with TuYV-N65-NL allowed the detection of the virus in systemically infected leaves. Taken together, our results show that NanoLuc luciferase can be used to monitor infection with TuYV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Boissinot
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualiité du Vin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Centre Grand Est, Université Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Marie Ducousso
- Plant Health Institute Montpellier, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRAD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut Agro, Université Montpellier, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualiité du Vin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Centre Grand Est, Université Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Martin Drucker
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualiité du Vin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Centre Grand Est, Université Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
- Correspondence:
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Marmonier A, Velt A, Villeroy C, Rustenholz C, Chesnais Q, Brault V. Differential gene expression in aphids following virus acquisition from plants or from an artificial medium. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:333. [PMID: 35488202 PMCID: PMC9055738 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poleroviruses, such as turnip yellows virus (TuYV), are plant viruses strictly transmitted by aphids in a persistent and circulative manner. Acquisition of either virus particles or plant material altered by virus infection is expected to induce gene expression deregulation in aphids which may ultimately alter their behavior. RESULTS By conducting an RNA-Seq analysis on viruliferous aphids fed either on TuYV-infected plants or on an artificial medium containing purified virus particles, we identified several hundreds of genes deregulated in Myzus persicae, despite non-replication of the virus in the vector. Only a few genes linked to receptor activities and/or vesicular transport were common between the two modes of acquisition with, however, a low level of deregulation. Behavioral studies on aphids after virus acquisition showed that M. persicae locomotion behavior was affected by feeding on TuYV-infected plants, but not by feeding on the artificial medium containing the purified virus particles. Consistent with this, genes potentially involved in aphid behavior were deregulated in aphids fed on infected plants, but not on the artificial medium. CONCLUSIONS These data show that TuYV particles acquisition alone is associated with a moderate deregulation of a few genes, while higher gene deregulation is associated with aphid ingestion of phloem from TuYV-infected plants. Our data are also in favor of a major role of infected plant components on aphid behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Marmonier
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Amandine Velt
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Claire Villeroy
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Camille Rustenholz
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France.
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Boissinot S, Pichon E, Sorin C, Piccini C, Scheidecker D, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. Systemic Propagation of a Fluorescent Infectious Clone of a Polerovirus Following Inoculation by Agrobacteria and Aphids. Viruses 2017; 9:E166. [PMID: 28661469 PMCID: PMC5537658 DOI: 10.3390/v9070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent viral clone of the polerovirus Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) was engineered by introducing the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) sequence into the non-structural domain sequence of the readthrough protein, a minor capsid protein. The resulting recombinant virus, referred to as TuYV-RTGFP, was infectious in several plant species when delivered by agroinoculation and invaded efficiently non-inoculated leaves. As expected for poleroviruses, which infect only phloem cells, the fluorescence emitted by TuYV-RTGFP was restricted to the vasculature of infected plants. In addition, TuYV-RTGFP was aphid transmissible and enabled the observation of the initial sites of infection in the phloem after aphid probing in epidermal cells. The aphid-transmitted virus moved efficiently to leaves distant from the inoculation sites and importantly retained the EGFP sequence in the viral genome. This work reports on the first engineered member in the Luteoviridae family that can be visualized by fluorescence emission in systemic leaves of different plant species after agroinoculation or aphid transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Boissinot
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
| | - Elodie Pichon
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
- UMR 385 BGPI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Céline Sorin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
- Institute of Plant Science Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris Diderot, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Céline Piccini
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Danièle Scheidecker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
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Tang SL, Linz LB, Bonning BC, Pohl NLB. Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of Insect Glycans to Probe the Binding Affinity of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10482-9. [PMID: 26457763 PMCID: PMC4640232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV)--a plant RNA virus transmitted exclusively by aphids--causes disease in multiple food crops. However, the aphid-virus interactions required for disease transmission are poorly understood. For virus transmission, PEMV binds to a heavily glycosylated receptor aminopeptidase N in the pea aphid gut and is transcytosed across the gut epithelium into the aphid body cavity prior to release in saliva as the aphid feeds. To investigate the role of glycans in PEMV-aphid interactions and explore the possibility of viral control through blocking a glycan interaction, we synthesized insect N-glycan terminal trimannosides by automated solution-phase synthesis. The route features a mannose building block with C-5 ester enforcing a β-linkage, which also provides a site for subsequent chain extension. The resulting insect N-glycan terminal trimannosides with fluorous tags were used in a fluorous microarray to analyze binding with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PEMV; however, no specific binding between the insect glycan and PEMV was detected. To confirm these microarray results, we removed the fluorous tag from the trimannosides for isothermal titration calorimetry studies with unlabeled PEMV. The ITC studies confirmed the microarray results and suggested that this particular glycan-PEMV interaction is not involved in virus uptake and transport through the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lun Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Hach Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Lucas B. Linz
- Department
of Entomology, 339 Science
II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department
of Entomology, 339 Science
II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Linz LB, Liu S, Chougule NP, Bonning BC. In Vitro Evidence Supports Membrane Alanyl Aminopeptidase N as a Receptor for a Plant Virus in the Pea Aphid Vector. J Virol 2015; 89:11203-12. [PMID: 26311872 PMCID: PMC4645670 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01479-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insect-borne plant viruses cause significant agricultural losses and jeopardize sustainable global food production. Although blocking plant virus transmission would allow for crop protection, virus receptors in insect vectors are unknown. Here we identify membrane alanyl aminopeptidase N (APN) as a receptor for pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) coat protein (CP) in the gut of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, using a far-Western blot method. Pulldown and immunofluorescence binding assays and surface plasmon resonance were used to confirm and characterize CP-APN interaction. PEMV virions and a peptide comprised of PEMV CP fused to a proline-rich hinge (-P-) and green fluorescent protein (CP-P-GFP) specifically bound to APN. Recombinant APN expressed in Sf9 cells resulted in internalization of CP-P-GFP, which was visualized by confocal microscopy; such internalization is an expected hallmark of a functional gut receptor. Finally, in assays with aphid gut-derived brush border membrane vesicles, binding of CP-P-GFP competed with binding of GBP3.1, a peptide previously demonstrated to bind to APN in the aphid gut and to impede PEMV uptake into the hemocoel; this finding supports the hypothesis that GBP3.1 and PEMV bind to and compete for the same APN receptor. These in vitro data combined with previously published in vivo experiments (S. Liu, S. Sivakumar, W. O. Sparks, W. A. Miller, and B. C. Bonning, Virology 401:107-116, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.009) support the identification of APN as the first receptor in a plant virus vector. Knowledge of this receptor will provide for technologies based on PEMV-APN interaction designed to block plant virus transmission and to suppress aphid populations. IMPORTANCE A significant proportion of global food production is lost to insect pests. Aphids, in addition to weakening plants by feeding on their sap, are responsible for transmitting about half of the plant viruses vectored by insects. Growers rely heavily on the application of chemical insecticides to manage both aphids and aphid-vectored plant viral disease. To increase our understanding of plant virus-aphid vector interaction, we provide in vitro evidence supporting earlier in vivo work for identification of a receptor protein in the aphid gut called aminopeptidase N, which is responsible for entry of the plant virus pea enation mosaic virus into the pea aphid vector. Enrichment of proteins found on the surface of the aphid gut epithelium resulted in identification of this first aphid gut receptor for a plant virus. This discovery is particularly important since the disruption of plant virus binding to such a receptor may enable the development of a nonchemical strategy for controlling aphid-vectored plant viruses to maximize food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Linz
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Rodriguez-Medina C, Boissinot S, Chapuis S, Gereige D, Rastegar M, Erdinger M, Revers F, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. A protein kinase binds the C-terminal domain of the readthrough protein of Turnip yellows virus and regulates virus accumulation. Virology 2015; 486:44-53. [PMID: 26402374 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), a phloem-limited virus, encodes a 74kDa protein known as the readthrough protein (RT) involved in virus movement. We show here that a TuYV mutant deleted of the C-terminal part of the RT protein (TuYV-∆RTCter) was affected in long-distance trafficking in a host-specific manner. By using the C-terminal domain of the RT protein as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phloem cDNA library from Arabidopsis thaliana we identified the calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase-7 (AtCIPK7). Transient expression of a GFP:CIPK7 fusion protein in virus-inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves led to local increase of wild-type TuYV accumulation, but not that of TuYV-∆RTCter. Surprisingly, elevated virus titer in inoculated leaves did not result in higher TuYV accumulation in systemic leaves, which indicates that virus long-distance movement was not affected. Since GFP:CIPK7 was localized in or near plasmodesmata, CIPK7 could negatively regulate TuYV export from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Chapuis
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire propre du CNRS conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dalya Gereige
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Maryam Rastegar
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Monique Erdinger
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- INRA, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire propre du CNRS conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France.
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7
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Cilia M, Johnson R, Sweeney M, DeBlasio SL, Bruce JE, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM. Evidence for lysine acetylation in the coat protein of a polerovirus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2321-2327. [PMID: 24939649 PMCID: PMC4165934 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virions of the RPV strain of Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV were purified from infected oat tissue and analysed by MS. Two conserved residues, K147 and K181, in the virus coat protein, were confidently identified to contain epsilon-N-acetyl groups. While no functional data are available for K147, K181 lies within an interfacial region critical for virion assembly and stability. The signature immonium ion at m/z 126.0919 demonstrated the presence of N-acetyllysine, and the sequence fragment ions enabled an unambiguous assignment of the epsilon-N-acetyl modification on K181. We hypothesize that selection favours acetylation of K181 in a fraction of coat protein monomers to stabilize the capsid by promoting intermonomer salt bridge formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cilia
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michelle Sweeney
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stacy L. DeBlasio
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James E. Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Boissinot S, Erdinger M, Monsion B, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. Both structural and non-structural forms of the readthrough protein of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus are essential for efficient systemic infection of plants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93448. [PMID: 24691251 PMCID: PMC3972232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) is a polerovirus (Luteoviridae family) with a capsid composed of the major coat protein and a minor component referred to as the readthrough protein (RT). Two forms of the RT were reported: a full-length protein of 74 kDa detected in infected plants and a truncated form of 55 kDa (RT*) incorporated into virions. Both forms were detected in CABYV-infected plants. To clarify the specific roles of each protein in the viral cycle, we generated by deletion a polerovirus mutant able to synthesize only the RT* which is incorporated into the particle. This mutant was unable to move systemically from inoculated leaves inferring that the C-terminal half of the RT is required for efficient long-distance transport of CABYV. Among a collection of CABYV mutants bearing point mutations in the central domain of the RT, we obtained a mutant impaired in the correct processing of the RT which does not produce the RT*. This mutant accumulated very poorly in upper non-inoculated leaves, suggesting that the RT* has a functional role in long-distance movement of CABYV. Taken together, these results infer that both RT proteins are required for an efficient CABYV movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Boissinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Erdinger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Cilia M, Peter KA, Bereman MS, Howe K, Fish T, Smith D, Gildow F, MacCoss MJ, Thannhauser TW, Gray SM. Discovery and targeted LC-MS/MS of purified polerovirus reveals differences in the virus-host interactome associated with altered aphid transmission. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48177. [PMID: 23118947 PMCID: PMC3484124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulative transmission of viruses in the Luteoviridae, such as cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), requires a series of precisely orchestrated interactions between virus, plant, and aphid proteins. Natural selection has favored these viruses to be retained in the phloem to facilitate acquisition and transmission by aphids. We show that treatment of infected oat tissue homogenate with sodium sulfite reduces transmission of the purified virus by aphids. Transmission electron microscopy data indicated no gross change in virion morphology due to treatments. However, treated virions were not acquired by aphids through the hindgut epithelial cells and were not transmitted when injected directly into the hemocoel. Analysis of virus preparations using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry revealed a number of host plant proteins co-purifying with viruses, some of which were lost following sodium sulfite treatment. Using targeted mass spectrometry, we show data suggesting that several of the virus-associated host plant proteins accumulated to higher levels in aphids that were fed on CYDV-infected plants compared to healthy plants. We propose two hypotheses to explain these observations, and these are not mutually exclusive: (a) that sodium sulfite treatment disrupts critical virion-host protein interactions required for aphid transmission, or (b) that host infection with CYDV modulates phloem protein expression in a way that is favorable for virus uptake by aphids. Importantly, the genes coding for the plant proteins associated with virus may be examined as targets in breeding cereal crops for new modes of virus resistance that disrupt phloem-virus or aphid-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cilia
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (SMG)
| | - Kari A. Peter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Bereman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Howe
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara Fish
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dawn Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Fredrick Gildow
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theodore W. Thannhauser
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (SMG)
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