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Altun B, Zengin K, Yayli Dabag S, Yesilyurt A, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Characterization of an envelope protein 118L in invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6). Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-024-02082-7. [PMID: 38922563 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) is a nucleocytoplasmic insect virus and a member of the family Iridoviridae. The IIV6 genome consists of 212,482 bp of linear dsDNA with 215 non-overlapping and putative protein-encoding ORFs. The IIV6 118L ORF is conserved in all sequenced members of the Iridoviridae and encodes a 515 amino acid protein with three predicted transmembrane domains and several N-glycosylation/N-myristoylation sites. In this study, we characterized the 118L ORF by both deleting it from the viral genome and silencing its expression with dsRNA in infected insect cells. The homologous recombination method was used to replace 118L ORF with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. Virus mutants in which the 118L gene sequence had been replaced with gfp were identified by fluorescence microscopy but could not be propagated separately from the wild-type virus in insect cells. Unsuccessful attempts to isolate the mutant virus with the 118L gene deletion suggested that the protein is essential for virus replication. To support this result, we used dsRNA to target the 118L gene and showed that treatment resulted in a 99% reduction in virus titer. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 118L-specific antibodies produced against the 118L protein expressed in the baculovirus vector system were able to neutralize the virus infection. All these results indicate that 118L is a viral envelope protein that is required for the initiation of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Altun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Kubra Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sevde Yayli Dabag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aydin Yesilyurt
- Tonya Vocational School, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Top J, Zhang X, Hendrickx APA, Boeren S, van Schaik W, Huebner J, Willems RJL, Leavis HL, Paganelli FL. YajC, a predicted membrane protein, promotes Enterococcus faecium biofilm formation in vitro and in a rat endocarditis model. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae017. [PMID: 38860142 PMCID: PMC11163983 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a critical step in the pathogenesis of difficult-to-treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. We identified that YajC, a conserved membrane protein in bacteria, plays a role in biofilm formation of the clinically relevant Enterococcus faecium strain E1162. Deletion of yajC conferred significantly impaired biofilm formation in vitro and was attenuated in a rat endocarditis model. Mass spectrometry analysis of supernatants of washed ΔyajC cells revealed increased amounts in cytoplasmic and cell-surface-located proteins, including biofilm-associated proteins, suggesting that proteins on the surface of the yajC mutant are only loosely attached. In Streptococcus mutans YajC has been identified in complex with proteins of two cotranslational membrane protein-insertion pathways; the signal recognition particle (SRP)-SecYEG-YajC-YidC1 and the SRP-YajC-YidC2 pathway, but its function is unknown. In S. mutans mutation of yidC1 and yidC2 resulted in impaired protein insertion in the cell membrane and secretion in the supernatant. The E. faecium genome contains all homologous genes encoding for the cotranslational membrane protein-insertion pathways. By combining the studies in S. mutans and E. faecium, we propose that YajC is involved in the stabilization of the SRP-SecYEG-YajC-YidC1 and SRP-YajC-Yid2 pathway or plays a role in retaining proteins for proper docking to the YidC insertases for translocation in and over the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Building 60, Yujingwan, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 276000, China
| | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Clb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, PO box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Helen L Leavis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fernanda L Paganelli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Karlin DG. WIV, a protein domain found in a wide number of arthropod viruses, which probably facilitates infection. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38193819 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The most powerful approach to detect distant homologues of a protein is based on structure prediction and comparison. Yet this approach is still inapplicable to many viral proteins. Therefore, we applied a powerful sequence-based procedure to identify distant homologues of viral proteins. It relies on three principles: (1) traces of sequence similarity can persist beyond the significance cutoff of homology detection programmes; (2) candidate homologues can be identified among proteins with weak sequence similarity to the query by using 'contextual' information, e.g. taxonomy or type of host infected; (3) these candidate homologues can be validated using highly sensitive profile-profile comparison. As a test case, this approach was applied to a protein without known homologues, encoded by ORF4 of Lake Sinai viruses (which infect bees). We discovered that the ORF4 protein contains a domain that has homologues in proteins from >20 taxa of viruses infecting arthropods. We called this domain 'widespread, intriguing, versatile' (WIV), because it is found in proteins with a wide variety of functions and within varied domain contexts. For example, WIV is found in the NSs protein of tospoviruses, a global threat to food security, which infect plants as well as their arthropod vectors; in the RNA2 ORF1-encoded protein of chronic bee paralysis virus, a widespread virus of bees; and in various proteins of cypoviruses, which infect the silkworm Bombyx mori. Structural modelling with AlphaFold indicated that the WIV domain has a previously unknown fold, and bibliographical evidence suggests that it facilitates infection of arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Karlin
- Division Phytomedicine, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Independent Researcher, Marseille, France
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Codon usage bias analysis of the gene encoding NAD +-dependent DNA ligase protein of Invertebrate iridescent virus 6. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:352. [PMID: 37812231 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) contains a sequence that shows similarity to eubacterial NAD+-dependent DNA ligases. The 615-amino acid open reading frame (ORF 205R) consists of several domains, including an N-terminal domain Ia, followed by an adenylation domain, an OB-fold domain, a helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) domain, and a BRCT domain. Notably, the zinc finger domain, typically present in NAD+-dependent DNA ligases, is absent in ORF 205R. Since the protein encoded by ORF 205R (IIV6 DNA ligase gene) is involved in critical functions such as DNA replication, modification, and repair, it is crucial to comprehend the codon usage associated with this gene. In this paper, the codon usage bias (CUB) in DNA ligase gene of IIV6 and 11 reference iridoviruses was analyzed by comparing the nucleotide contents, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative abundance of dinucleotides and other indices. Both the base content and the RCSU analysis indicated that the A- and T-ending codons were mostly favored in the DNA ligase gene of IIV6. The ENC value of 35.64 implied a high CUB in the IIV6 DNA ligase gene. The ENC plot, neutrality plot, parity rule 2 plot, correspondence analysis revealed that mutation pressure and natural selection had an impact on the CUB of the IIVs DNA ligase genes. Additionally, the analysis of codon adaptation index demonstrated that the IIV6 DNA ligase gene is strongly adapted to its host. These findings will improve our comprehension of the CUB of IIV6 DNA ligase and reference genes, which may provide the required information for a fundamental evolutionary analysis of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
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Kuz CA, Ozsahin E, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Transcriptional Analysis of the Gene Encoding the Putative Myristoylated Membrane Protein (ORF458R) of Invertebrate Iridescent Virus 6 (IIV6). Mol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893323030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Gencer D, Yesilyurt A, Ozsahin E, Muratoglu H, Acar Yazici Z, Demirbag Z, Nalcacioglu R. Identification of the potential matrix protein of invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6). J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107885. [PMID: 36640993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) is a nucleocytoplasmic virus with a ∼212 kb linear dsDNA genome that encodes 215 putative open reading frames (ORFs). Proteomic analysis has revealed that the IIV6 virion consists of 54 virally encoded proteins. Interactions among the structural proteins were investigated using the yeast two-hybrid system, revealing that the protein of 415R ORF interacts reciprocally with the potential envelope protein 118L and the major capsid protein 274L. This result suggests that 415R might be a matrix protein that plays a role as a bridge between the capsid and the envelope proteins. To elucidate the function of 415R protein, we determined the localization of 415R in IIV6 structure and analyzed the properties of 415R-silenced IIV6. Specific antibodies produced against 415R protein were used to determine the location of the 415R protein in the virion structure. Both western blot hybridization and immunogold electron microscopy analyses showed that the 415R protein was found in virions treated with Triton X-100, which degrades the viral envelope. The 415R gene was silenced by the RNA interference (RNAi) technique. We used gene-specific dsRNA's to target 415R and showed that this treatment resulted in a significant drop in virus titer. Silencing 415R with dsRNA also reduced the transcription levels of other viral genes. These results provide important data on the role and location of IIV6 415R protein in the virion structure. Additionally, these results may also shed light on the identification of the homologs of 415R among the vertebrate iridoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donus Gencer
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aydın Yesilyurt
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Emine Ozsahin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hacer Muratoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Acar Yazici
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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You Y, Xu L, Li F, Yang F. Proteomic analysis of the Decapod iridescent virus 1. Virus Res 2022; 311:198686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zheng Q, You YL, Li F, Lai QN, Chen JM. Interaction between 038R and 125R of Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus (CQIV) and their effects on virus replication. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 187:107699. [PMID: 34838791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridovirids are a group icosahedral viruses containing linear double-stranded DNA, and mainly infect invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus (CQIV) is a new species of the family Iridoviridae and can cause high mortality in shrimps. In CQIV genome, there are 25 conserved genes and the putative products are involved in several viral processes. In this study, three core protein including CQIV-032R, CQIV-125R and CQIV-160L were identified to interact with CQIV-038R by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), and the interaction between CQIV-038R and CQIV-125R was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. In the expression system, EGFP-038R and mCherry-125R were colocalized in the cytoplasm when co-expressed in Sf9 cells. Moreover, silencing the expression of 038R, 125R or both of these two proteins respectively in C. quadricarinatus cells by small interfering RNAs showed significantly inhibit CQIV replication. Collectively, we identified the interaction between 038R and 125R, and demonstrated they are essential for CQIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zheng
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yan-Lin You
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing-Na Lai
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jian-Ming Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Yesilyurt A, Demirbag Z, van Oers MM, Nalcacioglu R. Conserved motifs in the invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) genome regulate virus transcription. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107496. [PMID: 33127354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) is the type species of the Iridovirus genus in the Betairidovirinae subfamily of the Iridoviridae family. Transcription of the 215 predicted IIV6 genes is temporally regulated, dividing the genes into three kinetic classes: immediate-early (IE), delayed-early (DE), and late (L). So far, the transcriptional class has been determined for a selection of virion protein genes and only for three genes the potential promoter regions have been analyzed in detail. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional class of all IIV6 genes that had not been classified until now. RT-PCR analysis of total RNA isolated from virus-infected insect cells in the presence or absence of protein and DNA synthesis inhibitors, placed 113, 23 and 22 of the newly analyzed viral ORFs into the IE, DE and L gene classes, respectively. Afterwards, in silico analysis was performed to the upstream regions (200 bp) of all viral ORFs using the MEME Suite Software. The AA(A/T)(T/A)TG(A/G)A and (T/A/C)(T/G/C)T(T/A)ATGG motifs were identified in the upstream region of IE and DE genes, respectively. These motifs were validated by luciferase reporter assays as crucial sequences for promoter activity. For the L genes two conserved motifs were identified for all analyzed genes: (T/G)(C/T)(A/C)A(T/G/C)(T/C)T(T/C) and (C/G/T)(G/A/C)(T/A)(T/G) (G/T)(T/C). However, the presence of these two motifs did not influence promoter activity. Conversely, the presence of these two sequences upstream of the reporter decreased its expression. Single nucleotide mutations in the highly conserved nucleotides at the end of the second motif (TTGT) showed that this motif acted as a repressor sequence for late genes in the IIV6 genome. Next, upstream sequences of IIV6 L genes from which we removed this second motif in silico, were re-analyzed for the presence of potential conserved promoter sequences. Two additional motifs were identified in this way for L genes: (T/A)(A/T)(A/T/G)(A/T)(T/C)(A/G)(A/C)(A/C) and (C/G)(T/C)(T/A/C)C(A/T)(A/T)T(T/G) (T/G)(T/G/A). Independent mutations in either motif caused a severe decrease in luciferase expression. Information on temporal classes and upstream regulatory sequences will contribute to our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms in IIV6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Yesilyurt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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Xia LQ, Chen JL, Zhang HL, Cai J, Zhou S, Lu YS. Identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) of SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter. Virol J 2019; 16:110. [PMID: 31481132 PMCID: PMC6724233 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses that cause diseases in fish, amphibians and insects. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is isolated from cultured grouper and characterized as a ranavirus. ICP46 is defined to be a core gene of the family Iridoviridae and SGIV ICP46 was demonstrated to be an immediate-early (IE) gene associated with cell growth control and could contribute to virus replication in previous research. METHODS The transcription start site (TSS) and 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of SGIV ICP46 were determined using 5' RACE. The core promoter elements of ICP46s were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. The core promoter region and the regulation model of SGIV ICP46 promoter were revealed by the construction of serially deleted promoter plasmids, transfections, drug treat and luciferase reporter assays. The identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) that interact with SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter were performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), DNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS SGIV ICP46 was found to have short 5'-UTR and a presumptive downstream promoter element (DPE), AGACA, which locates at + 36 to + 39 nt downstream of the TSS. The core promoter region of SGIV ICP46 located from - 22 to + 42 nt relative to the TSS. VATTs were involved in the promoter activation of SGIV ICP46 and further identified to be VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP. A 10-base DNA sequence "ATGGCTTTCG" between the TSS and presumptive DPE was determined to be the binding site of the VATTs. CONCLUSION Our study showed that four VAATs (VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP) might bind with the SGIV ICP46 promoter and be involved in the promoter activation. Further, the binding site of the VATTs on promoter was a 10-base DNA sequence between the TSS and presumptive DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Lin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Lian Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China.
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China.
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West C, Rus F, Chen Y, Kleino A, Gangloff M, Gammon DB, Silverman N. IIV-6 Inhibits NF-κB Responses in Drosophila. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050409. [PMID: 31052481 PMCID: PMC6563256 DOI: 10.3390/v11050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune response and virus-encoded immune evasion proteins pose constant, mutual selective pressure on each other. Virally encoded immune evasion proteins also indicate which host pathways must be inhibited to allow for viral replication. Here, we show that IIV-6 is capable of inhibiting the two Drosophila NF-κB signaling pathways, Imd and Toll. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene induction downstream of either pathway is suppressed when cells infected with IIV-6 are also stimulated with Toll or Imd ligands. We find that cleavage of both Imd and Relish, as well as Relish nuclear translocation, three key points in Imd signal transduction, occur in IIV-6 infected cells, indicating that the mechanism of viral inhibition is farther downstream, at the level of Relish promoter binding or transcriptional activation. Additionally, flies co-infected with both IIV-6 and the Gram-negative bacterium, Erwinia carotovora carotovora, succumb to infection more rapidly than flies singly infected with either the virus or the bacterium. These findings demonstrate how pre-existing infections can have a dramatic and negative effect on secondary infections, and establish a Drosophila model to study confection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara West
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Florentina Rus
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Ying Chen
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Anni Kleino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX T5390, USA.
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Masson T, Fabre ML, Ferrelli ML, Pidre ML, Romanowski V. Protein composition of the occlusion bodies of Epinotia aporema granulovirus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207735. [PMID: 30753194 PMCID: PMC6372164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Within family Baculoviridae, members of the Betabaculovirus genus are employed as biocontrol agents against lepidopteran pests, either alone or in combination with selected members of the Alphabaculovirus genus. Epinotia aporema granulovirus (EpapGV) is a fast killing betabaculovirus that infects the bean shoot borer (E. aporema) and is a promising biopesticide. Because occlusion bodies (OBs) play a key role in baculovirus horizontal transmission, we investigated the composition of EpapGV OBs. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics we could identify 56 proteins that are included in the OBs during the final stages of larval infection. Our data provides experimental validation of several annotated hypothetical coding sequences. Proteogenomic mapping against genomic sequence detected a previously unannotated ac110-like core gene and a putative translation fusion product of ORFs epap48 and epap49. Comparative studies of the proteomes available for the family Baculoviridae highlight the conservation of core gene products as parts of the occluded virion. Two proteins specific for betabaculoviruses (Epap48 and Epap95) are incorporated into OBs. Moreover, quantification based on emPAI values showed that Epap95 is one of the most abundant components of EpapGV OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Masson
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Fabre
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Leticia Ferrelli
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Luis Pidre
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Romanowski
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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13
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Chen ZS, Cheng XW, Wang X, Hou DH, Huang GH. Proteomic analysis of the Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3i (HvAV-3i) virion. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:301-307. [PMID: 30540243 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascoviruses are enveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that can effectively control the appetite of lepidopteran larvae, thereby reducing the consequent damage and economic losses to crops. In this study, the virion of a sequenced Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3i (HvAV-3i) strain was used to perform proteomic analysis using both in-gel and in-solution digestion. A total of 81 viral proteins, of which 67 were associated with the virions, were identified in the proteome of HvAV-3i virions. Among these proteins, 23 with annotated functions were associated with DNA/RNA metabolism/transcription, virion assembly, sugar and lipid metabolism, signalling, cellular homoeostasis and cell lysis. Twenty-one viral membrane proteins were also identified. Some of the minor 'virion' proteins identified may be non-virion contaminants of viral proteins synthesized during replication, identified by more recent and highly sensitive methods. The extensive identification of the ascoviral proteome will establish a foundation for further investigation of ascoviral replication and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Shu Chen
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.,2Institute of Virology, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wen Cheng
- 3Department of Microbiology, 212 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.,2Institute of Virology, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Dian-Hai Hou
- 4School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- 2Institute of Virology, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.,1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
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14
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Ozsahin E, van Oers MM, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Protein–protein interactions among the structural proteins of Chilo iridescent virus. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:851-859. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ozsahin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Virology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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15
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Invertebrate Iridoviruses: A Glance over the Last Decade. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040161. [PMID: 29601483 PMCID: PMC5923455 DOI: 10.3390/v10040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae (iridovirids) are large dsDNA viruses that infect both invertebrate and vertebrate ectotherms and whose symptoms range in severity from minor reductions in host fitness to systemic disease and large-scale mortality. Several characteristics have been useful for classifying iridoviruses; however, novel strains are continuously being discovered and, in many cases, reliable classification has been challenging. Further impeding classification, invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs) can occasionally infect vertebrates; thus, host range is often not a useful criterion for classification. In this review, we discuss the current classification of iridovirids, focusing on genomic and structural features that distinguish vertebrate and invertebrate iridovirids and viral factors linked to host interactions in IIV6 (Invertebrate iridescent virus 6). In addition, we show for the first time how complete genome sequences of viral isolates can be leveraged to improve classification of new iridovirid isolates and resolve ambiguous relations. Improved classification of the iridoviruses may facilitate the identification of genus-specific virulence factors linked with diverse host phenotypes and host interactions.
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16
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İnce İA, Pijlman GP, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Hairpin structures with conserved sequence motifs determine the 3' ends of non-polyadenylated invertebrate iridovirus transcripts. Virology 2017; 511:344-353. [PMID: 28709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we observed that the transcripts of Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) are not polyadenylated, in line with the absence of canonical poly(A) motifs (AATAAA) downstream of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the genome. Here, we determined the 3' ends of the transcripts of fifty-four IIV6 virion protein genes in infected Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. By using ligation-based amplification of cDNA ends (LACE) it was shown that the IIV6 mRNAs often ended with a CAUUA motif. In silico analysis showed that the 3'-untranslated regions of IIV6 genes have the ability to form hairpin structures (22-56 nt in length) and that for about half of all IIV6 genes these 3' sequences contained complementary TAATG and CATTA motifs. We also show that a hairpin in the 3' flanking region with conserved sequence motifs is a conserved feature in invertebrate-infecting iridoviruses (genus Iridovirus and Chloriridovirus).
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Affiliation(s)
- İkbal Agah İnce
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acıbadem University Medical School, Atasehir, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:4-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Noumeavirus replication relies on a transient remote control of the host nucleus. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15087. [PMID: 28429720 PMCID: PMC5413956 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba are infected by a remarkable diversity of large dsDNA viruses, the infectious cycles of which have been characterized using genomics, transcriptomics and electron microscopy. Given their gene content and the persistence of the host nucleus throughout their infectious cycle, the Marseilleviridae were initially assumed to fully replicate in the cytoplasm. Unexpectedly, we find that their virions do not incorporate the virus-encoded transcription machinery, making their replication nucleus-dependent. However, instead of delivering their DNA to the nucleus, the Marseilleviridae initiate their replication by transiently recruiting the nuclear transcription machinery to their cytoplasmic viral factory. The nucleus recovers its integrity after becoming leaky at an early stage. This work highlights the importance of virion proteomic analyses to complement genome sequencing in the elucidation of the replication scheme and evolution of large dsDNA viruses. Large dsDNA viruses either replicate in or disrupt the nucleus to gain access to host RNA polymerases, or they rely on virus-encoded, packaged RNA polymerases. Here, the authors show that Noumeavirus replicates in the cytoplasm and relies on a transient recruitment of nuclear proteins to initiate replication.
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19
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Dizman YA, Muratoglu H, Sandalli C, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) ORF 012L encodes a protein with both exonuclease and endonuclease functions. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3029-37. [PMID: 27496102 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) is the type member of the genus Iridovirus within the family Iridoviridae. The virions of CIV contain a single linear dsDNA molecule that is circularly permuted and terminally redundant. The genome of CIV contains an open reading frame (ORF 012L) encoding a protein homologous to exonuclease II of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this study, we focused on the characterization of CIV ORF 012L. The target ORF was cloned into the pET28a vector, expressed in E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS with an N-terminal His tag and purified to homogeneity by using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Biochemical characterization of the purified CIV 012L confirmed that this viral protein is a functional 5'-3' exonuclease that digests 3'-biotin-labelled oligonucleotides and linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules from their 5' termini in a highly processive manner. CIV 012L also has a potent endonuclease activity on dsDNA in vitro. In addition, CIV 012L converted supercoiled plasmid DNA (replicative form I, RFI) into the open circular form (RFII) and then open circular form into linear form (RFIII). Endonuclease activity of CIV 012L was optimal in the presence of 10 mM Mg(2+) or 30 mM Mn(2+) ions and at 150 mM NaCl or KCl salt concentrations. The highest endonuclease activity was obtained at pH 8, and it reached a maximum at 55 °C. The CIV 012L protein showed deficiencies for both double- and single-stranded RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Akturk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hacer Muratoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Cemal Sandalli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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20
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Characterization of the transcriptional regulation of the tarIJKL locus involved in ribitol-containing wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:420-432. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Piégu B, Asgari S, Bideshi D, Federici BA, Bigot Y. Evolutionary relationships of iridoviruses and divergence of ascoviruses from invertebrate iridoviruses in the superfamily Megavirales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 84:44-52. [PMID: 25562178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The family Iridoviridae of the superfamily Megavirales currently consists of five genera. Three of these, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus, are composed of species that infect vertebrates, and the other two, Chloriridovirus and Iridovirus, contain species that infect invertebrates. Until recently, the lack of genomic sequence data limited investigation of the evolutionary relationships between the invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs) and vertebrate iridoviruses (VIVs), as well as the relationship of these viruses to those of the closely related family Ascoviridae, which only contains species that infect insects. To help clarify the phylogenetic relationships of these viruses, we recently published the annotated genome sequences of five additional IIV isolates. Here, using classical approaches of phylogeny via maximum likelihood, a Bayesian approach, and resolution of a core protein tree, we demonstrate that the invertebrate and vertebrate IV species constitute two lineages that diverged early during the evolution of the family Iridoviridae, before the emergence of the four IIV clades, previously referred to as Chloriridoviruses, Polyiridoviruses, Oligoiridoviruses and Crustaceoiridoviruses. In addition, we provide evidence that species of the family Ascoviridae have a more recent origin than most iridoviruses, emerging just before the differentiation between the Oligoiridoviruses and Crustaceoiridovirus clades. Our results also suggest that after emergence, based on their molecular clock, the ascoviruses evolved more quickly than their closest iridovirus relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piégu
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sassan Asgari
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dennis Bideshi
- California Baptist University, Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; Department of Entomology and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Microbiology and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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22
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İnce İA, Boeren S, van Oers MM, Vlak JM. Temporal proteomic analysis and label-free quantification of viral proteins of an invertebrate iridovirus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:196-205. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İkbal Agah İnce
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, 34752 Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Virion-associated viral proteins of a Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) iridovirus (genus Ranavirus) and functional study of the major capsid protein (MCP). Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Ozgen A, Muratoglu H, Demirbag Z, Vlak JM, van Oers MM, Nalcacioglu R. Construction and characterization of a recombinant invertebrate iridovirus. Virus Res 2014; 189:286-92. [PMID: 24930447 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), officially named Insect iridescent virus 6 (IIV6), is the type species of the genus Iridovirus (family Iridoviridae). In this paper we constructed a recombinant CIV, encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). This recombinant can be used to investigate viral replication dynamics. We showed that homologous recombination is a valid method to make CIV gene knockouts and to insert foreign genes. The CIV 157L gene, putatively encoding a non-functional inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), was chosen as target for foreign gene insertion. The gfp open reading frame preceded by the viral mcp promoter was inserted into the 157L locus by homologous recombination in Anthonomus grandis BRL-AG-3A cells. Recombinant virus (rCIV-Δ157L-gfp) was purified by successive rounds of plaque purification. All plaques produced by the purified recombinant virus emitted green fluorescence due to the presence of GFP. One-step growth curves for recombinant and wild-type CIV were similar and the recombinant was fully infectious in vivo. Hence, CIV157L can be inactivated without altering the replication kinetics of the virus. Consequently, the CIV 157L locus can be used as a site for insertion of foreign DNA, e.g. to modify viral properties for insect biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ozgen
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hacer Muratoglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
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25
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Shuang F, Luo Y, Xiong XP, Weng S, Li Y, He J, Dong C. Virions proteins of an RSIV-type megalocytivirus from spotted knifejaw Oplegnathus punctatus (SKIV-ZJ07). Virology 2013; 437:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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İnce İA, Özcan K, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Temporal classification and mapping of non-polyadenylated transcripts of an invertebrate iridovirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:187-192. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal expression of the 54 Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) virion protein genes was investigated by combining drug treatments that inhibit protein or DNA synthesis and an RT-PCR strategy particularly suitable for non-polyadenylated mRNAs. This method generates a uniform 3′ terminus by ligation of a 5′-phosphorylated oligonucleotide to the 3′ end of the transcript that is recognized by a complementary primer during RT-PCR. This analysis showed that CIV virion proteins are encoded by genes in all three predetermined temporal classes: 23 immediate-early, 11 delayed-early and seven late virion gene transcripts were identified and assigned to ORFs. Early transcription of many virion protein genes supports the notion that virion proteins may also play essential roles in the initial stages of infection. In addition, some of the early gene products present in the virion may reflect the intracellular path that the virus follows during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- İkbal Agah İnce
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, 28100, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Özcan
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, 28100, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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27
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The DNA virus Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 is a target of the Drosophila RNAi machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E3604-13. [PMID: 23151511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207213109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses in insects are targets of an RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral immune response, in which viral replication intermediates or viral dsRNA genomes are processed by Dicer-2 (Dcr-2) into viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Whether dsDNA virus infections are controlled by the RNAi pathway remains to be determined. Here, we analyzed the role of RNAi in DNA virus infection using Drosophila melanogaster infected with Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6) as a model. We show that Dcr-2 and Argonaute-2 mutant flies are more sensitive to virus infection, suggesting that vsiRNAs contribute to the control of DNA virus infection. Indeed, small RNA sequencing of IIV-6-infected WT and RNAi mutant flies identified abundant vsiRNAs that were produced in a Dcr-2-dependent manner. We observed a highly uneven distribution with strong clustering of vsiRNAs to small defined regions (hotspots) and modest coverage at other regions (coldspots). vsiRNAs mapped in similar proportions to both strands of the viral genome, suggesting that long dsRNA derived from convergent overlapping transcripts serves as a substrate for Dcr-2. In agreement, strand-specific RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses indicated that antisense transcripts are produced during infection. Moreover, we show that vsiRNAs are functional in silencing reporter constructs carrying fragments of the IIV-6 genome. Together, our data indicate that RNAi provides antiviral defense against dsDNA viruses in animals. Thus, RNAi is the predominant antiviral defense mechanism in insects that provides protection against all major classes of viruses.
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28
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Xiong XP, Dong CF, Weng SP, Zhang J, Zhang Y, He JG. Antigenic identification of virion structural proteins from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:919-924. [PMID: 21888976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae, is one of the major agents causing mortality and economic losses to the freshwater fish culture industry in Asian countries. Currently, little information regarding the antigenic properties of Megalocytivirus (especially ISKNV) is available. Our previous study using four different workflows with systematic and comprehensive proteomic approaches led to the identification of 38 ISKNV virion-associated proteins (J. Virol. 2869-2877, 2011). Thus, in this report, the antigenicity of 31 structural proteins from ISKNV virion was investigated. A one-dimensional gel electrophoresis immunoblot profile coupled with MALDI-TOF-TOF MS/MS was applied to identify six immunogenic viral proteins, namely, ORFs major capsid protein (006L), 054L, 055L, 101L, 117L, and 125L. Then, the antigenicity of 31 structural proteins was characterized by Western blot by using pooled sera from mandarin fish that survived ISKNV infection. Of the 31 viral proteins, 22 were recognized by the fish ISKNV antiserum. Furthermore, this antiserum neutralizes MFF-1 cells ISKNV infection. To our knowledge, this study is the first report on the immunogenicity of viral proteins and characterization of the proteome of megalocytivirus infective agents. Our findings are expected to promote the development of effective vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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29
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Kariithi HM, Ince IA, Boeren S, Abd-Alla AMM, Parker AG, Aksoy S, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. The salivary secretome of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) infected by salivary gland hypertrophy virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1371. [PMID: 22132244 PMCID: PMC3222630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The competence of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera; Glossinidae) to acquire salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), to support virus replication and successfully transmit the virus depends on complex interactions between Glossina and SGHV macromolecules. Critical requisites to SGHV transmission are its replication and secretion of mature virions into the fly's salivary gland (SG) lumen. However, secretion of host proteins is of equal importance for successful transmission and requires cataloging of G. pallidipes secretome proteins from hypertrophied and non-hypertrophied SGs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS After electrophoretic profiling and in-gel trypsin digestion, saliva proteins were analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS. MaxQuant/Andromeda search of the MS data against the non-redundant (nr) GenBank database and a G. morsitans morsitans SG EST database, yielded a total of 521 hits, 31 of which were SGHV-encoded. On a false discovery rate limit of 1% and detection threshold of least 2 unique peptides per protein, the analysis resulted in 292 Glossina and 25 SGHV MS-supported proteins. When annotated by the Blast2GO suite, at least one gene ontology (GO) term could be assigned to 89.9% (285/317) of the detected proteins. Five (∼1.8%) Glossina and three (∼12%) SGHV proteins remained without a predicted function after blast searches against the nr database. Sixty-five of the 292 detected Glossina proteins contained an N-terminal signal/secretion peptide sequence. Eight of the SGHV proteins were predicted to be non-structural (NS), and fourteen are known structural (VP) proteins. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE SGHV alters the protein expression pattern in Glossina. The G. pallidipes SG secretome encompasses a spectrum of proteins that may be required during the SGHV infection cycle. These detected proteins have putative interactions with at least 21 of the 25 SGHV-encoded proteins. Our findings opens venues for developing novel SGHV mitigation strategies to block SGHV infections in tsetse production facilities such as using SGHV-specific antibodies and phage display-selected gut epithelia-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ikbal A. Ince
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew G. Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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van Beurden SJ, Leroy B, Wattiez R, Haenen OLM, Boeren S, Vervoort JJM, Peeters BPH, Rottier PJM, Engelsma MY, Vanderplasschen AF. Identification and localization of the structural proteins of anguillid herpesvirus 1. Vet Res 2011; 42:105. [PMID: 21975111 PMCID: PMC3203048 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the known fish herpesviruses have important aquaculture species as their natural host, and may cause serious disease and mortality. Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) causes a hemorrhagic disease in European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Despite their importance, fundamental molecular knowledge on fish herpesviruses is still limited. In this study we describe the identification and localization of the structural proteins of AngHV-1. Purified virions were fractionated into a capsid-tegument and an envelope fraction, and premature capsids were isolated from infected cells. Proteins were extracted by different methods and identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 40 structural proteins were identified, of which 7 could be assigned to the capsid, 11 to the envelope, and 22 to the tegument. The identification and localization of these proteins allowed functional predictions. Our findings include the identification of the putative capsid triplex protein 1, the predominant tegument protein, and the major antigenic envelope proteins. Eighteen of the 40 AngHV-1 structural proteins had sequence homologues in related Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). Conservation of fish herpesvirus structural genes seemed to be high for the capsid proteins, limited for the tegument proteins, and low for the envelope proteins. The identification and localization of the structural proteins of AngHV-1 in this study adds to the fundamental knowledge of members of the Alloherpesviridae family, especially of the Cyprinivirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P,O, Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Zheng J, Sugrue RJ, Tang K. Mass spectrometry based proteomic studies on viruses and hosts--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:149-59. [PMID: 21839192 PMCID: PMC7094357 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In terms of proteomic research in the 21st century, the realm of virology is still regarded as an enormous challenge mainly brought by three aspects, namely, studying on the complex proteome of the virus with unexpected variations, developing more accurate analytical techniques as well as understanding viral pathogenesis and virus-host interaction dynamics. Progresses in these areas will be helpful to vaccine design and antiviral drugs discovery. Mass spectrometry based proteomics have shown exceptional display of capabilities, not only precisely identifying viral and cellular proteins that are functionally, structurally, and dynamically changed upon virus infection, but also enabling us to detect important pathway proteins. In addition, many isolation and purification techniques and quantitative strategies in conjunction with MS can significantly improve the sensitivity of mass spectrometry for detecting low-abundant proteins, replenishing the stock of virus proteome and enlarging the protein-protein interaction maps. Nevertheless, only a small proportion of the infectious viruses in both of animal and plant have been studied using this approach. As more virus and host genomes are being sequenced, MS-based proteomics is becoming an indispensable tool for virology. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the current technologies and their applications in studying selected viruses and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Division of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Richard J. Sugrue
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kai Tang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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He LB, Ke F, Zhang QY. Rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells. Virus Res 2011; 163:66-73. [PMID: 21889962 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Rana grylio virus (RGV, an iridovirus) thymidine kinase (TK) gene and viral envelope protein 53R gene were chosen as targets for foreign gene insertion. ΔTK-RGV and Δ53R-RGV, two recombinant RGV, expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) were constructed and analyzed in Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. The EGFP gene which fused to the virus major capsid protein (MCP) promoter p50 was inserted into TK and 53R gene loci of RGV, respectively. Cells infected with these two recombinant viruses not only displayed plaques, but also emitted strong green fluorescence under fluorescence microscope, providing a simple method for selection and purification of recombinant viruses. ΔTK-RGV was purified by seven successive rounds of plaque isolation and could be stably propagated in EPC cells. All of the plaques produced by the purified recombinant virus emitted green fluorescence. However, Δ53R-RGV was hard to be purified even through twenty rounds of plaque isolation. The purified recombinant virus ΔTK-RGV was verified by PCR analysis and Western blotting. These results showed EGFP was expressed in ΔTK-RGV infected cells. Furthermore, one-step growth curves and electron microscopy revealed that infection with recombinant ΔTK-RGV and wild-type RGV are similar. Therefore, RGV was demonstrated could be as a viral vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Tokarz R, Firth C, Street C, Cox-Foster DL, Lipkin WI. Lack of evidence for an association between Iridovirus and colony collapse disorder. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21844. [PMID: 21738798 PMCID: PMC3128115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is characterized by the unexplained losses of large numbers of adult worker bees (Apis mellifera) from apparently healthy colonies. Although infections, toxins, and other stressors have been associated with the onset of CCD, the pathogenesis of this disorder remains obscure. Recently, a proteomics study implicated a double-stranded DNA virus, invertebrate iridescent virus (Family Iridoviridae) along with a microsporidium (Nosema sp.) as the cause of CCD. We tested the validity of this relationship using two independent methods: (i) we surveyed healthy and CCD colonies from the United States and Israel for the presence of members of the Iridovirus genus and (ii) we reanalyzed metagenomics data previously generated from RNA pools of CCD colonies for the presence of Iridovirus-like sequences. Neither analysis revealed any evidence to suggest the presence of an Iridovirus in healthy or CCD colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cadhla Firth
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig Street
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Cox-Foster
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Foster LJ. Interpretation of data underlying the link between colony collapse disorder (CCD) and an invertebrate iridescent virus. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006387. [PMID: 21364086 PMCID: PMC3047166 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
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Xu F, Ince IA, Boeren S, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Protein composition of the occlusion derived virus of Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Res 2011; 158:1-7. [PMID: 21354223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus (ChchNPV) is a group II NPV and its genome has 151 predicted open reading frames. In this study, the protein composition of ChchNPV occlusion derived virus (ODV) was determined by LC-MS/MS. Fifty-three proteins were identified in ChchNPV ODV particles. One ODV-protein is encoded by a gene so far unique to ChchNPV (Chch105). The two DNA photolyases PHR1 and PHR2, which are characteristic for ChchNPV and thought to be involved in repairing UV damage in viral DNA, were not detected in the ODVs. Comparison of the ODV proteins identified in ChchNPV and in three other baculoviruses enabled the identification of ten conserved ODV proteins (ODV-E18, ODV-E56, ODV-EC27, ODV-EC43, P6.9, P33, P49, P74, GP41, and VP39). In addition, the baculovirus per os infectivity factors PIF1, PIF2 and PIF3 were all detected in ChchNPV and these should be considered as conserved ODV proteins as well as they are absolutely required for oral infection. With the LC-MS/MS method used 22 viral proteins were detected, which were not identified as ODV proteins in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 629, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kariithi HM, Ince IA, Boeren S, Vervoort J, Bergoin M, van Oers MM, Abd-Alla AMM, Vlak JM. Proteomic analysis of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus virions for immune intervention in tsetse fly colonies. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:3065-74. [PMID: 20719992 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) can be infected by a virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH). The genomes of viruses isolated from Glossina pallidipes (GpSGHV) and Musca domestica (MdSGHV) have recently been sequenced. Tsetse flies with SGH have reduced fecundity and fertility which cause a serious problem for mass rearing in the frame of sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes to control and eradicate tsetse populations in the wild. A potential intervention strategy to mitigate viral infections in fly colonies is neutralizing of the GpSGHV infection with specific antibodies against virion proteins. Two major GpSGHV virion proteins of about 130 and 50 kDa, respectively, were identified by Western analysis using a polyclonal rabbit antibody raised against whole GpSHGV virions. The proteome of GpSGHV, containing the antigens responsible for the immune-response, was investigated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and 61 virion proteins were identified by comparison with the genome sequence. Specific antibodies were produced in rabbits against seven candidate proteins, including the ORF10/C-terminal fragment, ORF47 and ORF96 as well as proteins involved in peroral infectivity PIF-1 (ORF102), PIF-2 (ORF53), PIF-3 (ORF76) and P74 (ORF1). Antiserum against ORF10 specifically reacted to the 130 kDa protein in a Western blot analysis and to the envelope protein of GpSGHV, detected by using immunogold-electron microscopy. This result suggests that immune intervention of viral infections in colonies of G. pallidipes is a realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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