1
|
Li C, Guo S, Sun M, Niu J, Yin C, Du W, Zhao J, Liu D, Yue A. A Colorimetric RT-LAMP Assay for Rapid Detection of Soybean mosaic Virus SC15. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29765-29775. [PMID: 39005798 PMCID: PMC11238210 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) represents one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting soybeans worldwide. Among its strains, SMV-SC15 is notable for its virulence, predominance, and widespread occurrence. Rapid and on-site diagnosis is important for controlling the spread of SMV-SC15. In this study, we proposed a colorimetric reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of SMV-SC15 using three color indicators for visual interpretation: Neutral Red (N-Red), Bromothymol Blue (BTB), and SYBR Green I. The SMV-SC15 in the soybean tissue was detected with remarkable sensitivity and specificity within 30 min, achieving a detection limit as low as 10-4 ng/μL. 200 soybean leaf samples from the field were analyzed by the colorimetric RT-LAMP assays, holding significant potential for rapid screening of SMV-SC15-resistant cultivars, thereby contributing to effective SMV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department
of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Shuixian Guo
- Department
of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Min Sun
- College
of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jingping Niu
- College
of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Congcong Yin
- Department
of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Weijun Du
- College
of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department
of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College
of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ying X, Bera S, Liu J, Toscano-Morales R, Jang C, Yang S, Ho J, Simon AE. Umbravirus-like RNA viruses are capable of independent systemic plant infection in the absence of encoded movement proteins. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002600. [PMID: 38662792 PMCID: PMC11081511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The signature feature of all plant viruses is the encoding of movement proteins (MPs) that supports the movement of the viral genome into adjacent cells and through the vascular system. The recent discovery of umbravirus-like viruses (ULVs), some of which only encode replication-associated proteins, suggested that they, as with umbraviruses that lack encoded capsid proteins (CPs) and silencing suppressors, would require association with a helper virus to complete an infection cycle. We examined the infection properties of 2 ULVs: citrus yellow vein associated virus 1 (CY1), which only encodes replication proteins, and closely related CY2 from hemp, which encodes an additional protein (ORF5CY2) that was assumed to be an MP. We report that both CY1 and CY2 can independently infect the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana in a phloem-limited fashion when delivered by agroinfiltration. Unlike encoded MPs, ORF5CY2 was dispensable for infection of CY2, but was associated with faster symptom development. Examination of ORF5CY2 revealed features more similar to luteoviruses/poleroviruses/sobemovirus CPs than to 30K class MPs, which all share a similar single jelly-roll domain. In addition, only CY2-infected plants contained virus-like particles (VLPs) associated with CY2 RNA and ORF5CY2. CY1 RNA and a defective (D)-RNA that arises during infection interacted with host protein phloem protein 2 (PP2) in vitro and in vivo, and formed a high molecular weight complex with sap proteins in vitro that was partially resistant to RNase treatment. When CY1 was used as a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector to target PP2 transcripts, CY1 accumulation was reduced in systemic leaves, supporting the usage of PP2 for systemic movement. ULVs are therefore the first plant viruses encoding replication and CPs but no MPs, and whose systemic movement relies on a host MP. This explains the lack of discernable helper viruses in many ULV-infected plants and evokes comparisons with the initial viruses transferred into plants that must have similarly required host proteins for movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Ying
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sayanta Bera
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roberto Toscano-Morales
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chanyong Jang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Yang
- Silvec Biologics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jovia Ho
- Silvec Biologics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Simon
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Silvec Biologics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue M, Arvy N, German‐Retana S. The mystery remains: How do potyviruses move within and between cells? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1560-1574. [PMID: 37571979 PMCID: PMC10632792 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Potyvirus is considered as the largest among plant single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA viruses, causing considerable economic damage to vegetable and fruit crops worldwide. Through the coordinated action of four viral proteins and a few identified host factors, potyviruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and for their intra- and intercellular movement to and through plasmodesmata (PDs). Although a significant amount of data concerning potyvirus movement has been published, no synthetic review compiling and integrating all information relevant to our current understanding of potyvirus transport is available. In this review, we highlight the complexity of potyvirus movement pathways and present three potential nonexclusive mechanisms based on (1) the use of the host endomembrane system to produce membranous replication vesicles that are targeted to PDs and move from cell to cell, (2) the movement of extracellular viral vesicles in the apoplasm, and (3) the transport of virion particles or ribonucleoprotein complexes through PDs. We also present and discuss experimental data supporting these different models as well as the aspects that still remain mostly speculative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang L, Zhang Q, Xiao S, Si F. Deep decoding of codon usage strategies and host adaption preferences of soybean mosaic virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:803-817. [PMID: 36167098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) has threatened the global yield of Leguminosae crops, but the mechanism of its infection, spread, and evolution remains unknown. A systemic analysis of 107 SMV strains was performed to explore the genome-wide codon usage profile and the various factors influencing the codon usage patterns of SMV, which provides insight into its molecular evolution and elucidates its unknown host adaptation pattern. The overall nucleotide composition and correlation analysis revealed that the preferred synonymous codons mostly end with A/U. Clustering by RSCU value of each strain and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the SMV isolates studied were divided into four clades, with a low overall extent of codon usage bias (CUB) in SMV. According to the ENC, PR2, neutrality plot, and correspondence analysis, natural selection of geographical diversity may play a critical role in the CUB. Higher adaptability was shown in Glycine with SMV and more pressure was received by clade III. These findings could not only provide valuable information about the overall codon usage pattern of the SMV genome, but could also aid in the clarification of the involved mechanisms that dominate the codon usage patterns and genetic evolution of the SMV genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Shimin Xiao
- Shanwei Marine Industry Institute, Shanwei Institute of Technology, Shanwei 516600, China.
| | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Solovyev AG, Atabekova AK, Lezzhov AA, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Morozov SY. Distinct Mechanisms of Endomembrane Reorganization Determine Dissimilar Transport Pathways in Plant RNA Viruses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182403. [PMID: 36145804 PMCID: PMC9504206 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and cell-to-cell transport. The replication of viral RNA genomes occurs in the cytoplasm in association with reorganized endomembrane compartments induced by virus-encoded proteins and is coupled with the virus intercellular transport via plasmodesmata that connect neighboring cells in plant tissues. The transport of virus genomes to and through plasmodesmata requires virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs). Distantly related plant viruses encode different MP sets, or virus transport systems, which vary in the number of MPs and their properties, suggesting their functional differences. Here, we discuss two distinct virus transport pathways based on either the modification of the endoplasmic reticulum tubules or the formation of motile vesicles detached from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to endosomes. The viruses with the movement proteins encoded by the triple gene block exemplify the first, and the potyviral system is the example of the second type. These transport systems use unrelated mechanisms of endomembrane reorganization. We emphasize that the mode of virus interaction with cell endomembranes determines the mechanism of plant virus cell-to-cell transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia K. Atabekova
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Lezzhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D. Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A. Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-31-98
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development of Comprehensive Serological Techniques for Sensitive, Quantitative and Rapid Detection of Soybean mosaic virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169457. [PMID: 36012722 PMCID: PMC9409097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important grain and oil crop worldwide; however, the yield and seed quality of which are seriously affected by Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). As efficient detection technology is crucial for the field management of SMV, novel immunological detection methods were developed in the present study. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the CP coding sequence of SMV-SC7 was selected for the prokaryotic expression of the recombinant SMV-CP. Purified SMV-CP was used for the development of polyclonal antibodies (PAb) against the SMV-CP (PAb-SMV-CP) and monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against SMV-CP (MAb-SMV-CP). Subsequently, the PAb-SMV-CP was used for the development of a novel DAS- quantitative ELISA (DAS-qELISA) kit, of which the sensitivity was greater than 1:4000, and this could be used for the quantitative detection of SMV in China. Meanwhile, the MAb-SMV-CP was labeled with colloidal gold, and then was used for the development of the SMV-specific gold immunochromatography strip (SMV-GICS). The SMV-GICS gives accurate detection results through observed control lines and test lines in 5 to 10 min, sharing the same sensitivity as RT-PCR, and can be used for rapid, accurate and high-throughput field SMV detection. The DAS-qELISA kit and the SMV-GICA strip developed in this study are SMV-specific, sensitive, cheap and easy to use. These products will be conducive to the timely, efficient SMV epidemiology and detection in major soybean-producing regions in China and abroad.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang R, Zhang C, Lyu S, Wu H, Yuan M, Fang Z, Li F, Hou X. BcTFIIIA Negatively Regulates Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection through Interaction with Viral CP and VPg Proteins in Pak Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071209. [PMID: 35885992 PMCID: PMC9317785 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TFIIIA is a zinc-finger transcription factor that is involved in post-transcriptional regulation during development. Here, the BcTFIIIA gene was isolated from pak choi. Sequence analysis showed that BcTFIIIA encodes 383 amino acids (aa) with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1152 base pairs (bp). We investigated the subcellular location of BcTFIIIA and found the localized protein in the nucleus. BcTFIIIA was suppressed when the pak choi was infected by the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). The BcTFIIIA mRNA expression level in a resistant variety was higher than that in a sensitive variety, as determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) suggested that BcTFIIIA interacts with TuMV CP and VPg in vivo, respectively, and in vitro. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiment showed that the silencing of BcTFIIIA gene expression in pak choi promoted the accumulation of TuMV. These results suggest that BcTFIIIA negatively regulates viral infection through the interaction with TuMV CP and VPg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shanwu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan ZY, Xu XJ, Fang L, Cheng DJ, Tian YP, Geng C, Li XD, Valkonen JPT. Residues R 192 and K 225 in RNA-Binding Pocket of Tobacco Vein Banding Mosaic Virus CP Control Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement and Replication. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:658-668. [PMID: 33534601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0265-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses move to neighboring cells in the form of virus particles or a coat protein (CP)-containing ribonucleoprotein complex. However, the precise roles of RNA-binding residues in potyviral CP in viral cell-to-cell movement remain to be elucidated. In this study, we predicted the three-dimensional model of tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV)-encoded CP and found nine residues presumably located in the CP RNA-binding pocket. Substitutions of the two basic residues at positions 192 and 225 (R192 and K225) with either alanine, cysteine, or glutamic acid abolished TVBMV cell-to-cell and systemic movement in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. These substitutions also reduced the replication of the mutant viruses. Results from the electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the RNA-binding activity of mutant CPs derived from R192 or K225 substitutions was significantly lower than that of wild-type CP. Analysis of purified virus particles showed that mutant viruses with R192 or K225 substitutions formed RNA-free virus-like particles. Mutations of R192 and K225 did not change the CP plasmodesmata localization. The wild-type TVBMV CP could rescue the deficient cell-to-cell movement of mutant viruses. Moreover, deletion of any of the other seven residues also abolished TVBMV cell-to-cell movement and reduced the CP RNA-binding activity. The corresponding nine residues in watermelon mosaic virus CP were also found to play essential roles in virus cell-to-cell movement. In conclusion, residues R192 and K225 in the CP RNA-binding pocket are critical for viral RNA binding and affect both virus replication and cell-to-cell movement.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Le Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - De-Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang A. Cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses via plasmodesmata: a current perspective on potyviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:10-16. [PMID: 33784579 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved efficient mechanisms to move cell-to-cell through plasmodesmata (PD) for systemic infection. Potyviruses including many economically important viruses constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses. Potyviral intercellular movement is accomplished by the coordinated action of at least three viral proteins and diverse host components. It requires the viral coat protein and is interlinked with active virus replication that generates, through RNA-polymerase slippage, a small percentage of frameshift viral RNA for the production of another essential movement protein named P3N-PIPO. This PD-located protein targets the virus-encoded cylindrical inclusion protein to PD to form special conical structures for potyviral passage, possibly in the form of virion. Here, I highlight and discuss major advances of potyviral intercellular trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan Z, Cheng D, Liu L, Geng C, Tian Y, Li X, Valkonen JPT. The conserved aromatic residue W 122 is a determinant of potyviral coat protein stability, replication, and cell-to-cell movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:189-203. [PMID: 33245804 PMCID: PMC7814969 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Coat proteins (CPs) play critical roles in potyvirus cell-to-cell movement. However, the underlying mechanism controlling them remains unclear. Here, we show that substitutions of alanine, glutamic acid, or lysine for the conserved residue tryptophan at position 122 (W122 ) in tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV) CP abolished virus cell-to-cell movement in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaf patches, both the CP and RNA accumulation levels of three W122 mutant viruses were significantly reduced compared with those of wild-type TVBMV, and CP accumulated to a low level similar to that of a replication-deficient mutant. The results of polyprotein transient expression experiments indicated that CP instability was responsible for the significantly low CP accumulation levels of the three W122 mutant viruses. The substitution of W122 did not affect CP plasmodesmata localization or virus particle formation; however, the substitution significantly reduced the number of virus particles. The wild-type TVBMV CP could complement the reduced replication and abolished cell-to-cell movement of the mutant viruses. When the codon for W122 was mutated to that for a different aromatic residue, phenylalanine or tyrosine, the resultant mutant viruses moved systemically and accumulated up to 80% of the wild-type TVBMV level. Similar results were obtained for the corresponding amino acids of W122 in the watermelon mosaic virus and potato virus Y CPs. Therefore, we conclude that the aromatic ring in W122 in the core domain of the potyviral CP is critical for cell-to-cell movement through the effects on CP stability and viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - De‐Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Ling‐Zhi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Xiang‐Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao Z, Pu H, Liu J, Wang X, Zhong C, Yue N, Zhang Z, Wang XB, Han C, Yu J, Li D, Zhang Y. Tobacco Necrosis Virus-A C Single Coat Protein Amino Acid Substitutions Determine Host-Specific Systemic Infections of Nicotiana benthamiana and Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:49-61. [PMID: 32986512 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0184-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses often infect several distinct host species. Sometimes, viruses can systemically infect a specific host whereas, in other cases, only local infections occur in other species. How viral and host factors interact to determine systemic infections among different hosts is largely unknown, particularly for icosahedral positive-stranded RNA viruses. The Tobacco necrosis virus-A Chinese isolate belongs to the genus Alphanecrovirus in the family Tombusviridae. In this study, we investigated variations in systemic infections of tobacco necrosis virus-AC (TNV-AC) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Glycine max (soybean) by alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the viral coat protein (CP), which is essential for systemic movement of TNV-AC. We found that three amino acids, R169, K177, and Q233, are key residues that mediate varying degrees of systemic infections of N. benthamiana and soybean. Further analysis revealed that variations in systemic trafficking of TNV-AC CP mutants in N. benthamiana and soybean are associated with virion assembly and stability. The CP amino acids K177 and Q233 are highly conserved among all TNV-A isolates and are replaced by Q and K in the TNV-D isolates. We demonstrated that systemic infectivity of either TNV-AC K177A and Q233A or K177Q and Q233K mutants are correlated with the binding affinity of the mutated CPs to the host-specific Hsc70-2 protein. These results expand our understanding of host-dependent long-distance movement of icosahedral viruses in plants.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Heng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu X, Cheng X. Intercellular movement of plant RNA viruses: Targeting replication complexes to the plasmodesma for both accuracy and efficiency. Traffic 2020; 21:725-736. [PMID: 33090653 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Replication and movement are two critical steps in plant virus infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the architecture and subcellular localization of virus-induced inclusions and the interactions between viral replication complex (VRC) and movement proteins (MPs) allow for the dissection of the intrinsic relationship between replication and movement, which has revealed that recruitment of VRCs to the plasmodesma (PD) via direct or indirect MP-VRC interactions is a common strategy used for cell-to-cell movement by most plant RNA viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of virus-induced inclusions and their roles in virus replication and cell-to-cell movement, analyze the advantages of such coreplicational movement from a viral point of view and discuss the possible mechanical force by which MPs drive the movement of virions or viral RNAs through the PD. Finally, we highlight the missing pieces of the puzzle of viral movement that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dai Z, He R, Bernards MA, Wang A. The cis-expression of the coat protein of turnip mosaic virus is essential for viral intercellular movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1194-1211. [PMID: 32686275 PMCID: PMC7411659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To establish infection, plant viruses are evolutionarily empowered with the ability to spread intercellularly. Potyviruses represent the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses, including many agriculturally important viruses. To better understand intercellular movement of potyviruses, we used turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model and constructed a double-fluorescent (green and mCherry) protein-tagged TuMV infectious clone, which allows distinct observation of primary and secondary infected cells. We conducted a series of deletion and mutation analyses to characterize the role of TuMV coat protein (CP) in viral intercellular movement. TuMV CP has 288 amino acids and is composed of three domains: the N-terminus (amino acids 1-97), the core (amino acids 98-245), and the C-terminus (amino acids 246-288). We found that deletion of CP or its segments amino acids 51-199, amino acids 200-283, or amino acids 265-274 abolished the ability of TuMV to spread intercellularly but did not affect virus replication. Interestingly, deletion of amino acids 6-50 in the N-terminus domain resulted in the formation of aberrant virions but did not significantly compromise TuMV cell-to-cell and systemic movement. We identified the charged residues R178 and D222 within the core domain that are essential for virion formation and TuMV local and systemic transport in plants. Moreover, we found that trans-expression of the wild-type CP either by TuMV or through genetic transformation-based stable expression could not rescue the movement defect of CP mutants. Taken together these results suggest that TuMV CP is not essential for viral genome replication but is indispensable for viral intercellular transport where only the cis-expressed CP is functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoji Dai
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chai M, Wu X, Liu J, Fang Y, Luan Y, Cui X, Zhou X, Wang A, Cheng X. P3N-PIPO Interacts with P3 via the Shared N-Terminal Domain To Recruit Viral Replication Vesicles for Cell-to-Cell Movement. J Virol 2020; 94:e01898-19. [PMID: 31969439 PMCID: PMC7108826 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P3N-PIPO, the only dedicated movement protein (MP) of potyviruses, directs cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein from the cytoplasm to the plasmodesma (PD), where CI forms conical structures for intercellular movement. To better understand potyviral cell-to-cell movement, we further characterized P3N-PIPO using Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model virus. We found that P3N-PIPO interacts with P3 via the shared P3N domain and that TuMV mutants lacking the P3N domain of either P3N-PIPO or P3 are defective in cell-to-cell movement. Moreover, we found that the PIPO domain of P3N-PIPO is sufficient to direct CI to the PD, whereas the P3N domain is necessary for localization of P3N-PIPO to 6K2-labeled vesicles or aggregates. Finally, we discovered that the interaction between P3 and P3N-PIPO is essential for the recruitment of CI to cytoplasmic 6K2-containing structures and the association of 6K2-containing structures with PD-located CI inclusions. These data suggest that both P3N and PIPO domains are indispensable for potyviral cell-to-cell movement and that the 6K2 vesicles in proximity to PDs resulting from multipartite interactions among 6K2, P3, P3N-PIPO, and CI may also play an essential role in this process.IMPORTANCE Potyviruses include numerous economically important viruses that represent approximately 30% of known plant viruses. However, there is still limited information about the mechanism of potyviral cell-to-cell movement. Here, we show that P3N-PIPO interacts with and recruits CI to the PD via the PIPO domain and interacts with P3 via the shared P3N domain. We further report that the interaction of P3N-PIPO and P3 is associated with 6K2 vesicles and brings the 6K2 vesicles into proximity with PD-located CI structures. These results support the notion that the replication and cell-to-cell movement of potyviruses are processes coupled by anchoring viral replication complexes at the entrance of PDs, which greatly increase our knowledge of the intercellular movement of potyviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Chai
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Fang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yameng Luan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martínez-Turiño S, García JA. Potyviral coat protein and genomic RNA: A striking partnership leading virion assembly and more. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:165-211. [PMID: 33837716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Potyvirus genus clusters a significant and expanding number of widely distributed plant viruses, responsible for large losses impacting most crops of economic interest. The potyviral genome is a single-stranded, linear, positive-sense RNA of around 10kb that is encapsidated in flexuous rod-shaped filaments, mostly made up of a helically arranged coat protein (CP). Beyond its structural role of protecting the viral genome, the potyviral CP is a multitasking protein intervening in practically all steps of the virus life cycle. In particular, interactions between the CP and the viral RNA must be tightly controlled to allow the correct assignment of the RNA to each of its functions through the infection process. This review attempts to bring together the most relevant available information regarding the architecture and modus operandi of potyviral CP and virus particles, highlighting significant discoveries, but also substantial gaps in the existing knowledge on mechanisms orchestrating virion assembly and disassembly. Biotechnological applications based on potyvirus nanoparticles is another important topic addressed here.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kežar A, Kavčič L, Polák M, Nováček J, Gutiérrez-Aguirre I, Žnidarič MT, Coll A, Stare K, Gruden K, Ravnikar M, Pahovnik D, Žagar E, Merzel F, Anderluh G, Podobnik M. Structural basis for the multitasking nature of the potato virus Y coat protein. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3808. [PMID: 31328164 PMCID: PMC6636993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is among the most economically important plant pathogens. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we determined the near-atomic structure of PVY's flexuous virions, revealing a previously unknown lumenal interplay between extended carboxyl-terminal regions of the coat protein units and viral RNA. RNA-coat protein interactions are crucial for the helical configuration and stability of the virion, as revealed by the unique near-atomic structure of RNA-free virus-like particles. The structures offer the first evidence for plasticity of the coat protein's amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions. Together with mutational analysis and in planta experiments, we show their crucial role in PVY infectivity and explain the ability of the coat protein to perform multiple biological tasks. Moreover, the high modularity of PVY virus-like particles suggests their potential as a new molecular scaffold for nanobiotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kežar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Kavčič
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Polák
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Nováček
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Coll
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franci Merzel
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang L, Shang J, Jia Q, Li K, Yang H, Liu H, Tang Z, Chang X, Zhang M, Wang W, Yang W. Genetic evolutionary analysis of soybean mosaic virus populations from three geographic locations in China based on the P1 and CP genes. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1037-1048. [PMID: 30747339 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the major pathogens causing serious soybean losses. Little is known about the genetic structure and evolutionary biology of the SMV population in southwestern China. In this study, 29 SMV isolates were obtained from Sichuan Province, and the genomic regions encoding the first protein (P1) and coat protein (CP) were sequenced. Combined with SMV isolates from the southeastern and northeastern regions of China, the genetic and molecular evolution of SMV was studied. Recombination analysis revealed that intraspecific and interspecific recombination had occurred in the SMV population. A phylogenetic tree based on the P1 gene reflected the geographic origin of the non-interspecific recombinant SMV (SMV-NI), while a tree based on the CP gene did not. Though frequent gene flow of the SMV-NI populations was found between the southeastern and northeastern populations, the southwestern population was relatively independent. Genetic differentiation was significant between the SMV interspecific recombinant (SMV-RI) and the non-interspecific recombinant (SMV-NI) populations. It was interesting to note that there was an almost identical recombination breakpoint in SMV-RI and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). Population dynamics showed that SMV-RI might be in an expanding state, while the SMV-NI population is relatively stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‑physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‑physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Qi Jia
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‑physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhongqin Tang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‑physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‑physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‑physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hajimorad MR, Domier LL, Tolin SA, Whitham SA, Saghai Maroof MA. Soybean mosaic virus: a successful potyvirus with a wide distribution but restricted natural host range. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1563-1579. [PMID: 29134790 PMCID: PMC6638002 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a species within the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, which includes almost one-quarter of all known plant RNA viruses affecting agriculturally important plants. The Potyvirus genus is the largest of all genera of plant RNA viruses with 160 species. PARTICLE The filamentous particles of SMV, typical of potyviruses, are about 7500 Å long and 120 Å in diameter with a central hole of about 15 Å in diameter. Coat protein residues are arranged in helices of about 34 Å pitch having slightly less than nine subunits per turn. GENOME The SMV genome consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense, polyadenylated RNA of approximately 9.6 kb with a virus-encoded protein (VPg) linked at the 5' terminus. The genomic RNA contains a single large open reading frame (ORF). The polypeptide produced from the large ORF is processed proteolytically by three viral-encoded proteinases to yield about 10 functional proteins. A small ORF, partially overlapping the P3 cistron, pipo, is encoded as a fusion protein in the N-terminus of P3 (P3N + PIPO). BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES SMV's host range is restricted mostly to two plant species of a single genus: Glycine max (cultivated soybean) and G. soja (wild soybean). SMV is transmitted by aphids non-persistently and by seeds. The variability of SMV is recognized by reactions on cultivars with dominant resistance (R) genes. Recessive resistance genes are not known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE As a consequence of its seed transmissibility, SMV is present in all soybean-growing areas of the world. SMV infections can reduce significantly seed quantity and quality (e.g. mottled seed coats, reduced seed size and viability, and altered chemical composition). CONTROL The most effective means of managing losses from SMV are the planting of virus-free seeds and cultivars containing single or multiple R genes. KEY ATTRACTIONS The interactions of SMV with soybean genotypes containing different dominant R genes and an understanding of the functional role(s) of SMV-encoded proteins in virulence, transmission and pathogenicity have been investigated intensively. The SMV-soybean pathosystem has become an excellent model for the examination of the genetics and genomics of a uniquely complex gene-for-gene resistance model in a crop of worldwide importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Hajimorad
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996USA
| | - L. L. Domier
- United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - S. A. Tolin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA
| | - S. A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | - M. A. Saghai Maroof
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gallo A, Valli A, Calvo M, García JA. A Functional Link between RNA Replication and Virion Assembly in the Potyvirus Plum Pox Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:e02179-17. [PMID: 29444942 PMCID: PMC5899180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02179-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate assembly of viral particles in the potyvirus Plum pox virus (PPV) has been shown to depend on the contribution of the multifunctional viral protein HCPro. In this study, we show that other viral factors, in addition to the capsid protein (CP) and HCPro, are necessary for the formation of stable PPV virions. The CP produced in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves from a subviral RNA termed LONG, which expresses a truncated polyprotein that lacks P1 and HCPro, together with HCPro supplied in trans, was assembled into virus-like particles and remained stable after in vitro incubation. In contrast, deletions in multiple regions of the LONG coding sequence prevented the CP stabilization mediated by HCPro. In particular, we demonstrated that the first 178 amino acids of P3, but not a specific nucleotide sequence coding for them, are required for CP stability and proper assembly of PPV particles. Using a sequential coagroinfiltration assay, we observed that the subviral LONG RNA replicates and locally spreads in N. benthamiana leaves expressing an RNA silencing suppressor. The analysis of the effect of both point and deletion mutations affecting RNA replication in LONG and full-length PPV demonstrated that this process is essential for the assembly of stable viral particles. Interestingly, in spite of this requirement, the CP produced by a nonreplicating viral RNA can be stably assembled into virions as long as it is coexpressed with a replication-proficient RNA. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of coupling encapsidation to other viral processes to secure a successful infection.IMPORTANCE Viruses of the family Potyviridae are among the most dangerous threats for basically every important crop, and such socioeconomical relevance has made them a subject of many research studies. In spite of this, very little is currently known about proteins and processes controlling viral genome encapsidation by the coat protein. In the case of Plum pox virus (genus Potyvirus), for instance, we have previously shown that the multitasking viral factor HCPro plays a role in the production of stable virions. Here, by using this potyvirus as a model, we move further to show that additional factors are also necessary for the efficient production of potyviral particles. More importantly, a comprehensive screening for such factors led us to the identification of a functional link between virus replication and packaging, unraveling a previously unknown connection of these two key events of the potyviral infection cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araiz Gallo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Valli
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calvo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Solovyev AG, Makarov VV. Helical capsids of plant viruses: architecture with structural lability. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1739-1754. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Makarov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Characterization and application of a common epitope recognized by a broad-spectrum C4 monoclonal antibody against capsid proteins of plant potyviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1853-1869. [PMID: 26541335 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (C4 MAb) against the capsid proteins (CPs) of plant potyviruses has been generated in previous studies. To clarify which epitope is recognized by this MAb, epitope mapping was performed via phage display library screening and amino acid substitution analysis. Subsequently, a 12-residue epitope in the core region of potyvirus CPs was identified and termed the C4 epitope (WxMMDGxxQxxY/F). This epitope contains tryptophan and tyrosine residues that are crucial for reacting with C4 MAb. The CP of Odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (ORSV) separately fused with the C4 epitope of Konjak mosaic potyvirus (KoMV), Zantedeschia mild mosaic potyvirus (ZaMMV), or Dasheen mosaic potyvirus (DsMV) was expressed in a bacterial system and purified. The results of indirect ELISA and Western blotting demonstrated that the C4 epitope of KoMV (Ko) fused to ORSV CP showed the strongest binding affinity to C4 MAb among the three viral epitope tags examined. The binding affinity between Ko tag (WTMMDGEEQIEY) and C4 MAb was determined. To examine the applicability of the Ko tag in planta, GFP and ORSV CP were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and both Ko-tagged proteins were specifically detected using C4 MAb. The Ko tag did not affect the silencing suppressor function of Tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus P19 in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, Ko-tagged EGFP could be successfully expressed, specifically detected and subsequently immunoprecipitated using C4 MAb in a mammalian cell system. Thus, the present study identified a common C4 epitope of potyviruses recognized by the broad-spectrum C4 and PTY 1 MAbs, and the results indicated that the newly designed Ko tag is suitable for application in bacterial, plant, and mammalian cell systems.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu HL, Lin WF, Hu WC, Lee YA, Chang YC. A Strategy for Generating a Broad-Spectrum Monoclonal Antibody and Soluble Single-Chain Variable Fragments against Plant Potyviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6839-49. [PMID: 26209665 PMCID: PMC4561679 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01198-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses are major pathogens that often cause mixed infection in calla lilies. To reduce the time and cost of virus indexing, a detection method for the simultaneous targeting of multiple potyviruses was developed by generating a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (MAb) for detecting the greatest possible number of potyviruses. The conserved 121-amino-acid core regions of the capsid proteins of Dasheen mosaic potyvirus (DsMV), Konjak mosaic potyvirus (KoMV), and Zantedeschia mild mosaic potyvirus (ZaMMV) were sequentially concatenated and expressed as a recombinant protein for immunization. After hybridoma cell fusion and selection, one stable cell line that secreted a group-specific antibody, named C4 MAb, was selected. In the reaction spectrum test, the C4 MAb detected at least 14 potyviruses by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains of the C4 MAb were separately cloned and constructed as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) for expression in Escherichia coli. Moreover, the pectate lyase E (PelE) signal peptide of Erwinia chrysanthemi S3-1 was added to promote the secretion of C4 scFvs into the medium. According to Western blot analysis and I-ELISA, the soluble C4 scFv (VL-VH) fragment showed a binding specificity similar to that of the C4 MAb. Our results demonstrate that a recombinant protein derived from fusion of the conserved regions of viral proteins has the potential to produce a broad-spectrum MAb against a large group of viruses and that the PelE signal peptide can improve the secretion of scFvs in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lin Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-An Lee
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ksenofontov AL, Parshina EY, Fedorova NV, Arutyunyan AM, Rumvolt R, Paalme V, Baratova LA, Järvekülg L, Dobrov EN. Heating-induced transition of Potyvirus Potato Virus A coat protein into β-structure. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:250-8. [PMID: 25851284 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1022604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In our previous communication, we have reported that virions of plant Potyvirus Potato Virus A (PVA) have a peculiar structure characterized by high content of disordered regions in intravirus coat protein (CP). In this report, we describe unusual properties of the PVA CP. With the help of a number of physicochemical methods, we have observed that the PVA CP just released from the virions by heating at 60-70 °C undergoes association into oligomers and transition to β- (and even cross-β-) conformation. Transition to β-structure on heating has been recently reported for a number of viral and non-viral proteins. The PVA CP isolated by LiCl method was also transformed into cross-β-structure on heating to 60 °C. Using the algorithms for protein aggregation prediction, we found that the aggregation-prone segments should be located in the central region of a PVA CP molecule. Possibly this transition mimics some functions of PVA CP in the virus life cycle in infected plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Ksenofontov
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Evgenia Yu Parshina
- b Department of Biophysics , Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Natalia V Fedorova
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexander M Arutyunyan
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Reet Rumvolt
- c Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Viiu Paalme
- c Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Ludmila A Baratova
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Lilian Järvekülg
- c Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Eugeny N Dobrov
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Potyvirus is the largest genus of plant viruses causing significant losses in a wide range of crops. Potyviruses are aphid transmitted in a nonpersistent manner and some of them are also seed transmitted. As important pathogens, potyviruses are much more studied than other plant viruses belonging to other genera and their study covers many aspects of plant virology, such as functional characterization of viral proteins, molecular interaction with hosts and vectors, structure, taxonomy, evolution, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Biotechnological applications of potyviruses are also being explored. During this last decade, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular biology of these viruses and the functions of their various proteins. After a general presentation on the family Potyviridae and the potyviral proteins, we present an update of the knowledge on potyvirus multiplication, movement, and transmission and on potyvirus/plant compatible interactions including pathogenicity and symptom determinants. We end the review providing information on biotechnological applications of potyviruses.
Collapse
|
26
|
Seo JK, Kwon SJ, Cho WK, Choi HS, Kim KH. Type 2C protein phosphatase is a key regulator of antiviral extreme resistance limiting virus spread. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5905. [PMID: 25082428 PMCID: PMC5379993 DOI: 10.1038/srep05905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is an active immune response triggered by interactions between host resistance proteins and their cognate effectors. Although ETI is often associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), various R genes mediate an HR-independent process known as extreme resistance (ER). In the soybean-Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) pathosystem, the strain-specific CI protein of SMV functions as an effector of Rsv3-mediated ER. In this study, we used the soybean (Rsv3)-SMV (CI) pathosystem to gain insight into the molecular signaling pathway involved in ER. We used genome-wide transcriptome analysis to identify a subset of the type 2C protein phophatase (PP2C) genes that are specifically up-regulated in Rsv3-mediated ER. Gain-of-function analysis of the most significantly expressed soybean PP2C gene, GmPP2C3a, showed that ABA-induced GmPP2C3a functions as a key regulator of Rsv3-mediated ER. Our results further suggest that the primary mechanism of ER against viruses is the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement by callose deposition in an ABA signaling-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Kyun Seo
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jung Kwon
- Horticultural and Crop Herbal Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-310, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|